Products Liability and Basic Tort Law Kotler 00 Fmt Auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page Ii Kotler 00 Fmt Auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page Iii

kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page i

Products Liability and Basic Tort Law kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page ii kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page iii

Products Liability and Basic Tort Law

Martin A. Kotler Professor of Law Widener University

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page iv

ISBN LCCN

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page v

To Melinda kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page vi kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page vii

Contents

Acknowledgments xix Table of Cases xxi

Chapter 1 Negligence 3 1.1 Introduction: Sources of Law 3 1.2 Common-Law Negligence 5 1.2.1 The Standard of Conduct: The Reasonable Person Standard 6 1.2.1.1 Imputed Knowledge: Defendants Held to “Expert” Standard 8 1.2.2 The “Delegation” Problem in Negligence Cases 9 1.2.3 Balancing Approaches to Determine Reasonableness 13 1.2.3.1 Risk-Utility Analysis 13 1.2.3.2 Cost-Beneﬁt Analysis 14 1.2.4 The Concepts of Reasonableness and Rationality: An Economic Approach to Negligence Law 15 1.3 Negligence Per Se 18 1.4 Due Care Per Se 27

Chapter 2 Misrepresentation 29 2.1 Introduction: Forms of Tortious Misrepresentation 29 2.2 Fraudulent Misrepresentation (Common Law Deceit) 29 2.2.1 False Representation of Material Fact 30 2.2.1.1 False Representation 30 2.2.1.2 “Mere” Nondisclosure 31 2.2.1.3 Materiality 32 2.2.1.4 The Fact—Opinion Distinction 33 2.2.2 Scienter 34 2.2.3 Intent to Induce Reliance 36 2.2.3.1 Direct and Indirect Misrepresentation 37 2.2.3.2 Reliance by One Other than the Plaintiff 38 2.2.3.3 Intent to Defraud the Plaintiff 39 2.2.3.4 Fraud on Regulatory Agencies 40 2.2.4 Causation: The Detrimental Reliance Requirement 41 2.2.4.1 Reasonable or Justiﬁable Reliance 43 2.2.5 Damages 47 2.2.5.1 Beneﬁt of the Bargain 48 2.2.5.2 Out of Pocket 48 2.2.5.3 A Compromise Approach 49 2.2.5.4 Consequential Damages 50

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2.2.6 Defenses 52 2.3 The Negligence—Fraud Intersection 53 2.4 Negligent Misrepresentation 55 2.4.1 Duty 56 2.4.1.1 Personal Injury-Property Damage Cases 56 2.4.1.2 Pecuniary Loss Cases 57 2.4.1.2.1 Persons to Whom a Duty is Owed 58 2.4.1.2.2 Who Owes a Duty and the Nature of the Underlying Transaction 59 2.4.2 Breach 61 2.4.3 Causation 62 2.4.3.1 Reliance 62 2.4.3.2 Reasonable or Justiﬁable Reliance 63 2.4.4 Damages 64 2.4.5 Defenses 65 2.4.5.1 Contributory/Comparative Negligence 65 2.4.5.2 Voluntary Assumption of Risk 66 2.5 Strict Liability for Innocent Misrepresentation 67 2.5.1 Duty Issues 68 2.5.2 False Representation of Material Fact 68 2.5.2.1 The Fact—Opinion Distinction 69 2.5.2.2 Public Misrepresentations 69 2.5.3 Scienter 70 2.5.4 Reasonable or Justiﬁable Reliance 70 2.5.5 Damages 72 2.5.6 Defenses 72 2.6 Misrepresentation under the Products Liability Restatement 73

Chapter 3 Breach of Warranty 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 The Vertical Privity Problem 76 3.3 Horizontal Privity 79 3.4 Tort and Contract: The Scope of the Code 81 3.5 Express Warranty 84 3.5.1 Affirmations, Promises, Descriptions and Models or Samples 84 3.5.1.1 Affirmations, Promises and Descriptions 84 3.5.1.2 Models and Samples 87 3.5.2 Basis of the Bargain 88 3.5.2.1 Reliance Required 89 3.5.2.2 Post-Sale Statements as Contract Modifications 90 3.5.2.3 Reliance Unnecessary or Burden Shifts 91 3.5.2.4 2003 Revisions 91 3.5.2.5 The “Sales Puff” Problem 92 3.5.3 Adoption of Warranties 93 3.6 Implied Warranty of Merchantability 95 3.6.1 In General 95 3.6.2 “Merchant with Respect to Goods of that Kind” 96 3.6.3 Merchantability 98 3.6.3.1 “Pass without Objection in the Trade” 98 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page ix

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3.6.3.2 “Fair Average Quality” 100 3.6.3.3 “Fit for the Ordinary Purpose for which Such Goods Are Used” 100 3.6.3.4 “Run...ofEven Kind, Quality and Quantity” 103 3.6.3.5 “Adequately Contained, Packaged, and Labeled” and “Conform to the Promise or Afﬁrmation of Fact Made on the Container or Label” 103 3.6.3.6 “Course of Dealing or Usage of Trade” 104 3.7 Implied Warranty of Fitness for Particular Purpose 106 3.7.1 Reliance 107 3.7.2 Ordinary Purpose and Particular Purpose 108 3.8 Disclaimers 109 3.8.1 Disclaiming Written Express Warranties 110 3.8.2 Disclaiming Oral Express Warranties 110 3.8.3 Disclaiming Implied Warranties 111 3.8.3.1 Conspicuousness 111 3.8.4 “As Is” Disclaimers 113 3.8.5 Buyer’s Opportunity to Inspect 114 3.8.6 Restrictions on Disclaimers 115 3.8.6.1 Statutory Prohibition of Disclaimers in Consumer Sales 115 3.8.6.2 Unconscionability and Other Restrictions on Warranty Disclaimers 116 3.9 Notice of Breach 117 3.10 Remedies for Breach 119 3.11 Sellers’ Attempts to Limit Remedies 120 3.11.1 Attempts to Exclude Personal Injury from Consequential Loss 121 3.11.2 Refund, Repair or Replace Limitations 122 3.12 Statute of Limitations and Accrual of the Cause of Action 123 3.12.1 2003 Proposed Revisions 124

Chapter 4 Strict Liability in Tort 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Elements of the Strict Liability Cause of Action 131 4.2.1 Commercial Distribution of the Product by One in the Business 132 4.2.1.1 Defendant as a Commercial “Seller” 132 4.2.1.2 Commercial Distribution: Placing the Product in the Stream of Commerce 133 4.2.1.2.1 Sale or Commercial Lease 133 4.2.1.2.2 Products That Have Not Yet or Will Never Enter the Stream of Commerce 134 4.2.1.2.3 Parties Other Than Distributors 135 4.2.1.2.4 The Sales—Service Distinction 136 4.2.2 The Concept of “Defectiveness” 139 4.2.2.1 Intended and Foreseeable Uses and Abuses 140 4.2.2.1.1 The “Crashworthiness” Doctrine 141 4.2.2.1.2 Other Product Misuse Cases 142 4.2.2.1.3 Dismantling and Disposing of Products 143 4.2.3 Types of Defects 144 4.2.3.1 Manufacturing Defects 144 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page x

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4.2.3.2 Design Defects 145 4.2.3.2.1 Consumer Expectation Test 145 4.2.3.2.1.1 The Background: Escola and Greenman 145 4.2.3.2.1.2 Application of the Consumer Expectation Test 147 4.2.3.2.1.2.1 The Patent Danger Rule 148 4.2.3.2.1.2.2 Who Is “the Consumer?” 150 4.2.3.2.2 Risk-Utility Test 151 4.2.3.2.2.1 The Problem of Deﬁning “Utility” 152 4.2.3.2.2.2 The Feasible (Reasonable) Alternative Design Requirement 154 4.2.3.2.2.2.1 The Feasibility of the Alternative Design: One View of the State of the Art Problem 157 4.2.3.2.2.3 The Strict Liability-Negligence Distinction 159 4.2.3.2.2.4 Hindsight and Foresight Approaches 160 4.2.3.2.2.4.1 The Unknowable Generic Risk Cases: Another View of the “State of the Art” Problem 162 4.2.3.2.2.4.2 Changes in Technology 165 4.2.3.2.2.5 The Delegability Problem in Design Cases 166 4.2.3.2.2.5.1 Finished Products 166 4.2.3.2.2.5.1.1 Single Use Products 166 4.2.3.2.2.5.1.2 Multi- Purpose Products 168 4.2.3.2.2.5.2 Unﬁnished Products 170 4.2.3.2.2.5.3 Raw Materials 171 4.2.3.2.3 Other Approaches to Design Defects 172 4.2.3.2.3.1 The Two-Prong Approach 172 4.2.3.2.3.2 The Products Liability Restatement Approach 176 4.2.3.2.3.3 The Pennsylvania Approach 178 4.2.3.3 Marketing Defects: Failure to Warn (Adequately) or Failure to Give (Adequate) Instructions 181 4.2.3.3.1 The Test for “Defect” 183 4.2.3.3.1.1 The Attempt to Use a Hindsight Approach 184 4.2.3.3.1.2 The Delegability Problem in Marketing Defect Cases 185 4.2.3.3.2 Common Warning and Instruction Breaches 187 4.2.3.3.2.1 Inadequate Display 187 4.2.3.3.2.2 Inadequate Content 189 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xi

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4.2.3.3.2.3 Inadequate Instructions for Safe Usage 190 4.2.4 Deﬁning “Product” for Strict Liability Purposes 192 4.2.4.1 Realty 193 4.2.4.1.1 Conveyances of Realty as Product Sales 193 4.2.4.1.2 Sale of Building Components 194 4.2.4.2 Intangible Products 195 4.2.4.3 Used Products 198

Chapter 5 Duties and Immunities 203 5.1 Introduction 203 5.2 Duty: In General 204 5.3 “Rules” and “Standards” Approaches to Duty or “No-Duty” Decisions 207 5.4 Extension of the Foreseeability Principle: The Rescue Doctrine 210 5.4.1 The Fireman’s Rule 211 5.5 The Foreseeability Principle and Preconception Torts 212 5.6 Acts and Omissions 214 5.6.1 The Post-Sale Duty Cases: In General 215 5.6.1.1 Latent Defect or Danger at Point of Sale 217 5.6.1.2 Voluntary Assumption of Post-Sale Duty 219 5.6.1.3 Obligations Arising Out of Post-Sale Technological Advances 220 5.6.1.4 Duty to Respond to Post-Sale Information Regarding Misuse 221 5.6.2 Post-Sale Duty to Warn: Successor Corporations 223 5.7 Other Judicially Imposed Limitations 224 5.7.1 The Privity Doctrine 224 5.7.2 The Patent Danger Rule 227 5.7.3 The Duty Problem in Point-of-Sale Failure to Warn Cases 229 5.7.3.1 No Duty to Warn of Obvious or Generally Known Dangers 230 5.7.3.2 Dangers Actually Known 233 5.7.3.3 Duty to Warn Experts or Sophisticated Purchasers 235 5.7.3.4 Duty to Warn of Dangers of Using Another’s Product 238 5.7.3.5 Allergic Reactions (Other than Prescription Drugs) 240 5.8 Legislatively Imposed Limitations 243 5.8.1 The Workers’ Compensation Bar 243 5.8.1.1 The Intentional Harm Exception 244 5.8.1.2 The Dual Capacity Doctrine 246 5.8.2 Legislative Pre-Emption 249 5.8.2.1 Federal Pre-Emption: The Background 249 5.8.2.2 Cipollone v. Liggett Group 251 5.8.2.3 Post-Cipollone Pre-Emption 255 5.9 Special Problems of Sovereign Immunity and the Government Contractor Defense 264 5.9.1 Background: Sovereign Immunity 264 5.9.2 The Federal Tort Claims Act 265 5.9.2.1 The “Discretionary Acts” Exclusion 267 5.9.2.2 Other Limitations: The “Feres Doctrine” 269 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xii

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5.9.2.3 Products Liability Claims against the Government 270 5.9.3 The Government Contractor “Defense” 271

Chapter 6 Causation 275 6.1 Actual and Proximate Cause: In General 275 6.2 Actual Causation 277 6.2.1 More on the “But For” Test 277 6.2.2 The “Substantial Factor” Test 278 6.2.3 Omissions 280 6.3 Proximate Cause 281 6.3.1 Duty and Proximate Cause 282 6.3.2 The “Directness” Approach 283 6.3.3 The Foreseeability Approach 285 6.3.3.1 Outcome and Mechanism 286 6.3.3.2 The Hazard or Risk Approach 288 6.3.3.2.1 The Proposed Restatement Approach 289 6.3.3.3 Intervening Acts and Events and Superseding Causes 291 6.3.3.3.1 Intentional (Criminal) Misconduct 293 6.3.3.3.2 Product Misuse or Alteration 295 6.3.3.3.3 Intervention of “Conscious and Responsible” Agent 298 6.3.3.3.4 Shifting Responsibility 299 6.3.4 “Directness” Exceptions to Foreseeabity 302 6.3.4.1 The “Thin Skull” Plaintiff Doctrine 302 6.3.4.2 The Suicide Cases 304

Chapter 7 Damages 305 7.1 General Principles 305 7.1.1 Foreseeability 305 7.1.2 Certainty 308 7.1.2.1 Lost Profits under the UCC Prior to the 2003 Revisions 309 7.1.2.2 The 2003 Revisions 312 7.2 An Overview of Basic Damage Rules 313 7.2.1 Property Damage 313 7.2.1.1 Real Property 313 7.2.1.2 Personal Property 315 7.2.2 Personal Injury Damages 317 7.3 Emotional Distress Damages 319 7.3.1. The Hypersensitive Plaintiff and Thin Skull Plaintiff 320 7.3.2 The Direct Infliction Cases 321 7.3.2.1 The Impact Rule 321 7.3.2.2 Fear for One’s Own Safety: Zone of Danger 321 7.3.2.3. The Physical Consequence Requirement 322 7.3.2.4 Proof of Emotional Distress by Itself Sufficient 323 7.3.2.5 Cancerphobia 323 7.3.2.5.1 Medical Monitoring 328 7.3.3 The Indirect Infliction (Bystander) Cases 329 7.3.3.1 The Zone of Danger 329 7.3.3.2 The Three Proximities 330 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xiii

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7.3.3.3 Distress to User of a Product 330 7.3.4 Emotional Distress for Breach of Contract 331 7.4 Wrongful Death and Survival 333 7.5 Loss of Consortium 335 7.6 Duplicative Tort and Contract Remedies 336 7.7 The Economic Loss Rule 338 7.7.1 Negligence 338 7.7.2 Strict Liability in Tort 340 7.7.2.1 Privity 344 7.7.2.2 Availability of Some Remedy 344 7.7.2.3 Expansion to Foreseeable Property Damage 345 7.7.3 Fraud, Negligent Misrepresentation and Other Torts 346 7.8 Punitive Damages: In General 352 7.8.1 The Evidentiary Standard 355 7.8.2 The Amount of Punitive Damages 356 7.8.2.1 Defendant’s Wealth 356 7.8.2.2 Relationship between Compensatory and Punitive Damages 357 7.8.2.3 The Danger of Multiple Punitive Awards 357 7.8.3 Constitutionality 358

Chapter 8 Defenses 363 8.1 In General 363 8.2 Defenses Based on Agreement 364 8.2.1 Express (Contractual) Assumption of Risk: Negligence 364 8.2.2 Express (Contractual) Assumption of Risk: Strict Liability 366 8.2.3 Express Assumption of Risk: Warranty 368 8.2.4 Implied Voluntary Assumption of Risk: Negligence and Strict Liability 368 8.2.4.1 Nature and Extent of the Risk Assumed 369 8.2.4.2 Proof of Plaintiff’s Knowledge and Appreciation 372 8.2.4.3 Voluntary Decision to Encounter Risk 372 8.2.4.3.1 Fear of Losing One’s Job 372 8.2.4.3.2 Reﬂexive Risk Taking 373 8.2.4.4 Reasonable and Unreasonable Assumption of Risk 374 8.2.5 Implied Voluntary Assumption of Risk: Warranty 375 8.3 Defenses Based on Plaintiff’s Conduct 377 8.3.1 Contributory and Comparative Negligence 377 8.3.1.1 Contributory or Comparative Fault: Strict Liability Cases 380 8.3.1.2 Comparative Fault: Warranty Cases 383 8.3.2 Merger of Contributory/Comparative Fault and Implied Voluntary Assumption of Risk 383 8.3.3 Primary or Reasonable Assumption of Risk 386 8.3.4 Apportionment of Responsibility in Crashworthiness Cases 389 8.3.4.1 Plaintiff’s Conduct as Contributory or Comparative Fault 390 8.3.4.2 Plaintiff’s Conduct as a Causation Issue 390 8.3.5 Failure to Mitigate Damages and Failure to Take Advance Precaution against Risk of Harm 392 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xiv

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8.3.5.1 Failure to Mitigate (“Avoidable Consequences”) 392 8.3.5.1.1 Burden of Proof on Mitigation 394 8.3.5.2 Failure to Take Pre-Accident Precautions 395 8.3.5.3 The “Seatbelt Defense” 396 8.3.6 Product Misuse 398

Chapter 9 Indemnity and Contribution 401 9.1 Third Party Actions: In General 401 9.1.1 Accrual of the Cause of Action 401 9.1.2 Claim Distinct from Underlying Cause of Action 405 9.2 Express (Contractual) Indemnity 406 9.3 Implied Indemnity 408 9.3.1 Joint Tortfeasors 409 9.3.2 Implied Indemnity among Joint Tortfeasors 409 9.3.3 Implied Indemnity within the Chain of Product Distribution 412 9.4 Contribution Actions 415 9.4.1 The Requirement of Joint and Several Liability 416 9.5 Post-Settlement Indemnity and Contribution Rights 418 9.5.1 Indemnity from the Settling Party 418 9.5.2 Contribution Rights against the Settling Party 419 9.5.3 Settlor’s Rights to Seek Indemnity 420 9.5.4 Settlor’s Rights to Seek Contribution 421 9.5.4.1 Requirements in Post-Settlement Contribution Cases 422 9.5.4.1.1 Statute of Limitations 425 9.6 Indemnity or Contribution Rights against One Who Is Immune from Liability to the Plaintiff 425 9.6.1 Indemnity Rights against Plaintiff’s Employer 426 9.6.2 Contribution Rights against Plaintiff’s Employer 427 9.7 Calculation of the Amount of Contribution Recoverable 428

Chapter 10 Selected Proof Problems 431 10.1 In General 431 10.1.1 Judge and Jury 431 10.1.2 Burden of Proof 433 10.2 Proof of Industry Custom: Negligence Cases 434 10.3 Proof of Industry Custom: Strict Liability 438 10.3.1 Manufacturing Defects 438 10.3.2 Design Defects 439 10.3.2.1 Consumer Expectation Test 439 10.3.2.2 Risk-Utility Test 440 10.3.3 Failure to Warn 443 10.4 Proof of Industry Custom: Warranty 443 10.5 The Role of Statutes and Regulation in Proving Defect 444 10.6 Post-Accident Design Changes and Warnings 446 10.6.1 Background 446 10.6.2 Current Status 448 10.7 Circumstantial Evidence: In General 448 10.7.1 Res Ipsa Loquitur 449 10.7.2 Circumstantial Evidence of Defect: The “Malfunction Doctrine” 450 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xv

