Academic Writing: the Basics
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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State Teacher‟s Training University named after A.S. Makarenko Klochko L.I., Terenko O.O. ACADEMIC WRITING: THE BASICS Manual Sumy - 2019 1 УДК 811.111:003-028.42(075.8) К50 Рекомендовано до друку вченою радою Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка (Протокол № 3 від 28 жовтня 2019 року) Рецензенти: В.І. Школяренко – доктор філологічного наук, професор, завідувач кафедри германської філології Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка. Н.М. Бідюк практики– доктор педагогічнихіноземної мовинаук, професор,та методики завідувачвикладання кафедри Хмельницького національного університету. С.С. Данилюк – доктор педагогічних наук, професор, професор кафедри практики англійської мови Черкаського національного університету імені Богдана Хмельницького Клочко Л. І., Terenko O. O. К50 Academic Writing ; the Basics : Manual / Л. І. Клочко, O. O.Terenko. – Суми : ФОП Цьома С. П., 2019 . – 88 с. У посібнику систематизовано лексичні одиниці, що відображають ключові категорії, які використовуються при написанні наукових статей та дисертації. Класифіковано статті відповідно до наукових напрямів, які можуть бути використані для розвитку та перевірки рівня сформованоситі реферативних умінь. Підібрано тексти для визначення рівня сформованості лексичної та граматичної компетентності. Посібник адресовано магістрам та аспірантам немовних спеціальностей. УДК 811.111:003 - 028.42 (075.8) © Клочко Л.І., Теренко О.О., 2019 © ФОП Цьома С.П., 2019 © СумДПУ імені А.С. макаренка, 2019 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5 Unit 1. The Schemes of Introduction. ........................................................................ 6 1. Writing Introductions ............................................................................................ 6 2. Describing the scope of a current project or prior research. Describing the analytical elements of a paper ...................................................... 7 3. Discussing results .................................................................................................. 8 4. Explaining the impact of new research ................................................................. 8 Unit 2. The Ways of Scientific Writing. .................................................................... 9 1. Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline................................... 9 2. Highlighting a problem ......................................................................................... 9 3. Highlighting a controversy in the field of study ................................................... 9 4. Highlighting inadequacies of previous studies ................................................... 10 5. Highlighting a knowledge gap in the field of study ............................................ 10 6. Indicating the focus, aim, argument of a short paper .......................................... 11 7. Stating the purpose of research ........................................................................... 12 8. Research questions or hypotheses ....................................................................... 12 9. Synopsis of the research design, method, source(s) of data ............................... 13 10. Indicating significance ...................................................................................... 13 11. Indicating limitations......................................................................................... 13 12. Giving reasons for personal interest .................................................................. 14 13. Outlining the structure ....................................................................................... 14 14. Explaining Keywords (refer to Defining Terms) .............................................. 15 15. General descriptions of the relevant literature .................................................. 15 16. General reference to previous research or scholarship: normally more than one author ........................................................................................... 15 17. Describing Methods .......................................................................................... 17 18. Describing previously used methods ................................................................ 17 19. Giving reasons why a particular method was adopted or rejected ................... 17 20. Indicating a specific method ............................................................................. 18 21. Describing the characteristics of the sample ..................................................... 18 22. Indicating reasons for sample characteristics.................................................... 19 23. Describing the process: infinitive of purpose ................................................... 19 24. Statements of positive result ............................................................................. 20 25. Statements of negative result ............................................................................ 20 26. Highlighting significant, interesting or surprising results ................................. 20 27. Reporting a reaction .......................................................................................... 21 28. Reporting results from questionnaires and interviews ...................................... 21 3 29. Observations about qualitative data .................................................................. 22 30. Transition statements......................................................................................... 22 31. Summary and transition .................................................................................... 23 32. Statements of result: usually with reference to results section ......................... 23 33. Unexpected outcome ......................................................................................... 23 34. Reference to previous research: support ........................................................... 24 35. Commenting on findings ................................................................................... 24 36. Suggestions for future work .............................................................................. 25 Unit 3. The Texts for Checking Practical Skiles. ................................................... 26 Skiing ....................................................................................................................... 26 Deadly bird flu type detected .................................................................................. 27 THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH ................................................................................ 29 Researchers say jogging alone is unhealthy. ........................................................... 31 KATE MOSS: I WILL FACE POLICE .................................................................... 33 McParadox............................................................................................................... 35 SOPHIE AND EDWARD EXPECTING ROYAL BABY .................................... 37 Soldier admits guilt over Iraq photos ...................................................................... 38 RED PLANET RENAISSANCE ............................................................................ 40 WHY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS IMPORTANT FOR YOU ............................... 42 Unit 4. The Scientific Articles for Checking Practical Skills. .............................. 44 SPORT ..................................................................................................................... 44 NATURE ................................................................................................................. 56 HISTORY ................................................................................................................ 71 ART ......................................................................................................................... 76 REFERENCE LITERATURE ................................................................................. 87 4 INTRODUCTION Academic Writing : the Basics is a developmental research skills for students and postgraduates. It focuses on key structures and provides ample opportunities for practice through extensive and varied excersises. A characteristic feature of this manual is inclusion of ways of scientific writing, in particular, establishing the importance of topic, highlighting a problem, highlighting a controversy in the field of study, highlighting inadequacies of previous studies, highlighting knowledge gap in the field of studies, stating the purpouse of research, indicating significance, indicating limitations, outlining structure, explaining keywords. This manual also deals with such research aspects as research methods, describing characteristics of the sample, indicating reasons for sample characteristics, statements of positive result, statements of negative result, reporting reaction, statememts of result, unexpected outcome, commenting on findings, suggestions for future work. Provided texts are aimed at checking the level of grammar and lexicl competences formation. Newspaper articles are a tool for checking the level of development of working with scientific literature skills. We would like to express our gratitude to Shkolyarenko V. I., Bidyuk N. M.