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Les Avancées De L'intelligence Artificielle Les avancées de l’intelligence artificielle Mars-Mai 2016 Olivier Ezratty Les avancées de l’intelligence artificielle – Olivier Ezratty – Mars-Mai 2016 - Page 1 / 159 A propos de l’auteur Olivier Ezratty olivier (at) oezratty.net , http://www.oezratty.net , @olivez Conseil en Stratégies de l’Innovation +33 6 67 37 92 41 Olivier Ezratty conseille les entreprises dans l’élaboration de leurs business plans, stratégies produits et marketing, avec une focalisation sur les métiers de l’image dans les médias numériques (TV, cinéma, photographie). Il leur apporte une triple expertise : technologique, marketing et management ainsi que la connaissance des écosystèmes dans les industries numériques. Il a réalisé depuis 2005 des missions diverses d’accompagnement stratégique et de conférences ou formations dans différents secteurs tels que la télévision (TF1, RTS-SSR, SES Astra, TDF, Euro Media Group, Netgem), les télécoms (Bouygues Télécom, Orange, SFR, Alcatel-Lucent), les produits grand public (LG Electronics, groupe Seb, L’Oréal, Alt Group), la finance et l’assurance (BPCE, Crédit Agricole, Crédit Mutuel-CIC, Société Géné- rale, Natixis, Groupama). Ces missions couvrent l’assistance à la création de roadmap produit, l’analyse de posi- tionnement et de la concurrence, la définition technologique et marketing de stratégies d’écosystèmes et « d’innovation ouverte », l’assistance à la réalisation de business plans, l’animation de séminaires de brainstor- ming, ainsi que l’intervention dans des conférences et séminaires sur les tendances du marché dans le numérique. Ses contributions s’appuient sur un fort investissement dans l’écosystème de l’innovation et sous différentes cas- quettes, notamment dans l’univers des startups : Expert, membre et l’un des présidents du comité d’agrément de Scientipôle Initiative, une association membre d’Initiative France qui accompagne et finance l’amorçage de startups franciliennes. Membre depuis fin 2015 du Comité de Prospective de l’ARCEP. Membre du jury de divers concours entrepreneuriaux comme le Grand Prix de l’Innovation de la Ville de Paris, de Systematic et la Startup Academy. Expert auprès du pôle de compétitivité Cap Digital ainsi que de la Caisse des Dépôts et du CNC. Mentor dans de nombreux Startups Weekends, notamment à Nantes, Rennes, Sophia-Antipolis, Bordeaux, Montpellier et à l’Ecole Polytechnique. Advisor, board member et/ou consultant dans quelques startups comme Voluntis. Il est guest speaker dans divers établissements d'enseignement supérieur tels que HEC, SciencePo, Neoma Rouen, CentraleSupelec, l’Ecole des Mines de Paris, Télécom Paristech et l’ECE où il intervient sur le marketing de l'innovation dans les industries numériques, sur l'entrepreunariat et le product management, en français comme en anglais selon les besoins. Olivier Ezratty est l’auteur du Rapport du CES de Las Vegas, publié à la fin janvier de chaque année depuis 2006, et du Guide des Startups qui est devenu une référence en France avec plus de 150 000 téléchargements à date. Le tout étant publié sur le blog « Opinions Libres » (http://www.oezratty.net) qui traite de l’entrepreneuriat et des médias numériques. Comme photographe, il est aussi le co-auteur de l’initiative « Quelques Femmes du Numérique ! » (http://www.qfdn.net) qui vise à augmenter la place des femmes dans les métiers du numérique. Olivier Ezratty débute en 1985 chez Sogitec, une filiale du groupe Dassault, où il est successivement Ingénieur Logiciel, puis Responsable du Service Etudes dans la Division Communication. Il initialise des développements sous Windows 1.0 dans le domaine de l'informatique éditoriale ainsi que sur SGML, l’ancêtre de HTML et XML. Entrant chez Microsoft France en 1990, il y acquiert une expérience dans de nombreux domaines du mix marke- ting : produits, canaux, marchés et communication. Il lance la première version de Visual Basic en 1991 ainsi que Windows NT en 1993. En 1998, il devient Directeur Marketing et Communication de Microsoft France et en 2001, de la Division Développeurs dont il assure la création en France pour y lancer notamment la plate- forme .NET et promouvoir la plate-forme de l’éditeur auprès des développeurs, dans l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche ainsi qu’auprès des startups. Olivier Ezratty est ingénieur de l’Ecole Centrale Paris (1985). Ce document vous est fourni à titre gracieux et est sous licence « Creative Commons » dans la variante « Paternité-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale-Pas de Modification 2.0 France ». Photo de couverture : le robot Pepper d’Aldebaran Robotics, prise par l’auteur à Tokyo en octobre 2014. Les avancées de l’intelligence artificielle – Olivier Ezratty – Mars-Mai 2016 - Page 2 / 159 Table des matières Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 Sémantique et questions clés ................................................................................... 7 Les craintes sur l’intelligence artificielle ............................................................... 7 Grandes questions sur l’intelligence artificielle ..................................................... 9 Qu’est-ce que l’intelligence artificielle ? ............................................................. 10 De l’IA faible à l’IA forte ..................................................................................... 11 L’IA permettrait d’atteindre l’immortalité ........................................................... 13 Définitions et segmentations de l’intelligence artificielle .................................... 14 Histoire et technologies de l’intelligence artificielle .......................................... 18 Des hivers au printemps de l’IA ........................................................................... 18 Force brute et algorithmes traditionnels ............................................................... 23 Moteurs de règles et systèmes experts ................................................................. 24 Méthodes statistiques ............................................................................................ 25 Logique floue ........................................................................................................ 26 Réseaux de neurones ............................................................................................ 27 Support Vector Machines ..................................................................................... 34 Machine learning et deep learning ....................................................................... 35 Reconnaissance de la parole ................................................................................. 38 Reconnaissance d’images ..................................................................................... 39 Reconnaissance de vidéos .................................................................................... 41 Agents intelligents et réseaux d’agents ................................................................ 41 IBM Watson et le marketing de l’intelligence artificielle ................................. 44 La prouesse technique et marketing d’IBM Watson ............................................ 44 L’approche écosystème de Watson ...................................................................... 48 Les études de cas et projets d’IBM Watson ......................................................... 50 L’IA mis à toutes les sauces dans le marketing des start-ups .............................. 59 Startups US de l’intelligence artificielle............................................................... 61 Cartographies des startups de l’intelligence artificielle ....................................... 61 Deep Learning et Machine Learning .................................................................... 64 Moteurs d’analyses prédictives ............................................................................ 68 IA pour la recherche visuelle ................................................................................ 69 Robots conversationnels ....................................................................................... 71 Applications sectorielles du machine learning ..................................................... 73 Applications dans la santé .................................................................................... 75 Startups acquises par les grands du numérique ................................................ 78 Google .................................................................................................................. 78 IBM ....................................................................................................................... 81 Microsoft .............................................................................................................. 82 Apple .................................................................................................................... 84 Facebook ............................................................................................................... 84 Les avancées de l’intelligence artificielle – Olivier Ezratty – Mars-Mai 2016 - Page 3 / 159 Autres grands acteurs du numérique .................................................................... 86 Startups françaises de l’intelligence artificielle ................................................. 87 La recherche en IA en France ............................................................................... 87 Startups
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