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10.7.3 Proving Defectiveness at the Point of Sale 452 10.8 Proof of Cause-in-Fact 453 10.8.1 Logical Inferences from Testimony and Other Evidence 454 10.8.1.1 The Post Hoc Fallacy 455 10.8.2 Proof of Cause-in-fact in the Failure-to-Warn Cases 456 10.8.2.1 Inference from the Facts 457 10.8.2.2 Rebuttable Presumption 458 10.8.2.3 The Products Liability Restatement and Recent Cases 460 10.9 Proof of Which Defendant Caused the Harm 461 10.9.1 Identifying the Culprit by Inference and/or Process of Elimination 461 10.9.2 Vicarious Liability 462 10.9.2.1 Concert of Action and Civil Conspiracy 463 10.9.2.1.1 Nature of the Underlying Tort 463 10.9.2.1.2 Consciously Parallel Conduct 468 10.9.2.1.3 Constitutional Challenges to Concert of Action and Civil Conspiracy 471 10.9.2.2 Joint Enterprise 472 10.9.2.3 Successor Corporate Liability 474 10.9.2.3.1 Background: Claims against Dissolved Corporations 474 10.9.2.3.2 Successor Corporate Liability 475 10.9.3 Shifting Burdens of Proof 478 10.9.3.1 Identity of Responsible Party Known Only to Defendants 479 10.9.3.2 Alternative Liability 481 10.9.3.3 Industry-Wide or Enterprise Liability 482 10.9.3.4 Market Share Liability 483 10.9.4 The Crashworthiness Cases 488 10.9.4.1 Multiple Distinct Injuries 489 10.9.4.2 Aggravation of Initial Injury 490 10.9.4.3 Single Indivisible Injury 490 10.9.4.4 Degree of Certainty 490 10.9.4.5 Burden of Proof 491 10.10 Expert Testimony: Some Common Issues 494 10.10.1 Assisting the Trier of Fact 495 10.10.2 Opinions on “Ultimate Issues of Fact” 496 10.10.3 Expert Testimony to Establish Consumers’ Expectations 498 10.10.4 Basis of Expert Testimony 501 10.10.5 Expert Testimony to Establish Causation 503 10.10.5.1 Probabilistic Evidence 505 10.10.6 Trial Judge As Gatekeeper 507

Chapter 11 Special Products 511 11.1 Introduction 511 11.2 Food Products 512 11.2.1 Design and Marketing Defects 512 11.2.2 Manufacturing Defects 512 11.2.2.1 The Foreign-Natural Test 512 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xvi

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11.2.2.2 The Consumer Expectation Test 513 11.2.2.3 Alternative and Combination Tests 515 11.3 Unavoidably Unsafe Products: Drugs 515 11.3.1 Defectively Designed Drugs 516 11.3.2 Defectively Manufactured Drugs 524 11.3.3 Instructions and Warning in Drug Cases 525 11.3.3.1 Manufacturer’s Liability: The “Learned Intermediary” Rule 525 11.3.3.2 Dangers to Be Warned About 528 11.3.3.2.1 In General 528 11.3.3.2.2 Allergic and Idiosyncratic Reactions to Drugs 530 11.3.4 Liability of Pharmacies and Pharmacists 532 11.3.4.1 Liability Based Solely on Status as Seller 532 11.3.4.1.1 Strict Liability 532 11.3.4.1.2 Breach of Warranty of Merchantability 536 11.3.4.2 Liability Based on Conduct 538 11.3.4.2.1 Negligence and Strict Liability for Failure to Warn 538 11.3.4.2.2 Breach of Express Warranty and Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose 541 11.3.4.2.3 Misrepresentation 542 11.4 Vaccines 544 11.5 Other Unavoidably Unsafe Products 545

Chapter 12 Tort Reform 547 12.1 Introduction 547 12.2 Tort Reform Targets 548 12.2.1 Caps and Other Restrictions on Punitive Damages 549 12.2.1.1 Immunity from Punitive Damage Liability on a Showing of Compliance with State and/or Federal Law 551 12.2.2 Limitations on Compensatory Damages 552 12.2.3 Statutes of Limitation and Repose 553 12.2.4 Limited Abolition of Joint and Several Liability 558 12.2.4.1 Allocation of Responsibility to Non-Parties 561 12.2.4.1.1 Immunity from Liability 562 12.2.4.1.2 Unidentiﬁed or Unavailable Potential Defendants 564 12.2.4.2 Some Statutory Reﬁnements 565 12.2.5 Protection of Non-Manufacturing Sellers 567 12.2.6 Abolition of the Collateral Source Rule 569 12.2.7 Product Misuse or Alteration As a Defense 572 12.3 Constitutional Issues in Tort Reform Legislation 573 12.3.1 Issues Arising under the U.S. Constitution 573 12.3.1.1 Seventh Amendment Right to Jury Trial 573 12.3.1.2 Due Process and Equal Protection Challenges to State Law 576 12.3.1.3 The Constitutionality of Potential Federal Legislation 580 12.3.2 State Constitutional Challenges 581 12.3.2.1 Right to Jury Trial 581 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xvii

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12.3.2.2 “Open Courts” and Similar Provisions 583 12.3.2.3 Due Process and Comparable Provisions 585 12.3.2.3.1 Traditional Rational Basis Approach 586 12.3.2.3.2 Quid Pro Quo Approach 587 12.3.2.3.3 Constitutional Incorporation: Quasi-Fundamental Rights 589 12.3.2.4 Equal Protection 592 12.3.2.4.1 “Special Legislation” Provisions 596 12.3.2.5 Separation of Powers 600 12.4 A Final Note on Negligence, Strict Liability and Breach of Warranty 601

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Acknowledgments

I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who, in one way or another, assisted in and contributed to (some may say aided and abetted in) the creation of this text. I prevailed upon friends and colleagues to read, comment upon and correct earlier versions of var- ious chapters knowing that my requests were at best an imposition, and not infre- quently a nuisance. Nevertheless, all responded with grace and generosity and the ﬁnal product is far better as a result. Particularly, I am indebted to George Conk, David Frisch, Robert Lipkin, Michael Risinger and John Wladis for lending their particular ex- pertise to this project. I am also grateful to the student research assistants who spent many hours for ludi- crously little money digging through cases, proofreading, cite checking and, more im- portantly, telling me when I had succeeded in making difﬁcult concepts utterly incom- prehensible. Past and present Widener law students Kevin Bright, Carmen DiMario, Matt Eltringham, Sara Gross and Kelly Tracy deserve special thanks. Finally, of course, I need to thank my family. Not only did Melinda take on the Her- culean task of proofreading and correcting earlier versions of the manuscript, but everyone pretended they were interested in hearing me talk about it.

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Table of Cases

(references are to chapter:footnote number)

A.J. Decoster Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., Agristor Leasing v. A.O. Smith Harvestore 634 A.2d 1330 (Md. 1994)—7:247–48 Products, 869 F.2d 264 (6th Cir. 1989)— A.M. Properties Corp. v. GTE Products Corp., 2:111 844 F.Supp. 1001 (D.N.J. 1994)—10:251 Air Bag Prod. Liability Litigation, In re, 7 Abel v. Eli Lilly and Co., 343 N.W.2d 164 F.Supp.2d 792 (E.D.La. 1998)—4:435, (Mich. 1984)—10:322–23 7:108 Absolon v. Dollahite, 831 A.2d 6 (Md. 2003)— Air Crash Disaster at Sioux City, Iowa, on July 1:127 19, 1989, In re, 1991 WL 279009 (N.D.Ill. Accu-Fab & Const., Inc. v. Ladner ex rel. Lad- 1991)—7:172 ner, 2000 WL 274291 (Miss. App. 2000)— Air Crash Disaster, In re, 86 F.3d 498 (6th Cir. 12:89–90 1996)—10:94 Acosta v. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 717 F.2d 828 Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. v. Eaton Metal (3rd Cir. 1983)—7:292–93 Products Co., 256 F.Supp.2d 329 (E.D.Pa. Adams v. Buffalo Forge Co., 443 A.2d 932 (Me. 2003)—7:273 1982)—5:138, 5:143 Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. v. Eaton Metal Adams v. Children’s Mercy Hospital, 832 Products Co., 272 F.Supp.2d 482 (E.D.Pa. S.W.2d 898 (Mo. 1992)—12:214, 12:305 2003)—2:198, 2:199 Adams v. G.D. Searle & Co., Inc., 576 So.2d 728 AKA Distrib. Co. v. Whirpool Corp., 137 F.3d (Fla. App. 1991)—11:52 1083 (8th Cir. 1998)—7:262 Adams v. J. I. Case Co., 261 N.E.2d 1 (Ill. App. Alaskan Oil, Inc. v. Central Flying Service, Inc., 1970)—3:173 975 F.2d 553 (8th Cir. 1992)—7:220 Adams v. Lift-A-Loft Corp., 1999 WL 33105610 Albala v. City of New York, 429 N.E.2d 786 (S.D.Ohio 1999)—6:129 (N.Y. 1981)—5:65–67 Adams v. Murakami, 813 P.2d 1348 (Cal. Albers v. Ottenbacher, 116 N.W.2d 529 (S.D. 1991)—7:310 1962)—1:107 ADM Partnership v. Martin, 702 A.2d 730 (Md. Albert v. J & L Engineering Co., 214 So.2d 212 1997)—8:62 (La. App. 1968)—5:154 Advance Chemical Co. v. Harter, 478 So.2d 444 Albertson v. Volkswagenwerk Aktienge- (Fla. App. 1985)—5:246, 5:255 sellschaft, 634 P.2d 1127 (Kan. 1981)— Advincula v. United Blood Services, 678 N.E.2d 12:114 1009 (Ill. 1996)—10:35 Aldon Industries, Inc. v. Don Myers & Associ- Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Ralph Wilson ates, Inc., 517 F.2d 188 (5th Cir. 1975)— Plastics Co., 509 N.W.2d 520 (Mich. App. 7:31 1993)—4:327 Alevromagiros v. Hechinger Co., 993 F.2d 417 Afﬁliates for Evaluation and Therapy, Inc. v. Vi- (4th Cir. 1993)—10:45, 10:56–57, asyn Corp., 500 So.2d 688 (Fla. App. 10:397 1987)—3:37 Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287 (1985)— Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation, In 12:186 re, 611 F.Supp. 1223 (E.D.N.Y. 1985)— Alexander v. Conveyors & Dumpers, Inc., 731 10:435–36 F.2d 1221 (5th Cir. 1984)—5:158, 10:20

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Alimenta (U.S.A.), Inc. v. Anheuser-Busch American Universal Ins. Group v. General Mo- Companies, Inc., 803 F.2d 1160 (11th Cir. tors Corp., 578 So.2d 451 (Fla. App. 1986)—3:166–67 1991)—7:241–42 Allaback v. Santa Clara County Fair Assn., 54 Ameron, Inc. v. Chemische Werke Huls AG, Cal. Rptr.2d 330 (Cal. App. 1996)—8:1, 760 F.Supp. 1234 (E.D.Mich. 1991)—9:18 8:3 Amstadt v. U.S. Brass Corp., 919 S.W.2d 644 Allegheny General Hosp. v. Philip Morris, Inc., (Tex. 1996)—12:59 116 F.Supp.2d 610 (W.D.Pa. 1999)— Anderson v. Dries & Krump Mfg. Corp., 739 10:183, 10:206–08 P.2d 1177 (Wash. App. 1987)—1:49 Allen v. Delchamps, Inc., 624 So.2d 1065 (Ala. Anderson v. F.J. Little Mach. Co., 68 F.3d 1113 1993)—5:247 (8th Cir. 1995)—4:154 Allen v. G.D. Searle & Co., 708 F.Supp. 1142 Anderson v. Hedstrom Corp., 76 F.Supp.2d 422 (D.Or.1989)—11:93 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)—4:349 Allen v. Grafton, 164 N.E.2d 167 (Ohio Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S.S.M. Ry. 1960)—11:22–23 Co., 179 N.W. 45 (Minn. 1920)—6:14–15, Allen v. Otis Elevator Co., 563 N.E.2d 826 (Ill. 6:17 App. 1990)—7:89 Anderson v. Schefﬂer, 752 P.2d 667 (Kan. Aller v. Rodgers Machinery Mfg. Co., Inc., 268 1988)—12:114 N.W.2d 830 (Iowa 1978)—10:391 Anderson v. Somberg, 338 A.2d 1 (N.J. 1975)— Allison v. United States, 264 F.Supp. 1021 10:278–83 (E.D.Ill. 1967)—5:443 Anderson v. State ex rel. Central Bering Sea Alloway v. General Marine Industries, 695 A.2d Fisherman’s Ass’n, 78 P.3d 710 (Alaska 264 (N.J. 1997)—7:206, 7:211, 7:254 2003)—12:28 All-Tech Telecom, Inc. v. Amway Corporation, Anderson v. United States, 55 F.3d 1379 (9th 174 F.3d 862 (7th Cir. 1999)—7:192, Cir. 1995)—5:451 7:269–70, 7:280 Anderson v. Wagner, 402 N.E.2d 560 (Ill. Alm v. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., 480 1977)—12:295 N.E.2d 1263 (Ill. App. 1985) 4:433 Andor v. United Airlines, Inc., 739 P.2d 18 Aloe Coal Co. & Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. (Ore. 1987)—7:307 Clark Equip. Co., 816 F.2d 110 (3rd Cir. Andrews v. Harley Davidson, Inc., 796 P.2d 1987)—7:219 1092 (Nev. 1990)—8:154 Alpert v. Thomas, 643 F.Supp. 1406 (D.Vt. Andrulonis v. United States, 724 F.Supp. 1421 1986)—3:174–75 (N.D.N.Y. 1989)—5:430–31, 5:474–75 Alvarez v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 2003 WL Anglin v. Kleeman, 665 A.2d 747 (N.H. 715905 (N.D.Cal. 2003)—9:97–98 1995)—8:184 AM/PM Franchise Ass’n v. Atlantic Richﬁeld Angus v. Shiley Inc., 989 F.2d 142 (3rd Co., 584 A.2d 915 (Pa. 1990)—7:25–28 Cir.1993)—7:108 Ambassador Steel Co. v. Ewald Steel Co., 190 Anixter Bros., Inc. v. Central Steel & Wire Co., N.W.2d 275 (Mich. App. 1971)—8:180 463 N.E.2d 913 (Ill. App. 1984)—9:17–18, American Bank & Trust Co. v. Community 9:23, 9:34 Hospital of Los Gatos-Saratoga, Inc., 683 Apostolico v. Orlando Regional Health Care P.2d 670 (Cal. 1984)—12:252 System, Inc., 871 So.2d 283 (Fla. App. American Mfg. Co. v. United States Shipping 2004)—12:220 Board E.F. Corp., 7 F.2d 565 (2nd Cir. Appel v. Standex Intern. Corp., 660 P.2d 686 1925)—3:250 (Or. App. 1983)—4:154 American Motorcycle Ass’n v. Superior Court, Arena v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 74 578 P.2d 899 (Cal. 1978)—9:1, 9:110, Cal. Rptr.2d 580 (Cal. App. 1998) — 9:112 4:255 American Safety Equipment Corp. v. Winkler, Arkansas Elec. Cooperative Corp. v. Arkansas 640 P.2d 216 (Colo. 1982)—2:269–70 Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 461 U.S. 375 American Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Superior (1983)—5:407 Court, 44 Cal.Rptr.2d 526 (Cal. App. Armentrout v. FMC Corp., 842 P.2d 175 (Colo. 1995)—7:108 1992)—4:270 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxiii

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Armstrong Rubber Co. v. Grifﬁth, 43 F.2d 689 Ayers v. Johnson & Johnson Baby Products Co., (2nd Cir.1930)—7:36, 7:38 a Subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson Co., Armstrong Rubber Co. v. Urquidez, 570 S.W.2d 818 P.2d 1337 (Wash. 1991)—4:321–22 374 (Tex. 1978)—4:41–42 Azzarello v. Black Bros. Co., Inc., 391 A.2d Armstrong v. Mailand, 284 N.W.2d 343 (Minn. 1020 (Pa. 1978)—4:301–03, 10:6 1979)—5:49, 8:146 Azzopardi v. Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co., Arneson v. Olson, 270 N.W.2d 125 (N.D. 742 F.2d 890 (5th Cir.1984)—7:172 1978)—12:202, 12:287, 12:293 B.L. Jet Sales, Inc. v. Alton Packaging Corp., Arredondo v. Lindley International Trucks, 724 S.W.2d 669 (Mo.App. 1987)— Inc., 758 S.W.2d 846 (Tex. App. 1988)— 2:196–97 6:22, 6:49 B.N. v. K.K., 538 A.2d 1175 (Md. 1988)—2:134 Arsnow v. Red Top Cab Co., 292 P. 436 (Wash Babb v. Bolyard, 72 A.2d 13 (Md. 1950)—2:23 1930)—6:167 Bacardi v. Holzman, 442 A.2d 617 (N.J. Super. Artis v. Corona Corp. of Japan, 703 A.2d 1214 App. Div. 1981)—11:94–96 (D.C. App. 1997)—4:170 Badische Corp. v. Caylor, 630 F.Supp. 1196 Asbestos Litigation, In re, 509 A.2d 1116 (Del. (N.D.Ga. 1986)—2:181 Super. 1986)—10:335 Bailey v. Huggins Diagnostic & Rehab., 952 Asbestos School Litigation, In re, 46 F.3d 1284 P.2d 768 (Colo. App. 1997)—4:433 (3rd Cir. 1994)—10:229–34, 10:238 Bailey v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 989 F.2d Ass’n of Unit Owners of Bridgeview Condo- 794 (5th Cir. 1993)—5:496–98 miniums v. Dunning, 63 P.3d 788 (Or. Bailey v. V & O Press Corp., 770 F.2d 601 (6th App. 2003)—4:397 Cir. 1985)—10:42 Atlantic Co. v. Orendorff, 22 So.2d 260 (Fla. Bainter v. Lamoine LP Gas Co., 321 N.E.2d 744 1945)—7:32 (Ill. App. 1974)—3:118, 4:38 Atlantic Richﬁeld Co. v. Interstate Oil Transport Bair v. Peck, 811 P.2d 1176 (Kan. 1991)— Co., 784 F.2d 106 (2nd Cir. 1986)— 12:258, 12:260–61 9:105–06 Baker v. Arbor Drugs, Inc., 544 N.W.2d 727 Attorney General v. Johnson, 385 A.2d 57 (Md. (Mich. App. 1996)—11:189, 11:211–13 1978)—12:227–28, 12:231 Baker v. Armco, Inc., 684 S.W.2d 81 (Mo. App. Auburn Mach. Works Co., Inc. v. Jones, 366 1984)—5:299 So.2d 1167 (Fla. 1979)—4:133 Baker v. Bolton, 170 Eng. Rep. 1033 (1808)— Augustus v. Bean, 14 Cal. Rptr. 641 (Cal. 7:169 1961)—9:3, 9:7 Baker By and Through Baker v. International Ault v. International Harvester Co., 528 P.2d Harvester Co., 660 S.W.2d 21 (Mo. App. 1148 (Cal. 1974)—10:95–97 1983)—6:62–67 Austin v. Clark Equipment Co., 48 F.3d 833 Baker v. Rosemurgy, 144 N.W.2d 660 (Mich. (4th Cir. 1995)—4:234 App. 1966)—8:79 Austin v. Ford Motor Co., 273 N.W.2d 233 Balido v. Improved Machinery, Inc., 105 Cal. (Wis. 1979)—8:153 Rptr. 890 (Cal. App. 1972)—5:96, 6:138 Austin v. Will-Burt Co., 361 F.3d 862 (5th Cir. Ball v. Joy Technologies, Inc., 958 F.2d 36 (4th 2004)—10:45 Cir. 1991)—7:138 Automated Donut Systems, Inc. v. Consolidated Baltimore & O.R. Co. v. Baugh, 149 U.S. 368 Rail Corp., 424 N.E.2d 265 (Mass. App. (1893)—4:8 1981)—8:170 Baltimore & O.R. Co. v. Goodman, 275 U.S. 66 Autzen v. John C. Taylor Lumber Sales, Inc., (1927)—5:32–33 572 P.2d 1322 (Or. 1977)—3:66–67, Bank of America, N.A. v. C.D. Smith Motor Co., 3:86–87 Inc., 106 S.W.3d 423 (Ark. 2003)—7:6 Avner v. Longridge Estates, 77 Cal. Rptr. 633 Banner Welders, Inc. v. Knighton, 425 So.2d (Cal. App. 1969)—4:395–96 441, 448 (Ala. 1982)—8:216 Award Metals, Inc. v. Superior Court, 279 Cal. Barb v. Wallace, 412 A.2d 1314 (Md. App. Rptr. 459 (Cal. App. 1991)—5:268 1980)—3:187 Ayers v. Jackson Twnshp, 525 A.2d 287 (N.J. Barbe v. Drummond, 507 F.2d 794 (1st 1987)—7:135 Cir.1974)—7:172 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxiv

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Barker v. Allied Supermarket, 596 P.2d 870 Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Jinkins, 739 S.W.2d 19 (Okla. 1979)—3:119 (Tex. 1987)—9:111 Barker v. Lull Engineering Co., 573 P.2d 443 Beech v. Outboard Marine Corp., 584 So.2d (Cal. 1978)—4:108–09, 4:149–51, 4:181, 441 (Ala. 1991)—10:59 4:266, 4:267–69 Behrens v. Fayette Manufacturing Co., 7 Cal. Barnard v. Kellogg, 77 U.S. 383 (1870)—2:13 Rptr.2d 264 (Cal. App. 1992)—5:287–90 Barren v. United States, 839 F.2d 987 (3rd Cir. Belisle v. Southdale Realty Co., 168 N.W.2d 361 1988)—5:425 (Minn. 1969)—2:97 Barrett v. Fritz, 248 N.E.2d 111 (Ill. 1969)— Bell Helicopter Co. v. Bradshaw, 594 S.W.2d 8:132 519 (Tex. Civ. App. 1979)—5:98–101 Barrio v. San Manuel Division Hospital for Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., a Div. of Textron, Magma Copper Company, 692 P.2d 280 Inc. v. United States, 755 F.Supp. 269 (Ariz. 1984)—12:177 (D.Alaska 1990)—9:129 Barron v. Ford Motor Co. of Canada, 965 F.2d Bell v. Industrial Vangas, Inc., 637 P.2d 266 195 (7th Cir. 1992)—8:194, 8:198 (Cal. 1981)—5:284 Barrow v. Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1998 WL Bellanca Aircraft Corp., 576 F.2d 582 (5th Cir. 812318 (M.D.Fla. 1998)—2:199, 4:214 1978)—3:230 Barry v. Edmunds, 116 U.S. 550 (1886)— Bellotte v. Zayre Corp., 352 A.2d 723 (N.H. 12:149–50 1976)—4:142, 6:103 Barry v. Quality Steel Products, Inc., 820 A.2d Bellotte v. Zayre Corp., 531 F.2d 1100 (1st Cir. 258 (Conn. 2003)—6:94, 6:150 1976)—6:103 Barton v. Owen, 139 Cal. Rptr. 494 (Cal. App. Bemenderfer v. Williams, 745 N.E.2d 212 (Ind. 1977)—6:10 2001)—7:174 Basko v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 416 F.2d 417 (2nd Bencivenga v. J.J.A.M.M., Inc., 609 A.2d 1299 Cir. 1969)—3:41, 6:19, 11:122 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1992)—12:86, Batiste v. American Home Products Corp., 231 12:102, 12:111 S.E.2d 269, 273 (N.C. App. 1977)— Benco Plastics, Inc. v. Westinghouse Electric 11:146, 11:203 Corp., 387 F.Supp. 772 (E.D.Tenn. Batts v. Tow-Motor Forklift Co., 978 F.2d 1386 1974)—2:254, 2:271 (5th Cir. 1992)—4:145, 10:397 Bendectin Litigation, In re, 857 F.2d 290 (6th Baughman v. General Motors Corp., 780 F.2d Cir. 1988)—1:94, 1:104–05, 2:80, 2:82 1131 (4th Cir. 1986)—5:225–26 Bender v. TBT Operating Corp., 718 N.Y.S.2d Baxter v. Ford Motor Co., 12 P.2d 409 (Wash. 154 (N.Y. Sup. 2000)—9:132 1932)—2:2 Benedi v. McNeil-P.P.C., Inc., 66 F.3d 1378 (4th Baycol Products Litigation, In re, 218 F.R.D. Cir. 1995)—10:432 197 (D.Minn. 2003)—11:52 Bennett v. Madakasira, 821 So.2d 794 (Miss. Bayley Products, Inc. v. American Plastics Co., 2002)—11:52 186 N.W.2d 813 (Mich. App. 1971)— Bentzler v. Braun, 149 N.W.2d 626 (Wis. 7:51 1969)—8:197 Bayliner Marine Corp. v. Crow, 509 S.E.2d 499 Berg v. Sukup Mfg. Co., 355 N.W.2d 833 (S.D. (Va. 1999)—3:106, 10:7 1984)—5:158 BDO Seidman, LLP v. Mindis Acquisition Bergstreser v. Mitchell, 577 F.2d 22 (8th Cir. Corp., 578 S.E.2d 400 (Ga. 2002)—2:224 1978)—5:61 Beacham v. Lee-Norse, 714 F.2d 1010 (10th Cir. Berkebile v. Brantly Helicopter Corp., 337 A.2d 1983)—8:66, 8:78, 8:210 893 (Pa. 1975)—2:249, 3:59, 3:108 Beaver v. Batrouny, 419 N.Y.S.2d 391 (App. Div. Berko v. Freda, 459 A.2d 663 (N.J. 1983)— 1979)—10:212–13 5:48 Becker v. American Airlines, Inc., 200 F.Supp. Berry v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 717 P.2d 670 243 (S.D.N.Y. 1961)—4:429 (Utah 1985)—12:275 Becker v. IRM Corp., 698 P.2d 116 (Cal. Berry v. Eckhardt Porsche Audi, Inc., 578 P.2d 1985)—4:399 1195 (Okla. 1978)—5:181 Bednarski v. Hideout Homes & Realty, Inc. 709 Berry v. G.D. Searle & Co., 309 N.E. 2d 550 (Ill. F.Supp. 90 (M.D.Pa. 1988)—3:248 1974)—11:167–68 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxv

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Beshada v. Johns-Manville Products Corp., 447 Blanchard v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., A.2d 539 (N.J. 1982)—4:329–30, 4:332–34 341 F.2d 351 (5th Cir. 1965)—5:438 Besser Co. v. Paco Corp., 671 F.Supp. 1010 Blanchard v. Wicks, 314 So.2d 366 (La. App. (M.D.Pa. 1987)—9:101 1975)—6:86 Best v. Taylor Machine Works, 689 N.E.2d 1057 Bland v. Freightliner, LLC, 206 F.Supp.2d 1202 (Ill. 1997)—12:18, 12:34, 12:69, (M.D.Fla. 2002)—7:5 12:311–14, 12:320–24, 12:326–30, Blankenship v. Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals, 12:339–43 Inc., 433 N.E.2d 572 (Ohio 1982)—5:260 Betancourt v. Manhattan Ford Lincoln Mer- Blanton v. Cooper Industries, 99 F.Supp.2d 797 cury, Inc., 607 N.Y.S.2d 924 (App. Div. (E.D.Ky. 2000)—5:275 1994)—6:84–85 Blocher v. DeBartolo Properties Management, Betehia v. Cape Cod Corp., 103 N.W.2d 64 Inc., 760 N.E.2d 229 (Ind. App. 2001)— (Wis. 1960)—11:8, 11:9 10:74 Bethlehem Steel Co. v. New York State Labor Block v. Neal, 460 U.S. 289 (1983)—5:429 Relations Bd., 330 U.S. 767 (1947)—5:407 Blockhead, Inc. v. Plastic Forming Co., Inc., Bexiga v. Havir Mfg. Corp., 290 A.2d 281 (N.J. 402 F.Supp. 1017 (D.Conn. 1975) — 1972)—1:34, 4:235, 8:89–90 3:224 Bichler v. Eli Lilly and Co., 450 N.Y.S.2d 776 Bloomquist v. Wapello County, 500 N.W.2d 1 (N.Y. 1982)—10:220–22 (Iowa 1993)—10:424–29 Bichler v. Eli Lilly and Co., 436 N.Y.S.2d 625 Bloxom v. Bloxom, 512 So.2d 839 (La. 1987)— (App. Div. 1980)—10:318–20 10:153 Bichler v. Willing, 397 N.Y.S.2d 57 (App. Div. Blue v. Drackett Products Co., 143 So.2d 897 1977)—11:142, 11:203 (Fla. App. 1962)—10:145 Bickram v. Case I.H., 712 F.Supp. 18 (E.D.N.Y. Blue v. Environmental Engineering, Inc., 803 1989)—4:34 N.E.2d 187 (Ill. App. 2003)—4:156 Bidar v. Amfac, Inc., 669 P.2d 154 (Haw. BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 1983)—4:402 559, 607 (1996)—2:121–22, 7:284–85, Bierczynski v. Rogers, 239 A.2d 218 (Del. 7:321, 7:326–31, 12:197 1968)—10:186–87 BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 646 Bigelow v. Agway, Inc., 506 F.2d 551 (2nd So.2d 619 (Ala. 1994)—7:322–25 Cir.1974)—3:90 Board of Education v. A, C and S, Inc., 546 Billy v. Consolidated Machine Tool Corp., 412 N.E.2d 580 (Ill. 1989)—2:188–89, 4:416 N.E.2d 934 (N.Y. 1980)—5:298, 5:299 Boatland of Houston, Inc. v. Bailey, 609 S.W.2d Bilotta v. Kelley Co., 346 N.W.2d 616 (Minn. 743 (Tex. 1980)—4:183–86 1984)—1:46–47, 4:223–26, 4:237 Bob McKiness Excavating & Grading Inc. v. Birklid v. Boeing Co., 904 P.2d 278 (Wash. Morton Buildings, Inc., 507 N.W.2d 405 1995)—5:275 (Iowa 1993)—12:236 Biss v. Tenneco, Inc., 409 N.Y.S.2d 874 (App. Bobka v. Cook County Hospital, 422 N.E.2d Div. 1978)—1:33, 4:237, 4:240–41 999 (Ill. App. 1981)—5:56, 8:68–72 Black v. Abex Corp., 603 N.W.2d 182 (N.D. Bobryk v. Lincoln Amusements, Inc., 15 Conn. 1999)—10:331–33 L. Rptr. 617 (Super. Ct. 1996)—4:383 Black v. Wickes Corp., 378 N.E.2d 964 (Mass. Boeing Airplane Co. v. Brown, 291 F.2d 310 1978)—3:144 (9th Cir. 1961)—10:92 Blackburn v. Dorta, 348 So.2d 287 (Fla. Boeing Airplane Co. v. O’Malley, 329 F.2d 585 1977)—5:49, 8:125–26, 8:128, 8:130–31 (8th Cir. 1964)—3:207 Blackburn, Inc. v. Harnischfeger Corp., 773 Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411 F.2d 365 (5th Cir. F.Supp. 296 (D.Kan. 1991)—9:114 1969)—10:9 Blackston v. Shook & Fletcher Insulation Co., Boerner v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 764 F.2d 1480 (11th Cir. 1985)—10:333 260 F.3d 837 (8th Cir. 2001)—4:173 Blair v. Grand Rapids & I.R. Co., 26 N.W. 855 Bogner v. General Motors Corp., 459 N.Y.S.2d (Mich. 1886)—8:67 679 (N.Y.C. Civ. Ct. 1982)—7:168 Blalock v. Westwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bognis v. Falk Co., 133 N.W. 209 (Wis. 1911)— 1990 WL 10557 (E.D.La. 1990)—5:253 4:9 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxvi

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Boldac v. Crain, 181 A.2d 641 (N.H. 1962)— Brandenburger v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., 8:132 Inc., 513 P.2d 268 (Mont. 1973)—4:15 Bomb Disaster At Roseville, California, On Braniff Airways v. Curtiss-Wright Corp., 411 April 28, 1973, In re, 438 F.Supp. 769 F.2d 451 (2nd Cir. 1969)—5:79 (E.D.Cal. 1977)—5:441, 5:443 Braun v. Roux Distributing Co., 312 S.W.2d Bond v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 96 S.E. 932 758 (Mo. 1958)—5:252 (W.Va 1918)—8:67 Brawner v. Liberty Industries, Inc., 573 S.W.2d Bondu v. Gurvich, 473 So.2d 1307 (Fla. App. 376 (Mo. App. 1978)—4:137, 4:139 1984)—7:16 Bray v. Marathon Co., 588 S.E.2d 93 (S.C. Booker v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 785 P.2d 297 2003)—7:157 (Okla. 1989)—9:47 Breeck v. Aquaslide ‘N’ Dive Corp., 350 N.W.2d Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Prod. Corp., 493 F.2d 149 (Iowa 1984)—2:36 1076 (5th Cir. 1973)—4:367 Brescia v. Great Road Realty Trust, 373 A.2d Boruski v. United States, 803 F.2d 1421 (7th Cir. 1310 (N.H. 1997)—3:188 1986)—5:503 Brewer v. Jeep Corp., 724 F.2d 653 (8th Cir. Boryla v. Pash, 960 P.2d 123 (Colo. 1998)— 1983)—3:41 7:123 Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. Tires Prod. Liability Boughton v. Cotter Corp., 65 F.3d 823 (10th Litigation, In re, 155 F.Supp.2d 1069 Cir. 1995)—7:49 (S.D.Ind. 2001)—7:108 Bowen v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. 516 Bridgewater v. Economy Engineering Company, So.2d 570 (Ala. 1987)—5:299 486 N.E.2d 484 (Ind. 1986)—6:130 Bower v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 522 Briehl v. General Motors Corp., 172 F.3d 623 S.E.2d 424 (W.Va. 1999)—7:78, 7:135 (8th Cir.1999)—2:145 Bowers v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 827 So.2d 63 Britt-Tech Corp. v. American Magnetics Corp., (Ala. 2001)—7:162–67 487 N.W.2d 671 (Iowa 1992)—4:76 Bowler v. Stewart-Warner Corp., 563 A.2d 344 Brochu v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 642 (D.C.App. 1989)—3:41 F.2d 652 (1st Cir. 1981)—11:93 Bowman v. Williams, 165 A. 182 (Md. 1933)— Brockett v. Harrell Bros. Inc., 143 S.E.2d 897 7:97 (Va. 1965)—8:120 Boxa v. Vaughn, 674 N.W.2d 306 (S.D. 2003)— Brocklesby v. United States, 767 F.2d 1288 (9th 8:180 Cir. 1985)—4:430 Boy v. I.T.T. Grinnell Corp., 724 P.2d 612 (Ariz. Broddie v. Litton Unit Handling Systems, 455 App. 1986)—8:216 N.E.2d 142 (Ill. 1983)—3:29–30 Boyd v. Bulala, 877 F.2d 1191 (4th Cir. 1989)— Brokenshire v. Rivas and Rivas, Ltd., 922 P.2d 12:157, 12:160, 12:192 696 (Or. App. 1996)—4:412–13 Boyd v. Bulala, 672 F.Supp. 915 (W.D.Va. Bronster v. U.S. Steel Corp., 919 P.2d 294 (Haw. 1986)—12:157–59, 12:180 1996)—7:254 Boyl v. California Chemical Co., 221 F.Supp. Brooks v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 902 P.2d 54 669 (D.Or. 1963)—1:26 (N.M. 1995)—4:213, 10:63–65 Boyle v. United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. Brooks v. Howmedica, Inc., 273 F.3d 785 (8th 500 (1988)—5:478–79, 5:482–95 Cir. 2001)—11:116 Bozeman v. State, 2004 WL 1475373 (La. Broussard v. Continental Oil Co., 433 So.2d 354 2004)—12:136 (La. App. 1983)—4:357–58 Brackett v. Johnson, 273 A.2d 499, 500 (Conn. Brown ex rel. Estate of Brown v. Philip Morris Super. 1970)—8:79 Inc., 228 F.Supp.2d 506 (D.N.J. 2002)— Bradford v. Herzig, 33 Conn.App. 714, 638 4:213 A.2d 608 (1994)—12:86 Brown v. Clark Equipment Co., 618 P.2d 267 Bradley v. Appalachian Power Co., 256 S.E.2d (Haw. 1980)—10:20 879 (W.Va. 1979)—8:96 Brown v. Collins, 53 N.H. 442 (1873)—4:6 Bragg v. Hi-Ranger, Inc., 462 S.E.2d 321 (S.C. Brown v. Ford Motor Co., 67 F.Supp.2d 581 App. 1995)—10:45 (E.D.Va. 1999)—8:194, 8:198, 8:201–02 Bragg v. United States, 55 F.Supp.2d 575 Brown v. General Elec. Corp., 648 F.Supp. 470 (S.D.Miss. 1999)—5:499 (M.D.Ga. 1986)—5:54–55, 5:57–58, 8:147 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxvii

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Brown v. Hudson, 700 So.2d 932 (La. App. Burch v. Amsterdam, 366 A.2d 1079 (D.C. 1997)—3:85 1976)—10:82 Brown v. McDonald’s Corp., 655 N.E.2d 440 Burgess v. Colorado Serum Co., 772 F.2d 844 (Ohio App. 1995)—5:251 (11th Cir. 1985)—5:503 Brown v. Neff, 603 N.Y.S.2d 707 (Sup. Ct. Burke v. Harman, 574 N.W.2d 156 (Neb. App. 1993)—2:129 1998)—2:13, 2:216–19, 2:224, 2:226 Brown v. Neff, 668 N.Y.S.2d 873 (Sup. Ct. Burke v. Spartanics, Ltd., 252 F.3d 131 (2nd Cir. 1997)—2:238–40 2001)—5:193–94, 5:196 Brown v. Quick Mix Co., Div. of Koehring Co., Burns v. Jaquays Mining Corp., 752 P.2d 28 454 P.2d 205 (Wash. 1969)—8:66, 8:78 (Ariz. App. 1987)—7:104, 7:126, 7:134–35 Brown v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 667 P.2d 750 Burrell v. Electric Plant Bd. of City of Franklin, (Ariz. App. 1983)—4:19192 676 S.W.2d 231 (Ky. 1984)—9:138 Brown v. Superior Court, 751 P.2d 470 (Cal. Burton v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 884 1988)—10:324–26, 11:33, 11:34, 11:39, F.Supp. 1515 (D.Kan. 1995)—7:135 11:44–47, 11:59–61 Bushong v. Garman Co., 843 S.W.2d 807 (Ark. Brown v. United Blood Services, 858 P.2d 391, 1992)—10:153 396 (Nev. 1993)—10:34 Butchkosky v. Enstrom Helicopter Corp., 784 Brown v. Washington County, 987 P.2d 1254 F.Supp. 882 (S.D.Fla. 1992)—7:239–40 (Or. App. 1999)—12:86 Butler v. Flint Goodrich Hospital of Dillard Bruce Farms, Inc. v. Coupe, 247 S.E.2d 400 (Va. University, 607 So.2d 517 (La. 1992)— 1978)—4:394 12:305 Bruce v. Martin-Marietta Corp., 544 F.2d 442 Butler v. Jordan, 750 N.E.2d 554 (Ohio (10th Cir. 1976)—4:84–85, 10:46–48, 10:50 2001)—5:415 Bruce v. State Farm Ins. Co., 859 So.2d 296 (La. Butler v. Navistar Intern. Transp. Corp., 809 App. 2003)—7:68 F.Supp. 1202 (W.D.Va. 1991)—3:157 Brunsman v. DeKalb Swine Breeders, Inc., 952 Butterﬁeld v. Forrester, 11 East 60, 103 Eng. F.Supp. 628 (N.D.Iowa 1996)—2:189 Rep. 926 (K.B. 1809)—8:85 Bruszewski v. United States, 181 F.2d 419 (3rd Butterworth v. Quick & Reilly, Inc., 171 F.R.D. Cir. 1950)—12:113 319 (M.D.Fla. 1997)—2:87 Bryant v. Adams, 448 S.E.2d 832, 842 Butterworth v. Quick & Reilly, Inc., 998 F.Supp. (N.C.App. 1994)—3:62 1404 (M.D.Fla.1998)—2:199 Bryant v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 585 S.E.2d Butz v. Lynch, 762 So.2d 1214 (La. App. 723 (Ga. App. 2003)—10:443–44, 11:52, 2000)—4:95–97, 5:120, 6:117–18 11:66 Butz v. Werner, 438 N.W.2d 509 (N.D. 1989)— Bryant v. Technical Research Co., 654 F.2d 1337 10:153 (9th Cir. 1981)—10:6 Bynum v. FMC Corp. 770 F.2d 556 (5th Cir. Buchanan v. Prickett & Sons, Inc., 279 N.W.2d 1985)—3:235, 5:477 855 (Neb. 1979)—5:55 Byrd Motor Lines, Inc. v. Dunlop Tire and Buckman Co. v. Plaintiffs’ Legal Committee, Rubber Corp., 304 S.E.2d 773 (N.C. App. 531 U.S. 341 (2001)—1:95–96, 1:99, 1983)—3:264 2:66–68, 2:81, 5:388–92, 11:37 Byrd v. Blue Ridge Rural Electric Coop., Inc., Budding v. SSM Healthcare System, 19 S.W.3d 356 U.S. 525 (1957)—12:148 678 (Mo. 2000)—4:69 Byrd v. Proctor & Gamble Mfg. Co., 629 F. Budgetel Inns, Inc. v. Micro Systems, Inc., 34 Supp. 602 (E.D.Ky. 1986)—4:378 F.Supp. 2d 720 (E.D.Wis. 1999)—7:264, Byrne v. Boadle, 159 Eng. Rep. 299 (Exch. 7:265 1863)—10:107 Budgetel Inns, Inc. v. Micro Systems, Inc., 8 Byrne v. Weichert Realtors, 675 A.2d 235 (N.J. F.Supp. 2d 1137 (E.D.Wis. 1998)—7:264, Super. App. Div. 1996)—2:106–07 7:265 Cafazzo v. Central Medical Health Services., Builders Supply Co. v. McCabe, 77 A.2d 368 Inc., 635 A.2d 151 (Pa. Super. 1993)— (Pa. 1951)—9:56 4:69 Bunting v. Hogsett, 21 A. 31 (Pa. 1891)—6:50, Caldwell v. Ford Motor Co., 619 S.W.2d 534 6:52–53 (Tenn. App. 1981)—5:47 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxviii

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Calhoun v. Honda Motor Co., 738 F.2d 126 Carroll Towing Co., United States v..159 F.2d (6th Cir. 1984)—10:421 169 (2nd Cir. 1947)—1:58–59, 4:148 Callander v. Sheridan, 546 N.E.2d 850 (Ind. Carroll v. Gava, 159 Cal. Rptr. 778 (Cal. App. App. 1989)—8:180 1979)—2:227 Caldwell v. Overton, 554 S.W.2d 832 (Tex.Civ. Carroll v. Otis Elevator Co., 896 F.2d 210 (7th App. 1977)—2:204 Cir. 1990)—10:375–77 Camacho v. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 741 P.2d Carroll v. Whitney, 29 S.W.3d 14 (Tenn. 1240 (Colo. 1987)—4:85, 4:281, 5:158 2000)—12:99 Camalier & Buckley-Madison, Inc. v. Madison Carson v. Maurer, 424 A.2d 825 (N.H. 1980)— Hotel, Inc., 513 F.2d 407 (D.C.Cir. 12:280, 12:283–95 1975)—8:183 Carter v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 557 Caman v. City of Stamford, 746 F.Supp. 248 F.Supp. 1317 (E.D.Tex. 1983)—4:213 (D.Conn. 1990)—12:193 Carter v. Masey-Ferguson, Inc., 716 F.2d 344 Campbell v. A.H. Robins Co., 615 F.Supp. 496, (5th Cir. 1983)—10:42, 10:52, 10:55 500 (W.D.Wis. 1985)—10:194 Carter v. Taylor Diving & Salvage Co., 341 Campbell v. Black Mountain Spruce, Inc., 677 F.Supp. 628 (E.D.La. 1972)—5:48 P.2d 379 (Colo. App. 1983)—5:299 Cartwright v. Firemans Insurance Co. of Campbell v. General Motors Corp., 649 P.2d Newark, N.J., 213 So.2d 154 (La. App. 224 (Cal. 1982)—10:401 1968)—1:107 Campbell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 98 Cartwright v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 936 P.2d 409 (Utah 2004)—7:342 F.Supp. 900 (M.D.Fla. 1996)—10:432 Camper v. Minor, 915 S.W.2d 437 (Tenn. Caruso v. M & O Insulation Co., 802 N.E.2d 1996)—12:76 327 (Ill. App. 2003)—10:10 Campo v. Scoﬁeld, 95 N.E.2d 802 (N.Y. Casa Ford, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 951 S.W.2d 1950)—5:147–49 865 (Tex. App. 1997)—9:110 Campos v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 485 Case v. Fibreboard Corp., 743 P.2d 1062 (Okla. A.2d 305 (N.J. 1984)—4:361, 5:189–92, 1987)—10:333, 10:335 5:209 Casey v. Russell, 188 Cal. Rptr. 18 (Cal. App. Canton Provision Co. v. Gauder, 196 N.E. 634 1982)—1:118–20 (Ohio 1935)—7:32 Castrignano v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc., 546 Capital Holding Corp. v. Bailey, 873 S.W.2d 187 A.2d 775 (R.I. 1988)—11:52 (Ky. 1994)—7:126 Cate v. Dover Corp., 790 S.W.2d 559 (Tex. Capitol Fuels, Inc. v. Clark Equipment Co., 382 1990)—3:208–09, 3:211 S.E.2d 311 (W.Va. 1989)—7:220 Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. Beck, 593 P.2d 871 Caprara v. Chrysler Corp, 417 N.E.2d 545 (N.Y. (Alaska 1979)—4:266, 10:98 1981)—10:98 Cavanaugh v. Skil Corp., 751 A.2d 518 (N.J. Cardomon v. Iowa Lutheran Hospital, 128 2000)—4:152 N.W.2d 266 (Iowa 1964)—8:170 Caver v. Cushman Motor Sales, Inc., 157 Cal. Cardozo v. True, 342 So.2d 1053 (Fla. App. Rptr. 142 (Cal. App. 1979)—4:75 1977)—4:423 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center v. Superior Court, Carley v. Wheeled Coach, 991 F.2d 1117 (3rd 954 P.2d 511 (Cal. 1998)—7:16 Cir. 1993)—5:503 Celotex Corp. v. Copeland, 471 So.2d 533 Carolina Indus. Products, Inc., v. Learjet, Inc., (Fla.1985)—10:334 189 F.Supp.2d 1147 (D.Kan. 2001)—7:5 Central Washington Refrigeration, Inc. v. Bar- Carpetland of Northwest Arkansas Inc. v. bee, 946 P.2d 760 (Wash. 1997)—9:19 Howard, 803 S.W.2d 512 (Ark. 1991)— Champion v. Grey, 420 So.2d 348 (Fla. App. 9:103 1982)—7:141 Carrecter v. Colson Equipment Co., 499 A.2d Chapman v. Lily Cache Builders, Inc., 362 326 (Pa. Super. 1985)—4:307 N.E.2d 811 (Ill. App. 1977)—4:393 Carrett v. Panacon Corp., 204 S.E.2d 354 (Ga. Charleston Nat. Bank v. International Harvester App. 1974)—4:416 Co., 317 N.E.2d 585 (Ill. App. 1974)—10:20 Carrizales v. Rheem Mfg. Co., 589 N.E.2d 569 Chart v. General Motors Corp., 258 N.W.2d (Ill. App. 1991)—5:79 680 (Wis. 1977)—10:98 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxix

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Chateaugay Corp., In re, 146 B.R. 339 (S.D.N.Y. Citrone v. Hertz Truck Leasing and Rental Ser- 1992)—5:503 vice, 212 A.2d 769 (N.J. 1965)—4:33–34 Chavers v. Gatke Corp., 132 Cal. Rptr. 2d 198 City of Philadelphia v. Lead Industries Ass’n, (Cal. App. 2003)—10:235–38 Inc., 994 F.2d 112 (3rd Cir. 1993)— Chem Tech Finishers, Inc. v. Paul Mueller Co., 10:307 375 S.E.2d 881 (Ga. App. 1988)—3:20 City of Tucson v. Wondergem, 466 P.2d 383 Chemtrol Adhesives, Inc. v. American Mfrs. (Ariz. 1970)—7:178 Mut. Ins. Co., 537 N.E.2d 624 (Ohio Clark v. Jeter, 486 U.S. 456 (1988)—12:173 1989)—7:235–36 Clark v. McDaniel, 546 N.W.2d 590 (Iowa Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Forbes, 783 So.2d 1215 1996)—2:16–18, 2:158 (Fla. App. 2001)—1:126 Clarke Industries, Inc. v. Home Indem. Co., Chicago Export Packing Co. v. Teledyne Indus- 591 So.2d 458 (Ala. 1991)—4:355–56 tries Inc., 566 N.E.2d 326 (Ill. App. Clarkson v. Wright, 483 N.E.2d 268 (Ill. 1990)—2:109–10 1985)—8:185, 8:197 Childress v. Church’s Fried Chicken, 196 Cal. Classen v. Izquierdo, 520 N.Y.S.2d 999, 1001 Rptr. 404 (Cal. App. 1983)—2:153–54, (N.Y.Sup.Ct. 1987)—8:152 2:156 Clause ex rel. Clause v. State Dept. of Public Childs v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp. 7 U.C.C. Rep. Safety, 984 P.2d 559 (Ariz. App. 1998)— Serv.2d 1080 (Va. Cir. Ct. 1988)—3:40 10:214 Christian v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., 126 Cleveland By and Through Cleveland v. Piper F.Supp.2d 951 (D.Md. 2001)—10:183 Aircraft Corp., 890 F.2d 1540 (10th Cir. Christopher v. Larson Ford Sales, Inc., 557 P.2d 1989)—10:367–69, 12:122 1009 (Utah 1976)—3:211 Clime v. Dewey Beach Enterprises, Inc., 831 Christopherson v. Hyster Co., 374 N.E.2d 858 F.Supp. 341 (D.Del. 1993)—11:8 (Ill. App. 1978)—4:222 Cline v. Prowler Industries of Maryland, Inc., Chrum v. Charles Heating & Cooling, Inc., 327 418 A.2d 968 (Del. 1980)—3:39–40 N.W.2d 568 (Mich. App. 1982)—7:168 Clinkscales v. Carver, 136 P.2d 777 (Cal. Chrysler Corp. v. Batten, 450 S.E.2d 208 (Ga. 1943)—1:73 1994)—5:79 Cmwlth, Dept. of General Services v. U.S. Min- Chung v. Kaonohi Center Co., 618 P.2d 283 eral Products Co., 809 A.2d 994 (Pa. (Haw. 1980)—7:41 Cmwlth. 2002)—4:213 Chuolasama v. Mazda Motor Corp., 123 F.3d Cochran v. McDonald, 161 P.2d 305 (Wash. 1353 (11th Cir. 1997)—2:87 1945)—3:114–15 Cierpisz v. Singleton, 230 A.2d 629 (Md. Coello v. Tug Mfg. Corp., 756 F.Supp. 1258 1969)—8:197 (W.D.Mo. 1991)—5:268, 9:130 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 505 U.S. 504 Coffer v. Standard Brands, Inc., 226 S.E.2d 534 (1992)—2:51, 2:129, 5:302–03, 5:305, (N.C. App. 1976)—3:70–71, 3:137–38, 5:307, 5:320, 5:325–26, 5:320, 5:322, 3:156, 10:69–70 5:326–27, 5:329–46, 5:359, 5:381 Coffman v. Keene Corp., 628 A.2d 710 (N.J. Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 893 F.2d 541 1993)—10:153 (3rd Cir. 1990)—5:322 Coburn v. City of Tuscon, 691 P.2d 1078 (Ariz. Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 693 F. Supp. 1984)—5:38 208 (D.N.J. 1988)—5:322 Coghlan v. Wellcraft Marine Corp., 240 F.3d Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 649 F. Supp. 449 (5th Cir. 2001)—2:142–43 664 (D.N.J. 1986)—5:322 Cole v. Elliott Equip. Co., 653 F.2d 1031 (5th Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 644 F. Supp. Cir. 1981)—4:34 283 (D.N.J. 1986)—4:160–61 Collazo-Santiago v. Toyota Motor Corp., 937 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 789 F.2d 187 F.Supp. 134 (D.Puerto Rico 1996)—4:181, (3rd Cir. 1986)—5:322, 5:328 4:266 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 593 F. Supp. Collegiate Enterprises, Inc. v. Otis Elevator Co., 1146 (D.N.J. 1984)—5:321–22 650 F.Supp. 116 (E.D.Mo. 1986)—3:20 Citizens State Bank v. Timm, Schmidt & Co., Collins v. Eli Lilly and Co., 342 N.W.2d 37 335 N.W.2d 361 (Wis. 1983)—2:185 (Wis. 1984)—10:321 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxx

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Collins v. Ridge Tool Co., 520 F.2d 591 (7th Cir. Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool 1975)—5:154 Group, 532 U.S. 424 (2001)—12:153 Collins v. United States, 642 F.2d 217 (7th Cir. Cooper Mfg. Corp., In re, 131 F.Supp.2d 1238 1981)—5:459 (N.D.Okla. 2001)—9:104 Collins v. Wayne Corp., 621 F.2d 777 (5th Cir. Cooper Power Systems, Inc. v. Union Carbide 1980)—2:251 Chemicals & Plastics Co., Inc., 123 F.3d Collozo-Santiago v. Toyota Motor Corp., 937 675 (7th Cir. 1997)—7:230–31, 7:234, F.Supp. 134 (D.Puerto Rico 1996)— 7:263 10:401 Cooper v. Aspen Skiing Co., 48 P.3d 1229 Colon ex rel. Molina v. BIC USA, Inc., 199 (Colo. 2002)—8:7 F.Supp.2d 53 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)—4:170 Coos-Curry Electric Cooperative v. Curry Comeau v. Wray, 659 N.Y.S.2d 347 (App.Div. County, 554 P.2d 601 (Or. App. 1976)— 1997)—8:141 9:6 Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Roxborough Vil- Copass v. Illinois Power Co., 569 N.E.2d 1211 lage Joint Venture, 944 F.Supp. 827 (Ill. App. 1991)—5:275 (D.Colo. 1996)—7:254 Cope v. Scott, 45 F.3d 445 (D.C.Cir. 1995)— Committee on Children’s T.V. v. General Foods 5:455 Corp., 673 P.2d 660 (Cal. 1983)— Copiers Typewriters Calculators, Inc. v. Toshiba 2:49–50 Corp., 576 F.Supp. 312 (D.Md. 1983)— Community Bank v. Bank of Hallandale and 3:22 Trust Co., 482 F.2d 1124 (5th Cir. 1973)— Corbin v. Coleco Industries, Inc., 784 F.2d 411 2:85 (7th Cir. 1984)—5:172 Comstock v. General Motors Corp., 99 N.W.2d Corbridge v. Clark Equipment Co., 730 P.2d 627 (Mich. 1959)—5:79 1005 (Idaho 1986)—8:216 Condemarin v. University Hosp., 775 P.2d 349 Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Tampa Wholesale (Utah 1989)—12:202 Liquor Co., Inc., 573 So.2d 347 (Fla. App. Coney v. J.L.G. Industries, Inc., 454 N.E.2d 197 1990)—9:77–78 (Ill. 1983)—12:79 Cott v. Peppermint Twist Management Co., Coniaris v. Vail Associates, Inc., 586 P.2d 224 Inc., 856 P.2d 906 (Kan. 1993)—12:237 (Colo. 1978)—9:7 Cottonaro v. Southtowns Industries, Inc., 625 Connelly v. Hyundai Motor Co., 351 F.3d 535 N.Y.S.2d 773 (App. Div. 1995)—7:106 (1st Cir. 2003)—8:198 Coty v. U.S. Slicing Machine Co., Inc., 373 Connick v. Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd., 675 N.E.2d N.E.2d 1371 (Ill. App. 1978)—8:88, 8:90 584 (Ill. 1996)—2:22, 3:248, 3:250, 5:78 Coughtry v. Globe Woolen Co., 56 N.Y. 124 Conrad v. Tokyo Aircraft Instrument Co., 988 (N.Y. 1874)—5:130 F.Supp. 1227 (W.D.Wis. 1998)—5:452–54 Court v. Grzelinski, 379 N.E.2d 281 (Ill. Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 U.S. 1978)—5:50–53 532 (1994)—7:78 Cover v. Cohen, 461 N.E.2d 864 (N.Y. 1984)— Continental Airlines, Inc. v. McDonnell Dou- 5:80–81 glas Corp., 264 Cal. Rptr. 779 (Cal. App. Covey v. Covey, 80 P.3d 553 (Utah App. 1989)—2:249 2003)—8:180 Control Techniques, Inc. v. Johnson, 762 Coward v. Owens-Corning Fibreglas Corp., 729 N.E.2d 104 (Ind. 2002)—6:94 A.2d 614 (Pa. Super. 1999)—10:153 Conway v. O’Brien, 111 F.2d 611 (2nd Cir. Cowart v. Avondale Industries, Inc., 792 So.2d 1940)—1:60 73 (La. App. 2001)—4:336 Conwed Corp. v. Union Carbide Corp., 2004 Coyle by Coyle v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 584 WL 326695 (D.Minn. 2004)—9:136–37 A.2d 1383 (Pa. 1991)—11:135–36, Cook v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S.S.M. Ry. Co., 74 11:138–41, 11:192–93 N.W. 561 (Wis. 1898)—6:16 Cozzi v. North Palos Elementary School Dist. Cook v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 755 F. Supp. 1468 No. 17, 597 N.E.2d 683 (Ill. App. 1992)— (D.Colo. 1991)—7:135 1:49 Cooley v. Paraho Development Corp., 851 P.2d Craft v. Hermes Consolidated, Inc., 797 P.2d 207 (Colo. App. 1992)—12:43–44 559 (Wyo. 1990)—7:186 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxi

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Crankshaw v. Piedmont Driving Club, Inc., 156 Cunningham v. C. R. Pease House Furnishing S.E.2d 208 (Ga. App. 1967)—6:73–74 Co., 69 A. 120 (N.H. 1908)—2:200–01 Craven v. Niagara Mach. and Tool Works, Inc., Cunningham v. Charles Pfizer & Co., 532 P.2d 417 N.E.2d 1165 (Ind. App. 1981)— 1377 (Okla. 1974)—10:153, 11:123 10:160–61 Cunningham v. MacNeal Memorial Hospital, Creach v. Sara Lee Corp., 502 S.E.2d 923 (S.C. 266 N.E.2d 897 (1970)—4:217 App. 1998)—11:7 Cunningham v. National Service Industries, Inc., Creason v. Myers, 350 N.W.2d 526 (Neb. 331 S.E.2d 899 (Ga. App. 1985)—2:164–66 1984)—7:17–18 Cunningham v. Northwestern Improvement Credit Alliance Corp. v. Arthur Andersen & Co., Co., 119 P. 554 (Mont. 1911)—4:9 483 N.E.2d 110 (N.Y. 1985)—2:182 Curtis v. Hoosier Racing Tire Corp., 299 Creech v. Chandler Signs, Inc., 1990 WL F.Supp.2d 777 (N.D.Ohio 2004)—8:3 303822 (N.D.Ill. 1990)—9:99 Curtis v. Universal Match Corp., Inc., 778 Creech, In re Estate of, 120 S.W.3d 271 (Mo. F.Supp. 1421 (E.D.Tenn. 1991)—4:142 App. 2003)—7:64 Custom Decorative Moldings, Inc. v. Innovative Cremeans v. Willmar Henderson Mfg. Co., a Plastics Technology, 2000 WL 1273301 Div. of Waycross, Inc., 556 N.E.2d 1203 (Del. Ch. 2000)—3:165 (Ohio 1991)—8:66 Cuthbertson v. Clark Equipment Co., 448 A.2d Cresser v. American Tobacco Co., 662 N.Y.S.2d 315 (Me. 1982)—3:84–85 374 (N.Y.Sup. 1997)—10:194 Cyr v. B. Offen & Co., Inc., 501 F.2d 1145 (1st Crispin v. Volwagenwerk, AG, 591 A.2d 966 Cir. 1974)—10:261–62 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1991)—10:358, D.L. by Friedericks v. Huebner, 329 N.W.2d 890 10:366 (Wis. 1983)—10:18–19 Crocker v. Winthop Laboratories, Div. of Ster- Daberkow v. United States, 581 F.2d 785 (9th ling Drug, Inc. 514 S.W.2d 429 (Tex. Cir. 1978)—5:459 1974)—2:252, 2:260–62, 11:123 Dacor Corp. v. Sierra Precision, 753 F.Supp. 731 Cromeen, Holloman, Sibert, Inc. v. A B Volvo, (N.D.Ill. 1991)—7:37 349 F.3d 376 (7th Cir. 2003)—2:112 DaFonte v. Up-Right, Inc., 7 Cal. Rptr. 2d 238 Cronin v. J.B.E. Olson Corp., 501 P.2d 1153 (Cal. 1992)—12:93 (Cal. 1972)—4:74 Dahl v. Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW), 748 Crosbyton Seed Co. v. Mechura Farms, 875 P.2d 77 (Or. 1987)—8:153 S.W.2d 353 (Tex. App. 1994)—3:193 Daitom v. Pennwalt Corp., 1987 WL 93958 Crossfield v. Quality Control Equipment Co., (D.Kan. 1987)—3:16 Inc., 1 F.3d 701 (8th Cir. 1993)—5:243–44 Daka, Inc. v. McCrae, 839 A.2d 682 (D.C. Croteau v. Olin Corp., 704 F.Supp. 318 (D.N.H. 2003)—7:307 1989)—7:80, 7:148 Dalehite v. United States, 346 U.S. 15 (1953)— Crothers v. Cohen, 384 N.W.2d 562 (Minn. 5:417, 5:439–40 App. 1986)—3:68 Daley v. LaCroix, 179 N.W.2d 390 (Mich. Crowder v. Commonwealth, 588 S.E.2d 384 1970)—7:94, 7:97 (Va. App. 2003)—7:66 Daley v. McNeil Consumer Products Co., a div. Crowston v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 521 of McNeil-PPC, Inc., 164 F.Supp. 2d 367 N.W.2d 401 (N.D. 1994)—5:116 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)—5:253 Crysco Oilfield Services, Inc., v. Huchinson- Dallas Aerospace, Inc. v. CIS Air Corp., 352 Hayes Int’l Inc., 913 F.2d 850 (10th Cir. F.3d 775 (2nd Cir. 2003)—2:113–14 1990)—3:193 Dalton v. Jones, 581 S.E.2d 360 (Ga. App. CSX Transp. Inc. v. Easterwood, 507 U.S. 658 2003)—8:135 (1993)—5:381, 5:402 Dalton v. Stanley Solar & Stove, Inc. 629 A.2d Cuevas v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., 956 794 (N.H. 1993)—3:19 F.Supp. 1306 (S.D.Miss. 1997)—10:432 Daly v. General Motors Corp., 575 P.2d 1162 Cummings v. HPG International, Inc., 244 F.3d (Cal. 1978)—8:105–07, 8:109–10, 16 (1st Cir. 2001)—7:263 8:155–56, 8:160–61 Cunha v. Ward Foods, 804 F.2d 1418 (9th Cir. D’Amario v. Ford Motor Co., 806 So.2d 424 1986)—2:224 (Fla. 2001)—8:165 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxii

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D’Ambra v. United States, 338 A.2d 524 (R.I. Davis v. Omitowoju, 883 F.2d 1155 (3rd Cir. 1975)—7:81 1989)—12:161–62, 12:180, 12:190, Damin Aviation Corp. v. Sikorsky Aircraft, a 12:210–11 Div. Of United Technologies Corp., 705 F. Davis v. Otis Elevator Co., 515 So.2d 277 (Fla. Supp. 170 (S.D.N.Y. 1989)—3:267–68 App. 1987)—1:125 Daniell v. Ford Motor Co., Inc., 581 F.Supp. Davis v. Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., 399 F.2d 121 728 (D.N.M. 1984)—5:197–98 (9th Cir. 1968)—11:87–88 Daniels v. Combustion Engineering, Inc., 583 Dawejko v. Jorgensen Steel Co., 434 A.2d 106 S.W.2d 768 (Tenn. App. 1978)—11:226 (Pa. Super. 1981)—10:268 Daniels v. New York, N.H. & H.R. Co., 67 N.E. Dawson v. Hill & Hill Truck Lines, 671 P.2d 589 424 (Mass. 1903)—6:164–65 (Mont. 1983)—7:178 Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327 (1986)— Daye v. General Motors Corp., 712 So.2d 120 12:166 (La.App. 1997)—2:230–31 Dare v. Lobule, 674 P.2d 960 (Colo. 1974)— Defrees v. United States, 738 F.Supp. 380 (D.Or. 8:188 1990)—5:450 D’Arienzo v. Clairol, Inc., 310 A.2d 106, 112 deJesus v. Seaboard Coastline R.R., 281 So.2d (N.J.Super.L. 1973)—4:363 198 (Fla. 1973)—1:123–24, 1:126 Darsan v. Globe Slicing Machine Co., 606 DeKalb Agresearch, Inc. v. Abbott, 391 F.Supp. N.Y.S.2d 317 (App. Div. 1994)—5:29 152 (N.D.Ala. 1974)—3:214 Dart v. Wiebe Mfg., Inc., 709 P.2d 876 (Ariz. Del Mar Beach Club Owner’s Ass’n v. Imperial 1985)—4:213, 4:266 Contracting Co., 176 Cal. Rptr. 886 (Cal. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., App. 1981)—4:397 509 U.S. 579 (1993)—10:448–49, Delaney v. Deere and Co., 999 P.2d 930 (Kan. 10:453–58 2000)—10:397 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Delaney v. Humana Hospital, 830 So.2d 1072 951 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. 1991)—10:452 (La. App. 2002)—10:29 Daugert v. Pappas, 704 P.2d 600 (Wash. Delano Growers’ Cooperative Winery v. 1985)—6:12–13 Supreme Wine Co., Inc., 473 N.E.2d 1066 Daughtrey v. Ashe, 413 S.E.2d 336 (Va. (Mass. 1985)—7:29 1992)—3:100 DeLeon v. Louder, 743 S.W.2d 357 (Tex. Civ. Dauphin Deposit Bank and Trust Co. v. Toyota App. 1987)—10:383, 10:420 Motor Corp., 6 Pa. D. & C.4th 609 (Pa. Delgado v. J.W. Courtesy Pontiac GMC-Truck, Com. Pl. 1990)—5:170 Inc., 693 So.2d 602 (Fla. App. 1997)—262 Dauphine v. F.W. Woolworth Co., 451 So.2d Delphen v. Department of Transp. and Devel- 1333 (La. App. 1984)—5:299 opment, 657 So.2d 328 (La. App. 1995)— Davidson v. Rogers, 574 P.2d 624 (Or. 1978)— 4:155 12:225 Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. McDonnell Douglas Davies v. Datapoint Corp., 1996 WL 521394 Corp., 503 F.2d 239 (5th Cir. 1974)— (D.Me. 1996)—5:79 7:195, 8:29 Davis v. Avondale Industries, Inc., 975 F.2d 169 Delta Marine, Inc. v. Whaley, 813 F.Supp. 414 (5th Cir. 1992)—5:210–14 (E.D.N.Y. 1993)—3:158, 3:168 Davis v. Gage, 682 P.2d 1282 (Idaho App. Delta Oxygen Co. v. Scott, 383 S.W.2d 885 1984)—7:302 (Ark. 1964)—3:28 Davis v. Gibson Products Co., 505 S.W.2d 682 DeLuca by DeLuca v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceu- (Tex. Civ. App. 1973)—4:45 ticals, Inc., 911 F.2d 941 (3rd Cir. 1990)— Davis v. Gibson Products Co., 513 S.W.2d 4 10:440–41 (Tex. 1974)—4:45 DeLuryea v. Winthrop Laboratories, a Div. of Davis v. Globe Machine Mfg. Co., 684 P.2d 692 Sterling Drug Inc., 697 F.2d 222 (8th Cir. (Wash. 1984)—8:132 1983)—10:147–49 Davis v. Mangelsdorf, 673 P.2d 951 (Ariz. DeMendoza v. Huffman, 51 P.3d 1232 (Or. 1983)—2:172 2002)—12:28 Davis v. Marks, 262 S.W. 613 (Ky. App. Denny v. Ford Motor Co., 639 N.Y.S.2d 250 1924)—7:58 (N.Y. 1995)—3:38, 3:152–54 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxiii

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Deon v. Ford Motor Co., 804 S.W.2d 302 (Tex. Dixon v. Jacobsen Mfg. Co., 637 A.2d 915 (N.J. Civ. App. 1991)—5:79 Super. App. Div. 1994)—5:111–12 DePaepe v. General Motors Corp., 33 F.3d 737 Doca v. Marina Mercante Nicaraguense, S. A., (7th Cir. 1994)—8:198 634 F.2d 30 (2nd Cir. 1980)—7:74 Department of Transp. v. Jackson, 494 S.E.2d Dodson Livestock Co. v. United States, 42 Fed. 20 (Ga. App. 1997)—1:113 Cl. 455 (Fed. Cl. 1998)—5:435 Derdiarian v. Felix Contracting Corp., 414 Doe ex rel. Doe v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 178 N.E.2d 666 (N.Y. 1981)—6:95 F.Supp.2d 1003 (S.D.Iowa 2001)— DeRosa v. Remington Arms Co., 509 F.Supp 10:198–200 762 (E.D.N.Y. 1981)—11:229 Doe v. American Red Cross Blood Services, S.C. Derry v. Peek, 14 App. Cas. 337 (H.L. 1889)— Region, 377 S.E.2d 323 (S.C. 1989)—10:34 2:33–35 Doe v. Miles, Inc., 2000 WL 667383 (Mo. App. Deutsch v. Stein, 597 S.W.2d 141 (Ky. 1980)— 2000)—3:193 7:89 Doe v. United States, 618 F.Supp. 503 (D.S.C. DeValerio v. Vic Tanny International, 363 1984)—5:438 N.W.2d 447 (Mich. App. 1984)—3:234 Doherty v. S.S. Kresge Co., 278 N.W. 437 (Wis. Devaney v. Sarno, 311 A.2d 208 (N.J. Super. 1938)—1:106 App. Div. 1973)—7:13 Donham v. United States, 395 F.Supp. 52 Devore v. Hobart Mfg. Co., 359 So.2d 1108 (D.Mo. 1975)—5:459 (La.App. 1978)—2:190–92 Donoghue (or M’Alister) v. Stevenson, [1932] Diamond v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 134 Cal. App. Cas. 562 (H.L.)—5:9–10 Rptr. 895 (Cal. App. 1976)—10:146 Dooley v. Evertt, 805 S.W.2d 380 (Tenn. App. Diamond v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc., 397 1990)—11:176 So.2d 671 (Fla. 1981)—12:275 Dotson v. Blake, 29 S.W.3d 26 (Tenn. 2000)— DiAntonio v. Northampton-Accomack Memorial 12:97–98 Hospital, 628 F.2d 287 (4th Cir. 1980)— Doucet v. National Maintenance Corp., 822 12:194 So.2d 60 (La. App. 2002)—9:131 Diedrich v. Wright, 550 F.Supp. 805 (N.D.Ill. Douglas-Hanson Co., Inc. v. B.F. Goodrich 1982)—8:16 Co., 598 N.W.2d 262 (Wis. App. 1999)— Dietz v. General Electric Co., 821 P.2d 166 7:264 (Ariz. 1991)—12:93 Doupnik v. General Motors Corporation, 275 Digicorp, Inc. v. Ameritech Corp., 662 Cal.Rpt. 715 (Cal. App. 1990)—8:153 N.W.2d 652 (Wis. 2003) — 7:232–33, Dow Chemical Co. v. Mahlum, 970 P.2d 98 7:262, 7:268 (Nev. 1998)—10:189–91 Dillard v. Walsh Press & Die Co., 586 N.E.2d Downie v. Abex Corp., 741 F.2d 1235 (10th Cir. 525 (Ill. App. 1991)—4:243 1984)—3:88–90, 3:96 Dillon v. Legg, 441 P.2d 912 (Cal. 1968)— Downing v. Overhead Door Corp., 707 P.2d 7:145–46 1027 (Colo. App. 1985)—5:85–86 Dimick v. Schiedt, 293 U.S. 474 (1935)—12:16 Downs v. Reads, 446 S.W.2d 657 (Ark. 1969)— Dincher v. Marlin Firearms Co., 198 F.2d 821 1:127 (2nd Cir. 1952)—12:61 Draper v. Airco, Inc., 580 F.2d 91 (3rd Cir. Dinsmore Instrument Co. v. Bombardier, Inc., 1978)—8:66 199 F.3d 318 (6th Cir. 1999)—7:277–78 Dravo Equipment Co. v. German, 698 P.2d 63 Distefano v. Lamborn, 81 A.2d 675 (Del. (Or. 1985)—3:22 1951)—9:6 Drayton v. Jiffee Chemical Corp., 591 F.2d 352 District of Columbia v. Barriteau, 399 A.2d 563 (6th Cir. 1978)—3:58–59 (D.C. 1979)—7:72 Drescher v. Hoffman Motors Corp., 585 F.Supp. Dix & Associates Pipeline Contractors, Inc. v. 555 (D.C.Conn. 1984)—12:114 Key, 799 S.W.2d 24 (Ky. 1990)—9:138 Drew Chemical Corp. v. Fidelity and Cas. Co. Dixon v. Bell, 5 M. & S. 198 (1816)—5:127 of New York, 413 N.Y.S.2d 538 (Sup. Ct. Dixon v. Four Seasons Bowling Alley, Inc., 424 1976)—11:2 A.2d 428 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1980)— Driver v. Burlington Aviation, Inc., 430 S.E.2d 4:36 476 (N.C. App. 1993)—2:168 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxiv

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Duchess v. Langston Corp., 769 A.2d 1131 (Pa. Edwards v. California Chemical Co., 245 So.2d 2001)—4:152 259 (Fla. App. 1971)—4:374, 10:140 Ducko v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 639 A.2d 1204 Edwards v. Keck, 288 N.W. 875 (Iowa 1939)— (Pa. Super. 1994)—10:122–24 8:67 Ducre v. Executive Ofﬁcers of Halter Marine, Ehlinger v. Sipes, 454 N.W.2d 754 (Wis. 1990)— Inc., 752 F.2d 976 (5th Cir. 1985)—12:64 6:8 Duff v. Bonner Building Supply, Inc., 666 P.2d Elam v. Alcolac, Inc., 765 S.W.2d 42 (Mo. App. 650 (Idaho 1983)—8:121 1988)—6:10 Dufﬁcy & Sons, Inc. v. BRW, Inc., 74 P.3d 380 Elgin Airport Inn, Inc. v. Commonwealth Edison, (Colo.App.2002)—2:198 432 N.E.2d 259 (Ill. 1982)—4:111, 4:306 Dugan by Dugan v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 454 Eli-Lilly & Company, Prozac Products Liability N.E.2d 64 (Ill. App. 1983)—6:123–24 Litigation, In re, 789 F.Supp. 1448 Duke Power Co., v. Carolina Study Group, Inc., (S.D.Ind. 1992)—11:48 438 U.S. 59 (1977)—12:175, 12:178, Elite Professionals, Inc., v. Carrier Corp., 827 12:192 P.2d 1195 (Kan. App. 1992)—8:17 Duke v. Guld & Western Mfg. Co., 660 S.W.2d Eller v. Shova, 630 So.2d 537 (Fla. 1993)— 404 (Mo. App. 1983)—4:235 5:270 Dulieu v. White & Sons, [1901] 2 K.B. 669— Elliot v. Callan, 466 P.2d 600 (Or. 1970)— 6:151–52 1:113 Duncan v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 665 S.W.2d 414 Ellithorpe v. Ford Motor Co., 503 S.W.2d 516 (Tex.1984)—8:153 (Tenn. 1973)—8:161 Dunkin v. Syntex Labs, Inc., 443 F.Supp. 121 Elmore v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 673 S.W.2d 434 (W.D.Tenn.1977)—11:93 (Mo. 1984)—4:326, 4:338 Dunn v. Kanawha County Bd. of Educ., 459 Elsroth v. Johnson & Johnson, 700 F.Supp. 151 S.E.2d 151 (W.Va. 1995)—9:23, 9:92–93 (S.D.N.Y. 1988)—6:106, 10:170 Dunn v. Wixon Bros., 493 So.2d 1356 (Ala. Ely v. General Motors Corp., 927 S.W.2d 774 1986)—10:68 (Tex. App. 1996)—10:246 Dupont v. Preston, 9 P.3d 1193 (Colo. App. Embs v. Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co. of Lexington, 2000)—7:71 528 S.W.2d 703 (Ky. 1975) 4:44 Duprey v. Shane, 249 P.2d 8 (Cal. 1952)— Empire Casualty Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine 5:282–83 Ins. Co., 764 P.2d 1191 (Colo. 1988)—5:61 Duran v. General Motors Corp., 688 P.2d 779 Endresz v. Friedberg, 248 N.E.2d 901 (N.Y. (N.M. App. 1983)—10:362 1969)—5:60 Durden v. Hydro Flame Corp., 983 P.2d 943 English v. New England Medical Center, Inc., 541 (Mont. 1999)—4:213 N.E.2d 329 (Mass. 1989)—12:218, 12:305 Durham v. Ciba-Geigy Corp., 315 N.W.2d 696 English, United States v., 521 F.2d 63 (9th Cir. (S.D. 1982)—3:236 1975)—7:72 Durniak v. August Winter & Sons, Inc., 610 Enright by Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co., 570 A.2d 1277 (Conn. 1992)—12:100 N.E.2d 198 (N.Y. 1991)—5:68, 5:70–71 Dwyer v. Skyline Apartments, Inc., 301 A.2d Enriquez v. Cochran, 967 P.2d 1136 (N.M. 463 (N.J. 1973)—3:245–46, 4:402 1998)—1:29 EAC USA, Inc. v. Kawa, 805 So.2d 1 (Fla. App. Entron Inc. v. General Cablevision of Palatka, 2001)—5:268 435 F.2d 995 (5th Cir. 1970)—3:207 Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. v. Balbos, 604 Eppler v. Ciba-Geigy Corp., 860 F.Supp. 1391 A.2d 445 (Md. 1992)—10:146 (W.D.Mo. 1994)—5:314 East River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval Epstein v. Eastman Kodak Co., Inc., 638 Inc., 476 U.S. 858 (1986)—2:138, 7:218 N.Y.S.2d 490 (App. Div. 1996)—8:79 Easterly v. HSP of Texas, Inc., 772 S.W.2d 211, Erdman v. Johnson Bros. Radio & Television 214 (Tex App. 1989)—11:166 Co., 271 A.2d 744 (Md. 1970)—8:82–83 Eastern Airlines v. McDonnell Douglas Corp, Erie Ins. Co. v. Hickman, 622 N.E.2d 515 (Ind. 532 F.2d 957 (5th Cir. 1976)—3:243–44 1993)—7:307 Eckert v. Long Island R. Co., 43 N.Y. 502 Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)— (1871)—5:39, 8:67 1:87 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxv

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Escola v. Coca Cola Co. of Fresno, 150 P.2d 436 Fallon v. Clifford B. Hannay & Son, Inc., 550 (Cal. 1944)—4:114–17, 10:113–14, N.Y.S.2d 135 (App. Div. 1989)—4:189, 10:171–74 4:227–29 Estate of Elkerson v. North Jersey Blood Center, Falzone v. Busch, 214 A.2d 12 (N.J. 1965)—7:92 776 A.2d 244 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 2001)— Fargo Machine and Tool Co. v. Kearney & 10:35 Trecker Corp., 428 F.Supp. 364 (E.D.Mich. Estate of Foronda v. Hawaii International Box- 1977)—3:211 ing Club, 25 P.3d 826 (Haw. App. 2001)— Farley v. Engelker, 740 P.2d 1058 (Kan. 1987)— 8:140–41, 8:150, 8:152 12:128 Estate of Kimmel v. Clark Equip. Co., 773 Farmland Mutual Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 36 F.Supp. 828 (W.D.Va. 1991)—5:79 S.W.3d 368 (Ky. 2000)—12:317 Estate of Warren v. American Marine Holdings, Farrell v. General Motors Corp., 815 P.2d 538 2002 WL 818296 (D.N.H. 2002)—8:186, (Kan. 1991)—3:233 8:203–04 Federal Ins. Co. v. Ferrellgas, Inc., 961 P.2d 511 Estate of White ex rel. White v. R.J. Reynolds (Colo. App. 1997)—7:48 Tobacco Co., 109 F.Supp.2d 424 (D.Md. Federal Petroleum Co. v. Gas Equipment Co., 2000)—2:22, 5:78 105 S.W.3d 281 (Tex. App. 2003)—9:76 Estell v. Myers, 56 Miss. 800 (1879)—2:123 Fein v. Calvin Klein, Ltd., 549 N.Y.S.2d 692 Etheridge v. Medical Center Hospitals, 376 (App. Div. 1990)—10:82 S.E.2d 525 (Va. 1989)—12:215, Fein v. Permanente Medical Group, 474 U.S. 12:240–41, 12:305, 12:333–37, 12:346 892 (1985)—12:249, 12:251, 12:305 eToll, Inc. v. Elias/Savion Advertising Inc., 811 Fein v. Permanente Medical Group, 695 P.2d A.2d 10 (Pa. Super. 2002)—7:276 665 (Cal. 1985)—12:177, 12:250, E-Ton Dynamics Industrial Corp. v. Hall, 115 12:252–53, 12:256–57, 12:299, 12:305 S.W.3d 816 (Ark. App. 2003)—7:23–24 Feldman v. Lederle Laboratories, 479 A.2d 374 Eusley v. Strato-Lift, Inc., 134 F.Supp. 2d 1191 (N.J. 1984)—4:337, 10:84–85, 11:52 (D.Or. 2001)—12:142 Felguer v. Anderson, 133 N.W.2d 136 (Mich. Evans ex rel. Kutch v. State, 56 P.3d 1046 1965)—8:132 (Alaska 2002)—12:217, 12:225, 12:305, Felix v. Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc., 692 N.Y.S.2d 12:314, 12:333, 12:346 413 (App. Div. 1999)—4:158 Evans v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 5 P.3d Fell v. Kewanee Farm Equip. Co., a Division of 1043 (Nev. 2000)—7:307 Allied Products, 457 N.W.2d 911 (Iowa Evans v. General Motors Corp., 2004 WL 1990)—5:79 239867 (Iowa App. 2004)—4:156 Fell v. Zimath, 575 A.2d 267 (Del. Super. Evans v. General Motors Corp., 359 F.2d 822 1989)—8:132 (7th Cir. 1966)—4:86–87 Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc., Evans v. J. Stiles, Inc., 689 S.W.2d 399 (Tex. 523 U.S. 340 (1998)—12:151–52 1985)—4:394 Fender v. Colonial Stores, Inc., 225 S.E.2d 691 Evergreen Amusement Corporation v. (Ga. App. 1976)—3:119 Milstead, 112 A.2d 901 (Md. 1955)— Ferebee v. Chevron Chemical Co., 736 F.2d 7:40 1529 (D.C. Cir. 1984)—5:308, 5:311 Evich v. Morris, 819 F.2d 256 (9th Cir. 1987)— Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135 (1950)— 7:172 5:457–58, 5:491 Ewan v. McLean Trucking Co., 706 P.2d 929 Ferguson v. Marshall Contractors, Inc., 707 (Or. 1985)—4:145 A.2d 660 (R.I. 1998)—9:131 Exxon Valdez, In re, 270 F.3d 1215 (9th Cir. Fernandez v. Ford Motor Co., 879 P.2d 101 2001)—7:302 (N.M. 1994)—4:222, 4:229 F.H. Ross & Co. v. White, 161 S.E.2d 857 (Ga. Fernandez v. Union Bookbinding Co., Inc., 507 1968)—9:6 N.E.2d 728 (Mass. 1987)—3:226 Fairchild Industries v. Maritime Air Service, Fick v. Pilsener Brewing Co., 86 N.E.2d 616 Ltd., 333 A.2d 313 (Md. 1975)—3:215 (Ohio Com. Pl. 1949)—10:127 Falk v. Keene Corp., 782 P.2d 974 (Wash. Fidelity Federal Sav. and Loan Ass’n v. de la 1989)—4:173 Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141 (1982)—5:305 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxvi

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Firestone Steel Products Co. v. Barajas, 927 Forma Scientiﬁc, Inc. v. BioSera, Inc., 960 P.2d S.W.2d 608 (Tex. 1996)—5:223–24 108 (Colo. 1998)—10:105–06 Fischer v. Moore, 517 P.2d 458 (Colo. 1973)— Fowler v. Happy Goodman Family, 575 S.W.2d 8:189 496 (Tenn. App. 1978)—2:98 Fishbones, Inc. v. Southern Boat Service of Fox v. Ford Motor Co., 575 F.2d 774 (10th Cir. La., Inc., 849 So.2d 803 (La. App. 1978)—10:356 2003)—7:62 Foyle v. Lederle Laboratories, 674 F.Supp. 530 Fisher v. Johns-Manville Corp., 512 A.2d 466 (E.D.N.C. 1987)—11:217 (N.J. 1986)—7:316, 7:317, 3:318 Frank v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 741 N.Y.S.2d 9 Fiske v. MacGregor, Div. of Brunswick, 464 (App. Div. 2002)—7:108 A.2d 719 (R.I. 1983)—8:116 Franklin v. Mazda Motor Corp., 704 F.Supp. Fitz v. Dolyak, 712 F.2d 330 (8th Cir. 1983)— 1325 (D.Md. 1989)—12:163, 12:165, 12:194 12:176–77, 12:179–80 Fitzgerald v. Mallinckrodt, 681 F.Supp. 404 Franz v. Cantrell, 711 N.E.2d 856 (Ind. App. (E.D.Mich. 1987)—5:314 1999)—3:176–78 Flanagan v. Prudhomme, 644 A.2d 51 (N.H. Fred’s Excavating and Crane Service v. Taylor, 1994)—8:180 340 So.2d 1220 (Fla. App. 1976)—3:193 Fleck v. Bollinger Home Corp., 63 Cal. Rptr. 2d Freeman v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 618 407 (Cal. App. 1997)—4:403–04, 4:405 N.W.2d 827 (Neb. 2000)—11:52, Fletcher v. Illinois Central & Gulf RR Co., 679 11:66–72 S.W.2d 240 (Ky. App. 1984)—5:48 Freeman v. Myers, 774 S.W.2d 892 (Mo. App. Florenzano v. Olson, 387 N.W.2d 168 (Minn. 1989)—2:10 1986)—2:227 Freightliner Corp. v. Myrick, 514 U.S. 280 Florida Power & Light v. Westinghouse Electric (1995)—5:353–54 Co., 510 So.2d 899 (Fla. 1987)—7:242 French v. Willman, 599 A.2d 1151 (Me. Florida Rock & Tank Lines, Inc. v. Moore, 365 1991)—1:127 S.E.2d 836 (Ga. 1988)—2:62–64, 2:72 Freyermuth v. Lutify, 382 N.E.2d 1059 (Mass. FMC Finance Corp. v. Murphree, 632 F.2d 413 1978)—6:161, 6:165 (5th Cir. 1980)—3:235 Friedman v. General Motors Corp., 331 N.E.2d Ford Motor Co. v. Bland, 517 S.W.2d 641 (Tex. 702 (Ohio 1975)—10:121 Civ. App. 1974)—10:445 Friedman v. Merck & Co., 131 Cal. Rptr.2d 885 Ford Motor Co. v. Moulton, 511 S.W.2d 690 (Cal. App. 2003)—2:186–87, 11:124–25 (Tenn. 1974)—3:258, 8:31 Friends for All Children, Inc. v. Lockheed Air- Ford Motor Co. v. Rice, 726 So.2d 626 craft Corp., 746 F.2d 816 (D.D.C. 1984)— (Ala.1998)—7:108 7:135 Ford Motor Co. v. Stubbleﬁeld, 319 S.E.2d 470 Fries v. Stieben, 455 F. Supp. 1204 (D.S.D. (Ga. 1984)—10:386 1978)—7:181 Ford Motor Co. v. Taylor, 446 S.W.2d 521 Frye v. Medicare-Glaser Corp., 605 N.E.2d 557 (Tenn. App. 1969)—3:193 (Ill. 1992)—11:189 Ford Motor Co. v. Wagoner, 192 S.W.2d 840 Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (App. D.C. (Tenn. 1946)—5:96, 6:135–37 1923)—10:450–51 Ford Motor Co. v. Zahn, 265 F.2d 729 (8th Cir. Fulbright v. Klamath Gas Co., 533 P.2d 316 (Or. 1959)—4:77–78 1975)—4:38 Ford Motor Co., Vehicle Paint Litigation, In re, Fuller v. Preis, 322 N.E.2d 263 (N.Y. 1974)— 182 F.R.D. 214 (E.D.La. 1998)—2:88 6:162–63 Ford v. American Motors Corp., 770 F.2d 465 Fundin v. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., 199 (5th Cir. 1985)—5:464–65 Cal. Rptr. 789 (Cal. App. 1984)—3:19, Ford v. GACS, Inc., 265 F.3d 670 (8th Cir. 3:197 2001)—8:180 Funding Systems Leasing Corp. v. King Louie Ford v. Harnischerfeger Corp., 365 F.Supp. 602 Int’l Inc., 597 S.W.2d 624 (Mo. App. (E.D.Pa. 1973)—4:233 1979)—3:234 Foremost Ins. Co. v. Parham, 693 So.2d 409 Gagne v. Bertran, 275 P.2d 15 (Cal. 1954)— (Ala. 1997)—2:91 4:56 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxvii

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Galloway v. State, 654 So.2d 1345 (La. 1995)— George v. Parke-Davis, 733 P.2d 507 (Wash. 1:127 1987)—10:328–29 Gangi v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 360 A.2d 907 George v. Skivington, (1869) L.R. 5 Ex. 1— (Conn. Super. 1976)—8:216 5:128 Garcia v. Halsett, 82 Cal. Rptr. 420 (Cal. App. GES, Inc. v. Corbitt, 21 P.3d 11 (Nev. 2001)— 1970)—4:37 10:192–93, 10:213 Garcia v. Joseph Vince Co., 148 Cal. Rptr. 843 Getchell v. Lodge, 65 P.3d 50 (Alaska 2003)— (Cal. App. 1978)—10:269–71 1:121 Garcia v. Superior Court, 268 Cal. Rptr. 779 Ghionis v. Deer Valley Resort Company, Ltd., (Cal. 1990)—2:173 839 F.Supp. 789 (D.Utah 1993)—8:16 Gardiner v. Gray, 4 Camp. 144, 171 Eng. Rep. Gideon v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 761 F.2d 46 (1815)—3:140–41 1129 (5th Cir. 1985)—8:168, 12:54 Gardner v. Q.H.S., Inc., 448 F.2d 238 (4th Cir. Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co. v. Westinghouse 1971)—4:80, 4:354, 4:368–70 Electric Co., 445 F.Supp. 537 (D.Mass Garis v. Conmat Engineering, Ltd., 1996 WL 1977)—3:189–90 36146 (9th Cir. 1996)—4:222 Gilbert H. Moen Co. v. Island Steel Erectors, Garnes v. Gulf & Western Mfg. Co., 789 F.2d Inc., 878 P.2d 1246 (Wash. App. 1994)— 637 (8th Cir. 1986)—1:26, 1:44–45 10:205 Gaspard v. United States, 713 F.2d 1097 (5th Gill v. Russo, 39 S.W.3d 717 (Tex. App. 2003)— Cir. 1983)—5:460 12:219 Gates v. Foley, 247 So.2d 40 (Fla. 1971)—7:184 Gilliam v. Hi-Temp Products Inc., 677 N.W.2d Gaubert, United States v., 499 U.S. 315 856 (Mich. App. 2003)—10:247–51 (1991)—5:446–49, 5:469 Gilliam v. Indiana Nat’l Bank, 337 So.2d 352 Gavitt v. Monaco Coach Corp., 616 N.W.2d 175 (Ala. Civ. App. 1976)—3:214 (Mich. App. 2000)—10:7 Gillispie v. Great Atlantic & Paciﬁc Tea Co., 187 Gawloski v. Miller Brewing Co., 644 N.E.2d 731 S.E.2d 441 (N.C. App. 1972)—3:119 (Ohio App. 1994)—2:265–68 Gindy Mfg. Corp. v. Cardinale Trucking Corp., Gazo v. City of Stamford, 765 A.2d 505 (Conn. 268 A.2d 345 (N.J. Super. L. 1970)— 2001)—12:76 3:173, 3:216–17 Gebhardt v. Mentor Corp., 191 F.R.D. 180 Ginnis v. Mapes Hotel Corp., 470 P.2d 135 (D.Ariz. 1999)—11:76 (Nev. 1970)—10:98 Geier v. American Honda Motor Co., Inc., 529 Giorgi v. Paciﬁc Gas & Electric Co., 72 Cal. U.S. 861 (2000)—5:368, 5:370–87, 5:405, Rptr. 119 (Cal. App. 1968)—5:59 5:409, 5:413 Girand v. Quincy Farm and Chemical, 6 P.3d Gelsumino v. E.W. Bliss Co., 295 N.E.2d 110 104 (Wash. App. 2000)—2:37 (Ill. App. 1973)—10:42 Glassman v. Wyeth Labs, Inc., 606 N.E.2d 338 Gemco-Ware, Inc. v. Rongene Mold and Plastics (Ill. App. 1992)—11:52 Corp., 360 S.E.2d 342 (Va. 1987)—9:124 Glassner v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 223 F.3d General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 343 (6th Cir.2000)—2:21 (1997)—10:462–64 Gleich v. General Motors Corp., 277 N.E.2d 566 General Motors Corp. v. Hopkins, 548 S.W.2d (Ohio App. 1971)—3:144 344 (Tex. 1977)—8:111 Glenn, United States v., 231 F.2d 884 (9th Cir. General Motors Corp. v. Howard, 244 So.2d 1956)—5:425 726 (Miss. 1971)—2:247–48 Gnirk v. Ford Motor Co., 572 F. Supp. 1201 General Motors Corp. v. Saint, 646 So.2d 564 (D.S.D. 1983)—7:79, 7:151–53 (Ala. 1994)—8:191 Gober v. Revlon, Inc., 317 F.2d 47 (4th Cir. General Motors Corp. v. Sanchez, 997 S.W.2d 1963)—5:255 584 (Tex. 1999)—4:170 Gober v. United States, 778 F.2d 1552 (11th Cir. General Motors Type III Door Latch Litigation, 1986)—5:444–45 In re, 2001 WL 103434 (N.D.Ill. 2001)— Godoy v. Abamaster of Miami, Inc., 754 4:435 N.Y.S.2d 301 (App. Div. 2003)—9:75 Gentile v. Altermatt, 363 A.2d 1 (Conn. Goedkoop v. Ward Pavement Corp., 378 1975)—12:263, 12:265–67, 12:277 N.Y.S.2d 417 (App. Div. 1976)—6:132 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxviii

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Golden v. Conway, 128 Cal. Rptr. 69 (Cal. App. Grange Mutual Cas. Co. v. City of Columbus, 1976)—4:398, 4:408 550 N.E.2d 524 (Ohio App. 1989)— Goldfarb v. Teitelbaum, 540 N.Y.S.2d 263 (App. 12:135 Div. 1989)—4:69 Graves v. Church & Dwight Co., Inc., 631 A.2d Goldman v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 514 1248 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1993)—10:13 N.E.2d 691 (Ohio 1987)—10:333 Gray v. Lahl, 585 P.2d 664 (Or. 1978)—1:114 Goldman v. Strough Real Estate, Inc., 770 Gray v. Manitowoc Co., Inc., 771 F.2d 866 (5th N.Y.S.2d 94 (App. Div. 2003)—2:97 Cir. 1985)—4:125–26 Goldman v. Walco Tool & Engineering Co., 614 Great Dane Trailer Sales, Inc. v. Malvern Pulp- N.E.2d 42 (Ill. App. 1993)—5:253 wood, Inc., 785 S.W.2d 13 (Ark. 1990)— Golonka v. General Motors Corp., 65 P.3d 956 3:192 (Ariz. App. 2003)—10:146, 10:153, Grecyalny v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 723 10:154, 10:159, 10:162, 10:167 F.2d 1311 (7th Cir. 1983)—5:79 Golt v. Sports Complex, Inc., 644 A.2d 989 Green v. A. B. Hagglund & Soner, 634 F.Supp. (Del. Super. 1994)—4:35 790 (D.Idaho 1986)—3:28 Gomulka v. Yavapai Mach. and Auto Parts, Inc., Green v. Smith & Nephew AHP, Inc., 617 745 P.2d 986 (Ariz. App. 1987)—4:146 N.W.2d 881 (Wis. 2000)—5:247 Gonzalez v. Digital Equipment Corp., 8 Green v. Smith & Nephew AHP, Inc., 629 F.Supp.2d 194 (E.D.N.Y. 1998)—4:214 N.W.2d 727 (Wis. 2001)—4:298 Good v. A.B. Chance Co., 565 P.2d 217 (Colo. Green v. Union Optical Center, Inc., 290 App. 1977)—10:98 N.W.2d 111 (Mich. App. 1980)— Goodbar v. Whitehead Bros., 591 F. Supp. 552 10:295–97 (W.D.Va. 1984)—1:36, 1:38–39, 4:340–42, Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., 377 5:215 P.2d 897 (Cal. 1963)—3:237–39, 4:20, Goodell v. ITT-Federal Support Services, Inc., 4:71, 4:118–22 550 P.2d 1171 (Wash. App. 1976)—7:168 Greenwalt v. Ram Restaurant Corp. of Goodman v. National Gypsum Co., No. E-68314 Wyoming, 71 P.3d 717 (Wyo. 2003)— (Ga. Super. Ct., July 16, 1999)—10:434 12:224 Goodson v. Searle Labs., 471 F.Supp. 546 Gregory v. Cincinnati Inc., 538 N.W.2d 325 (D.Conn.1978)—11:93 (Mich. 1995)—5:89 Gordon v. Niagra Machine & Tool Works, 574 Gregory v. White Truck & Equipment Co., 323 F.2d 1182 (5th Cir. 1978)—4:239, 4:243 N.E.2d 280 (Ind. App. 1975)—8:79 Gordon v. Proctor & Gamble Distributing Co., Greiner v. Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft, 789 F.Supp. 1384 (W.D.Ky. 1992)— 429 F. Supp. 495 (E.D.Pa. 1977)— 11:128–29 10:150–52 Gould Electronics Inc. v. United States, 220 Greist v. Phillips, 906 P.2d 789 (Or. 1995)— F.3d 169 (3rd Cir. 2000)—9:126 12:237 Gourley ex rel. Gourley v. Nebraska Methodist Grenada Steel Industries, Inc. v. Alabama Oxy- Health Systems, 663 N.W.2d 43 (Neb. gen Co., Inc., 695 F.2d 883 (5th Cir. 2000)—12:214, 12:247, 12:305, 1983)—10:8–9, 10:93, 10:99–101, 10:446 12:315–16, 12:346, 12:347–48 Grifﬁn v. Tenneco Resins, Inc., 648 F. Supp. 964 Govich v. North American Systems, Inc., 814 (W.D.N.C. 1986)—10:307 P.2d 94 (N.M. 1991)—5:42–46 Griggs v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 513 F.2d Grady v. American Optical Corp., 702 S.W.2d 851 (8th Cir. 1975)—4:359–60, 5:227–29, 911 (Mo. App. 1985)—10:153 5:238, 5:240 Graham v. American Cyanamid Co., 350 F.3d Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co., 174 Cal. Rptr. 496 (6th Cir. 2003)—2:130 384 (Cal. App. 1981)—1:66–67, 7:296–97 Graham v. Joseph Ryerson & Sons, 292 N.W.2d Griswold v. Gebbie, 17 A. 673 (Pa. 1889)—2:40 704 (Mich. App. 1980)—5:203–04 Group Health Plan, Inc. v. Philip Morris USA, Grammatico v. United States, 109 F.3d 1198 Inc., 347 F.3d 753 (8th Cir. 2003)—10:11 (7th Cir. 1997)—5:466, 5:468–69 Grove Fresh Distributors, Inc. v. Flavor Fresh Gran v. Proctor & Gamble Co., 324 F.2d 309 Foods, Inc., 720 F.Supp 714 (N.D.Ill. (5th Cir. 1963)—5:248 1984)—1:90–91 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xxxix

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Grover v. Eli Lilly & Co., 591 N.E.2d 696 (Ohio Hamill v. Smith, 199 A.2d 343 (Conn. Super. 1992)—5:75 1964)—1:107 Grundberg v. Upjohn Co., 813 P.2d 89 (Utah Hamilton v. Hardy, 549 P.2d 1099 (Colo. App. 1991)—1:131–32, 11:35–38, 11:62 1976)—11:93 Gryc v. Dayton-Hudson Corp., 297 N.W.2d 727 Hammond v. Central Lane Communications (Minn. 1980)—1:70–71, 1:130, 7:298–99 Center, 816 P.2d 593 (Or. 1991)—7:89 Guarino v. Mine Safety Appliance Co., 306 Hanberry v. Hearst Corp., 81 Cal. Rptr. 519 N.Y.S.2d 942 (N.Y. 1969)—5:39, 5:47 (Cal. App. 1969)—4:49 Guillory v. Domtar Industries Inc., 95 F.3d Hand v. Krakowski, 453 N.Y.S.2d 121 (App. 1320 (5th Cir. 1996)—5:275 Div. 1982)—11:187 Gulden v. Crown Zellerbach Corp., 890 F.2d Handley v. Union Carbide Corp., 620 F.Supp. 195 (9th Cir. 1989)—5:275 428 (S.D.W.Va. 1985)—5:276, 5:278 Gumbs v. International Harvester, Inc., 718 Hanlon v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 599 F.2d 88 (3rd Cir. 1983)—3:41 F.Supp. 376 (D.Iowa 1984)—7:283 Guzman v. St Francis Hosp., Inc., 623 N.W.2d Hannah v. Gregg, Bland & Berry, Inc., 840 776 (Wis. App. 2000)—12:218, 12:221, So.2d 839 (Ala. 2002)—4:170, 8:93 12:305, 12:346 Hanover Ltd. v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 758 P.2d Haas v. Hayslip, 364 N.E.2d 1376 (Ohio 443 (Utah App. 1988)—4:222, 9:47 1977)—5:415 Hansen v. Abrasive Engineering and Mfg., Inc., Habecker v. Clark Equipment Co., 942 F.2d 210 856 P.2d 625 (Or. 1993)—10:75 (3rd Cir. 1991)—4:205–06, 4:308 Hansen v. Mountain Fuel Supply Co., 858 P.2d Hack v. Gillespie, 658 N.E.2d 1046 (Ohio 970 (Utah 1993)—7:135 1996)—5:48 Hanson v. Funk Seeds Int’l, 373 N.W.2d 30 Hacket v. G.D. Searle & Co., 246 F.Supp.2d 591 (S.D. 1985)—3:236 (W.D.Tex. 2002)—11:48 Hanson v. Williams County, 389 N.W.2d 319 Hadley v. Baxendale, 156 Eng. Rep. 145 (N.D. 1986)—12:308, 12:310 (1854)—7:2–3 Hardman v. Helene Curtis Industries, Inc., Hadley v. Hillcrest Dairy, Inc., 171 N.E.2d 293 198 N.E.2d 681 (Ill. App. 1964)— (Mass. 1961)—3:118 3:161–62 Hageney v. Jackson Furniture of Danville, Inc., Hardy v. Gulf Oil Corp., 949 F.2d 826 (5th Cir. 746 So.2d 912 (Miss. App. 1999)— 1992)—9:2 6:108–09 Hardy v. St. Clair, 739 A.2d 368 (Me. 1999)— Hager v. Marshall, 505 S.E.2d 640 (W.Va. 7:187–88 1998)—9:99 Harison-Gulley Chevrolet, Inc. v. Carr, 214 Hahn v. Norfolk and Western Ry. Co., 608 S.E.2d 712 (Ga. App. 1975)—3:226 N.E.2d 683 (Ill. App. 1993)—9:93 Harkeson v. Parke-Davis, Inc., 656 P.2d 483 Hahn v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 805 F.2d 1480 (Wash. 1983)—7:186 (11th Cir. 1986)—4:366 Harley Davidson Motor Co. v. Powersports, Halberstam v. Welch, 705 F.2d 472 (D.C.Cir. Inc., 319 F.3d 973 (7th Cir. 2003)—7:249 1983)—10:178 Harpster v. Hetherington, 512 N.W.2d 585 Hall v. E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., Inc., (Minn. 1994)—6:86 345 F.Supp. 353 (E.D.N.Y. 1972)—10:217, Harris v. M & S Toyota, Inc., 575 So.2d 74 (Ala. 10:219, 10:298–302, 10:304 1991)—2:89–90 Hall v. Gillins, 147 N.E.2d 352 (Ill. 1958)— Harris-Teeter, Inc. v. Borroughts, 399 S.E.2d 12:279 801 (Va. 1991)—11:7 Halliday v. Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc., 770 A.2d Hart-Albin Co. v. McLees Inc., 870 P.2d 51 1072 (Md. App. 1999)—6:122 (Mont. 1994)—8:205–06 Halliday v. Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc., 792 A.2d Hartnett v. Tripp, 121 N.E. 17 (Mass. 1918)— 1145 (Md. 2002)—4:296 6:40 Halpern v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 484 Hartwig v. Oregon Trail Eye Clinic, 580 N.W.2d So.2d 110 (La. 1986)—4:179, 4:336 86 (Neb. 1998)—7:123 Halstead v. United States, 535 F.Supp. 782 Hatch v. Ford Motor Co., 329 P.2d 605 (Cal. (D.Conn. 1982)—4:430 App. 1958)—1:70–80 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xl

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Hathaway v. Krumery, 716 P.2d 1287 (Idaho Henley v. Philip Morris, Inc., 5 Cal. Rptr. 3d 42 1986)—7:168 (Cal. App. 2003)—10:403–04 Haugen v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., 550 Henning v. General Motors Assembly Div., 419 P.2d 71 (Wash. App. 1976)—8:53–54 N.W.2d 551 (Wis. 1988)—5:299 Hauter v. Zogarts, 534 P.2d 377 (Cal. 1975)— Henningsen v. Bloomﬁeld Motors, Inc., 161 2:249, 3:59, 3:93, 3:95 A.2d 69 (N.J. 1960)—3:12–14 Hawaii Federal Asbestos Cases, In re, 734 Heredia v. Johnson, 827 F.Supp. 1522 (D.Nev. F.Supp. 1563 (D.Haw. 1990)—7:77 1993)—11:133 Hawkins v. Upjohn Co., 890 F.Supp. 609 Heritage v. Pioneer Brokerage & Sales, Inc., 604 (E.D.Tex 1994)—2:74–76 P.2d 1059 (Alaska 1979)—4:214, 4:258 Haydel v. Hercules Transport, Inc., 654 So.2d Herman v. Midland A.G. Service, Inc., 264 418 (La. App. 1995)—7:22 N.W.2d 161 (Neb. 1978)—3:118 Hayes v. Ariens Co., 462 N.E.2d 273 (Mass. Herman v. Welland Chemicals, Ltd., 580 1984)—4:326 F.Supp. 823 (M.D.Pa. 1984)—8:145 Haymore v. Thew Shovel Co., 446 S.E.2d 865 Hermann v. General Motors Corp., 720 F.2d (N.C. App. 1994)—1:30 414 (5th Cir. 1983)—8:198 Haynes v. American Motors Corp., 691 F.2d Hernandez v. Badger Construction Equipment 1268 (8th Cir. 1982)—2:253 Co., 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 732 (Cal. App. Hays v. General Electric Co., 151 F.Supp.2d 1994)—5:91–92 1001 (N.D.Ill. 2001)—3:223 Hernandez v. Nueces County Medical Soc. Hazen v. Municipality of Anchorage, 718 P.2d Community Blood Bank, 779 S.W.2d 867 456 (Alaska 1986)—7:16 (Tex. App. 1989)—10:35 Heath v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 464 A.2d 288 Hernandez v. Tokai Corp., 2 S.W.3d 251 (Tex. (N.H. 1983)—12:275 1999)—4:159 Heaton v. Ford Motor Co., 435 P.2d 806 (Or. Hickman v. Fraternal Order of Eagles, Boise 1967)—4:128–30 #115, 758 P.2d 704 (Idaho 1988)—12:101 Heaven v. Pender, [1882–83] L.R. 11 Q.B.D. Hickman v. Thomas C. Thompson Co., 644 503 (C.A. 1883)—5:4–7 F.Supp. 1531 (D.Colo. 1986)—8:216 Hebron Public School Dist. No. 13 of Morton Hicks v. United States, 368 F.2d 626 (4th Cir. County, State of North Dakota v. U. S. 1966)—5:462 Gypsum, 953 F.2d 398 (8th Cir. 1992)— Higgins v. Monsanto Co., 862 F.Supp. 751 7:289, 7:290 (N.D.N.Y. 1994)—3:168 Hector v. Cedars-Sinai Medical Ctr., 225 High v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 610 So.2d Cal.Rptr. 595 (Cal. App. 1986)—4:69 1259 (Fla. 1992)—4:102–03 Hedgepeth v. Fruehauf Corp., 634 F.Supp. 93 Hiigel v. General Motors Corp., 544 P.2d 983 (S.D.Miss. 1986)—8:62 (Colo. 1975)—3:231–32 Hegyes v. Unjian Enterprises, Inc., 268 Cal. Hill v. General Motors Corp., 637 S.W.2d 383 Rptr. 85 (Cal. App. 1991)—5:61 (Mo. App. 1982)—5:230–34, 5:236 Heil Co. v. Grant, 534 S.W.2d 916 (Tex. Civ. Hill v. Husky Briquetting, Inc., 220 N.W.2d 137 App. 1976)—8:47–49 (Mich. App. 1974)—1026 Held v. Ball, 507 N.Y.S.2d 98 (App. Div. Hill v. Searle Laboratories, A Div. of Searle 1986)—10:362 Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 884 F.2d 1064 (8th Helicord Gage Division of Am. Chair & Cable Cir. 1989)—11:52 Co. v. Howell, 511 S.W.2d 573 (Tex. Civ. Hill v. Yaskin, 380 A.2d 1107 (N.J. 1997)— App. 1974)—4:222 5:74 Helinski v. Appleton Papers, 952 F.Supp. 266 Hills v. Salt River Project Assn. 698 P.2d 216 (D.Md. 1997)—4:214 (Ariz. App. 1985)—5:299 Hemphill v. Sayers, 552 F.Supp. 685 (S.D.Ill. Hines v. Elkhart General Hosp., 465 F.Supp. 1982)—3:122–23 421 (N.D.Ind. 1979)—12:165 Henderson v. Sunbeam Corp., 46 F.3d 1151 Hines v. Remmington Arms Co., 522 So.2d 152 (10th Cir. 1995)—10:415–18 (La. App. 1988)—10:392–93 Hendrickson v. Minnesota Power & Light Co., Hinkamp v. American Motors Corp., 735 104 N.W.2d 843 (Minn. 1960)—9:65 F.Supp. 176 (E.D.N.C.1989)—8:153 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xli

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Hinkle v. Rockville Motor Co., Inc., 278 A.2d Hoskins v. Business Men’s Assurance, 79 S.W.3d 42 (Md. App. 1971)—2:125, 2:128 901 (Mo. 2002)—12:28 Hisrich v. Volvo Cars of North America, Inc., House v. Armour of America, Inc., 886 P.2d 226 F.3d 445 (6th Cir. 2000)—10:407 542 (Utah App. 1994)—5:200–01, 10:153 Hochberg v. O’Donnell’s Restaurant, Inc., 272 Houseman v. U.S. Aviation Underwriters, 171 A.2d 846 (D.C. App. 1971)—11:8 F.3d 1117 (7th Cir. 1999)—10:277, Hodder v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 426 10–283 N.W.2d 826 (Minn. 1988)—5:84, 5:116 Howell v. Clyde, 620 A.2d 1107 (Pa. 1993)— Hodge v. Middletown Hosp. Assn., 581 N.E.2d 8:1 529 (Ohio 1991)—12:129 Howell v. Luckey, 518 S.E.2d 873 (W.Va. Hodges v. S. C. Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896 1999)—9:110 (Tenn. 1992)—7:307 Howell v. Methodist Health Care Jackson Hos- Hoff v. Zimmer, 746 F.Supp. 872 pitals, 856 So.2d 353 (Miss. App. 2003)— (W.D.Wis.1990)—4:69 10:28 Hoffman v. Sabre Marine, Inc., 407 So.2d 516 HTP, Ltd. v. Lineas Aereas Costarricenses, S.A., (La.App. 1981)—2:192 685 So.2d 1238 (Fla. 1996)—7:262 Hoffman v. United States, 767 F.2d 1431 (9th Hubbard v. General Motors Corp., 1996 WL Cir. 1986)—12:191, 12:194 274018 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)—3:107 Hoffman-Rattet v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., Hubbard v. McDonough Power Equipment, 516 N.Y.S.2d 856 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1987)— Inc., 404 N.E.2d 311 (Ill. App. 1980)— 10:153 10:59 Hollenbeck v. Selectone Corp., 476 N.E.2d 746 Hubbard-Hall Chemical Co. v. Silverman, 340 (Ill. App. 1985)—6:102 F.2d 402 (1st Cir. 1965)—4:323, 4:361 Hollinger v. Shoppers Paradise of New Jersey, Huddell v. Levin, 537 F.2d 726 (3rd Cir. 340 A.2d 687 (N.J. Super. L. 1975)— 1976)—10:345, 10:358–61 3:145–46 Hudiberg Chevrolet, Inc. v. General Motors Holloway v. General Motors Corp., Chevrolet Corp., 114 S.W.3d 680 (Tex. App. 2003)— Division, 250 N.W.2d 736 (Mich. 1977)— 6:11 10:115 Huffman v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 645 F.Supp. Holman v. BIC Corp., 925 S.W.2d 527 (Tenn. 909 (D.Colo.1986)—8:153 1996)—4:262, 4:270, 4:284, 4:293 Hughes v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 522 N.W.2d Holmes v. American States Ins. Co., 1 P.3d 552 294 (Iowa 1994)—4:211 (Utah App. 2000)—3:19 Humber v. Morton, 426 S.W.2d 554 (Tex. Holt v. Deere & Co., 24 F.3d 1289 (10th Cir. 1968)—4:394 1994)—8:55–56 Humes v. Clinton, 792 P.2d 1032 (Kan. Holt v. Stihl, Inc., 449 F.Supp. 693 (E.D.Tenn. 1990)—11:93 1977)—8:120 Hunt v. Ferguson-Paulus Enterprises, 415 P.2d Hon v. Stroh Brewery Co., 835 F.2d 510 (3rd 13 (Or. 1966)—11:26 Cir. 1987)—5:171 Huron Tool and Engineering Co. v. Precision Honda of America Mfg., Inc. v. Norman, 104 Consulting Services, Inc., 532 N.W.2d 541 S.W.3d 600 (Tex. App. 2003)—4:152–53 (Mich. App. 1995)—7:256–61 Honeywell, Inc. v. Minnesota Life and Health Ins. Hutchins v. Schwartz, 724 P.2d 1194 (Alaska Co., 110 F.3d 547 (8th Cir. 1997)—12:169 1986)—8:187, 8:190 Hoover v. Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc., 528 Hydraform Prods. Corp. v. American Steel & P.2d 76 (Or. 1974)—4:60–61 Aluminum Corp., 498 A.2d 339 (N.H. Hopkins v. Dow Corning Corp., 33 F.3d 1116 1985)—7:29 (9th Cir. 1994)—10:432 Hyjek v. Anthony Industries, 944 P.2d 1036 Horn v. Thoratec Corp., 376 F.3d 163 (3rd Cir. (Wash. 1997)—4:154 2004)—5:357 Hymon v. Blaw Knox Co., 511 F.Supp. 646 Horner v. Spalitto, 1 S.W.3d 519 (Mo. App. (E.D.Pa 1981)—6:142, 6:147–48 1999)—11:176 Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly and Co., 541 N.Y.S.2d 941 Horstman v. Farris, 725 N.E.2d 698 (Ohio App. (N.Y. 1989)—10:220, 10:225–26, 10:318, 1999)—5:120, 6:119–21 10:327–29 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xlii

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Hyundi Motor Co. v. Rodriguez, 995 S.W.2d Jeannelle v. Thompson Medical Co., Inc., 613 661 (Tex. 1999)—3:41 F.Supp. 346 (D.Mo. 1985)—7:79 Ice Bowl, LLC v. Weigel Broadcasting Co., 14 Jeffries v. Clark’s Restaurant Enterprises, Inc., F.Supp.2d 1080 (E.D.Wis. 1998)—7:265, 580 P.2d 1103 (Wash. App. 1978)—11:8 7:266 Jenkins v. United States, 307 F.2d 637 (D.C. Cir. Idaho Dept. of Labor v Sunset Marts, Inc., 91 1962)—10:408 P.3d 1111 (Idaho 2004)—12:101 Jennings v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 14 P.3d Imperial Stamp and Engraving Co., Inc. v. Bai- 596 (Or. 2000)—10:433 ley, 403 N.E.2d 294 (Ill. App. 1980)— Jennings v. BIC Corp., 181 F.3d 1250 (11th Cir. 3:211 1999)—4:98 Imperial Supply Co., Inc. v. Westwind Cosmet- Jensen v. Seigel Mobile Homes Group, 668 P.2d ics, Inc., 829 F.Supp. 35 (E.D.N.Y. 1993)— 65 (Idaho 1983)—3:197 3:169 Jenson v. Eveleth Traconite Co., 130 F.2d 1287 Indianapolis Athletic Club, Inc. v. Alco Stan- (8th Cir. 1997)—6:161 dard Corp., 709 N.E.2d 1070 (Ind. App. Jessop v. Angelo Benedetti, Inc., 2003 WL 1999)—4:203 23114 (Ohio App. 2003)—4:387–88 Indust-Ri-Chem Laboratory, Inc. v. Par-Pak Jimenez v. Daimler Chrysler Corp., 269 F.3d Co., Inc., 602 S.W.2d 282 (Tex. Civ. App. 439 (4th Cir. 2001)—2:174–75 1980)—3:69 Jimenez v. Sears, Roebuck and Co., 904 P.2d Inland/Riggle Oil Co. v. Painter, 925 P.2d 1083 861 (Ariz. 1995)—8:213 (Colo. 1996)—8:100–01 Jimenez v. Superior Court, 58 P.3d 450 (Cal. Insolia v. Philip Morris Inc., 216 F.3d 596 (7th 2002)—4:418 Cir. 2000)—4:142 Jimenez v. Gulf & Western Manufacturing Insurance Co. of North America v. Cease Elec. Company, 458 So.2d 58 (Fla. App. Co., 674 N.W.2d 886 (Wis. App. 2003)— 1984)—4:75, 4:238–39 7:255, 7:268 JKT Co., Inc. v. Hardwick, 265 S.E.2d 510 (S.C. Insurance. Co. of North America v. Paskarnis, 1980)—3:28 451 So.2d 447 (Fla. 1984)—8:197 Johansen v. Combustion Engineering, Inc., 834 International Harvester Co. v. Lawyer, 155 P. F. Supp. 404 (S.D.Ga. 1993)—7:54 617 (Okla. 1916)—3:99–100 John & Jane Roes, 1-100 v. FHP, Inc., 985 P.2d International Petroleum Services Inc. v. S & N 666 (Haw. 1999)—7:123 Well Service, Inc., 639 P.2d 29 (Kan. Johnson & Johnson v. Aetna Casualty and 1982)—3:193 Surety Co., 667 A.2d 1087 (N.J. Super. Investors Premium Corp v. Burroughs Corp., App. Div. 1995)—7:283 389 F.Supp. 39 (D.S.C. 1974)—3:201 Johnson v. Anderson Ford, Inc., 686 So.2d 224 Ives v. South Buffalo Ry., 94 N.E. 431 (N.Y. (Ala. 1996)—3:20 1911)—4:9 Johnson v. Clark Equipment Co., 547 P.2d 132 Jackson v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 781 F.2d (Or. 1976)—8:75–78 394 (5th Cir. 1986)—7:286 Johnson v. Hannibal Mower Corp., 679 S.W.2d Jacobs Pharmacy Co. v. Gipson, 159 S.E.2d 171 884 (Mo. App. 1984)—10:42 (Ga. App. 1967)—11:199–201 Johnson v. John Deere Co., a Div. of Deere & Jacobs v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 67 Co., 935 F.2d 151 (8th Cir. 1991)— F.3d 1219 (6th Cir. 1995)—4:170 12:306–07, 12:309–10 James River Equipment Co. v. Beadle County Johnson v. Land O’Lakes, Inc., 18 F.Supp.2d Equipment, Inc., 646 N.W.2d 265 (S.D. 985 (N.D.Iowa 1998)—7:254 2002)—10:7 Johnson v. Miller, 371 N.W.2d 94 (Minn. App. James v. Meow Media, Inc., 300 F.3d 683 (6th 1985)—8:148–49 Cir. 2002)—4:427 Johnson v. Niagra Machine & Tool Works, 555 James v. Strange, 407 U.S. 128 (1972)—12:304 So.2d 88 (Ala. 1989)—4:239 Janelsins v. Button, 648 A.2d 1039 (Md. App. Johnson v. Paraplane Corp., 460 S.E.2d 398 1994)—8:35 (S.C. App. 1995)—8:5 Janssen v. Hook, 272 N.E.2d 385 (Ill. App. Johnson v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 740 P.2d 1971)—3:193 548 (Haw. 1987)—4:203, 4:213, 4:336 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xliii

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Johnson v. St. Vincent’s Hospital, 404 N.E.2d Kalik v. Allis-Chalmers Corp., 658 F.Supp. 631 585 (Ind. 1980)—12:287 (W.D.Pa. 1987)—4:104 Johnson v. T. L. James & Co., Inc., 809 So.2d Kalinowski v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Co., 287 (La. App. 2001)—4:170 851 F. Supp. 149 (E.D.Pa. 1994)—4:345–46 Johnson, United States v., 319 U.S. 503 Kallio v. Ford Motor Co., 407 N.W.2d 92 (1943)—10:379 (Minn. 1987)—4:171–73 Johnston v. United States, 597 F.Supp. 374 Kansas City Southern Ry. Co., Inc. v. Johnson, (D.Kan. 1984)—10:437–38 798 So.2d 374 (Miss. 2001)—7:68 Johnstone v. American Oil Co., 17 F.3d 1217 Kansas Malpractice Victims Coalition v. Bell, (5th Cir. 1993)—4:161 757 P.2d 251 (Kan. 1988)—12:202 Joint Eastern & Southern District Asbestos Liti- Kansas Pac. Ry. Co. v. Dunmeyer, 19 Kan. 539 gation, In re, 758 F.Supp. 199 (S.D.N.Y. (1878)—12:232 1991)—10:439 Karibjanian v. Thomas Jefferson Univ. Hosp., Jones v. American Tobacco Co., 17 F.Supp.2d 717 F.Supp. 1081 (E.D.Pa.1989)—4:69 706 (N.D.Ohio 1998)—2:21 Karns v. Emerson Elec. Co., 817 F.2d 1452 Jones v. Bennett, 703 A.2d 1008 (N.J. 1998)— (10th Cir. 1987)—4:173, 10:388–89, 1:127 10:394–95 Jones v. Cranman’s Sporting Goods, 237 S.E.2d Kassab v. Central Soya, 246 A.2d 848 (Pa. 402 (Ga. App. 1977)—3:64–65 1968)—3:158 Jones v. Ford Motor Co., 559 S.E.2d 592 (Va. Kately v. Wilkinson, 195 Cal. Rptr. 902 (Cal. 2002)—8:93 App. 1983)—7:154–57 Jones v. Hittle Service, 549 P.2d 1383 (Kan. Katz v. Slade, 460 S.W.2d 608 (Mo. 1970)— 1976)—5:184 4:36 Jones v. J.B. Lippincott Co., 694 F.Supp. 1216 Kaydon Acquisition Corp. v. Custum Mfg., Inc., (D.Md. 1988)—4:425–26, 4:431 301 F.Supp. 2d 945 (N.D.Iowa 2004)— Jones v. Kellner, 451 N.E.2d 548 (Ohio App. 9:44, 9:101 1982)—3:103 Kearl v. Lederle Laboratories, 218 Cal. Rptr. 453 Jones v. Rath Packing Co., 430 U.S. 519 (Cal. App. 1985)—11:39–43 (1977)—5:302 Keck v. Dryvit Systems, Inc., 830 So.2d 1 (Ala. Jones v. State Board of Medicine, 555 P.2d 399 2002)—4:417, 4:419 (Idaho 1976)—12:287 Keen v. Ashot Ashkelon, Ltd., 748 S.W.2d 91 Jordan v. Sunnyslope Appliance Propane & (Tex. 1988)—8:50–52 Plumbing Supplies Co., 660 P.2d 1236 Keen v. Dominick’s Finer Foods, Inc., 364 (Ariz. 1983)—4:442 N.E.2d 502 (Ill. App. 1977)—4:39–40 Jorgensen v. Meade Johnson Laboratories, Keene v. Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc., 121 Inc., 483 F.2d 237 (10th Cir. 1973)— F.Supp.2d 1063 (E.D.Tex. 2000)—5:181 5:62–64 Keller v. Welles Dept. Store of Racine, 276 Jourdain v. Dineen, 527 A.2d 1304 (Me. N.W.2d 319 (Wis. App. 1979)—4:138, 1987)—2:134, 2:135 4:140 Junikki Imports, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Co., 335 Kelley v. Hanover Ins. Co., 722 So.2d 1133 (La. F.Supp. 593 (D.Ill. 1971)—2:98 App. 1998)—5:120 Jupiter Inlet Corp. v. Brocard, 546 So.2d 1 (Fla. Kelley v. John R. Dailey Co., 181 P. 326 (Mont. App. 1988)—10:76 1919)—1:106 Jurado v. Western Gear Works, 619 A.2d 1312 Kelley v. R.G. Indus., Inc., 497 A.2d 1143 (Md. (N.J. 1993)—4:76, 4:92–93 1985)—4:176 Justin v. Guardian Ins. Co., 670 F. Supp. 614 Kelly v. Hanscom Bros., Inc., 331 A.2d 737 (Pa. (D.V.I. 1987)—7:307 Super. 1974)—9:72–73 Kaczkowski v. Bolubesz, 421 A.2d 1027 (Pa. Kelly v. Rival Mfg. Co., 704 F. Supp. 1039 1980)—7:70 (W.D.Okla. 1989)—4:142 Kaempfe v. Lehn & Fink Products, Corp., 249 Kelly-Springﬁeld Tire Co. v. Mobil Oil Corp., N.Y.S.2d 840 (App. Div. 1964)—5:252 551 P.2d 671 (Okla. App. 1975)—9:37–42 Kaiserman v. Bright, 377 N.E.2d 261 (Ill. App. Keltner v. Ford Motor Co., 748 F.2d 1265 (8th 1978)—7:140 Cir.1984)—8:153 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xliv

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Kemp v. Medtronic, Inc., 231 F.3d 216 (6th Cir. Klingshirn v. McNeal, 520 S.E.2d 761 (Ga. App. 2000)—1:93–94, 1:100 1999)—7:56–57 Kennedy v. Collagen Corp., 161 F.3d 1226 (9th Kloepfer v. Honda Motor Co., 898 F.2d 1452 Cir. 1995)—10:432 (10th Cir. 1990)—10:145 Kennedy v. Cumberland Engineering Co., Inc., KLPR T.V., Inc. v. Visual Elec. Corp., 465 F.2d 471 A.2d 195 (R.I. 1984)—12:275 1382 (8th Cir. 1972)—3:104 Kennedy v. Flo-Tronics, Inc., 143 N.W.2d 827 Kluger v. White, 281 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1973)— (Minn. 1966)—2:95 12:276–77 Kentucky Utilities Co. v. Auto Crane Co., 674 K-Mart Corp. v. Chairs, Inc., 506 So.2d 7 (Fla. S.W.2d 15 (Ky. 1983)—5:157 App. 1987)—9:78 Keogh v. W.R. Grasle, Inc., 816 P.2d 1343 Knapp Shoes, Inc. v. Sylvania Shoe Mfg. Corp., (Alaska 1991)—10:6, 10:45 72 F.3d 190 (1st Cir. 1995)—3:53–54, 3:179 Kerns v. Engelke, 369 N.E.2d 1284 (Ill. App. Kneibel v. RRM Enterprises, 506 N.W.2d 664 1977)—6:68–71 (Minn. App. 1993)—11:25–26 Keys v. Rehabilitation Centers, Inc., 574 So.2d Knight v. Jewett, 11 Cal. Rptr. 2d 2 (Cal. 579 (Miss. 1990)—9:101 1992)—8:151 Kiessling v. Northwest Greyhound Lines, 229 Knight v. Just Born, Inc., 2000 WL 924624 P.2d 335 (Wash. 1951)—10:373–74 (D.Or. 2000)—11:3–4 Kilgore v. Shepard Co., 158 A. 720 (R.I. Kocienba v. G.D. Searle & Co., 680 F.Supp. 1932)—10:110–11 1293 (D.Minn. 1988)—11:52 Kimbell Foods, Inc., United States v., 440 U.S. Koellmer v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 276 A.2d 715 (1979)—5:488 807(Conn. Cir. Ct. App. Div. 1970)—3:155 King v. Danek Medical, Inc., 37 S.W.3d 429 Kohl v. American Home Products Corp., 78 (Tenn. App. 2000)—1:74 F.Supp.2d 885 (W.D.Ark. 1999)—11:142 King v. E.I. Dupont De Nemours and Co., 996 Koonce v. Quaker Safety Products & Mfg. Co., F.2d 1346 (1st Cir. 1993)—5:351 798 F.2d 700 (5th Cir. 1986)—5:202, King v. Ford Motor Co., 209 F.3d 886 (6th Cir. 5:205–06 2000)—5:186 Koons v. Shelbourne Motor Co., 31 P.2d 573 Kings County Tobacco Litigation, In re, 727 (Okla. 1934)—7:168 N.Y.S.2d 241 (N.Y. Sup. 2000)—10:183 Kosters v. Seven-Up Co., 595 F.2d 347 (6th Cir. Kinsman Transit Co., Petition of, 338 F.2d 708 1979)—4:50–52 (2d Cir. 1964)—7:198–200 Kotler v. American Tobacco Co., 731 F.Supp. 50 Kinsman Transit Co., Petition of, 388 F.2d 821 (D.Mass. 1990)—4:178 (2d Cir. 1968)—7:198, 7:201 Kozlowski v. John E. Smith’s Sons Co., 275 Kirashige v. Indian Dunes, Inc. 246 Cal. Rptr. N.W.2d 915 (1979)—5:108–10 310 (Cal. App. 1988)—8:6 Kramer Service v. Wilkins, 186 So. 625 (Miss. Kirk v. Denver Publishing Co., 818 P.2d 262 1939)—10:137–38 (Colo. 1991)—7:309, 12:28 Kramer v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 520 So.2d 37 Kirk v. Michael Reese Hosp. and Medical Cen- (Fla. 1988)—3:34–35, 3:37, 3:149 ter, 513 N.E.2d 387 (Ill. 1987)—5:30–31 Kramer v. Showa Denko K.K., 929 F.Supp. 733 Kirk v. Stineway Drug Store Co., 187 N.E.2d (S.D.N.Y. 1996)—7:20 307 (Ill. App. 1963)—3:220 Krasney-Kaplan Corp. v. Flo-Tork, Inc., 1991 Kirkland v. Blaine County Medical Center, 4 P.3d WL 199532 (Ohio App. 1991)—9:45 1115 (Idaho 2000)—12:215, 12:218, 12:346 Krause v. Sud-Aviation, Societe Nationale De Kisor v. Johns-Manville Corp., 783 F.2d 1337 Constructions Aeronautiques, 301 F.Supp (9th Cir. 1986)—4:336, 4:338 513 (S.D.N.Y. 1968)—3:143 Kitchens v. Winter Co. Builders, Inc., 289 Krengel v. Midwest Automatic Photo, Inc., 203 S.W.2d 807 (Ga. App. 1982)—8:66 N.W.2d 841 (Minn. 1973)—10:239, Klages v. General Ordnance Equipment Corp., 10:242–44 367 A.2d 304 (Pa. Super. 1976)— Kriegler v. Eichler Homes, Inc., 74 Cal. Rptr. 2:274–77, 6:98–99 749 (Cal. App. 1969)—4:390–91, 4:393 Klempka v. G.D. Searle & Co., 769 F. Supp. Kroger Co. v. Beck, 375 N.E.2d 640 (Ind. App. 1061 (D.Minn.1991)—11:93 1978)—7:76 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xlv

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Kroger v. Bauer, 117 P.2d 50, 52 (Cal. App. Lange v. Hoyt, 159 A. 575 (Conn. 1932)— 1941)—7:190 8:177 Krueger v. General Motors Co., 783 P.2d 1340 Langiulli v. Bumble Bee Seafood, Inc., 604 (Mont. 1989)—4:152, 10:145 N.Y.S.2d 1020 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1993)—11:8 Kubrick, United States v., 444 U.S. 111 Langridge v. Levy, 150 Eng. Rep. 863 (Ex. (1979)—5:420 1837)—2:3–4, 2:57, 2:129, 4:18, 5:127 Kudlacek v. Fiat S.p.A., 509 N.W.2d 603 (Neb. Lankford v. Sullivan, Long & Hagerty, 416 1994)—4:214 So.2d 996 (Ala. 1982)—12:268–75 Kuhnert v. John Morrell & Co. Meat Packing, Larkin v. Pﬁzer, Inc., G.D. Searle & Co., 2004 Inc., 5 F.3d 303 (8th Cir. 1993)—5:275 WL 1361954 (Ky. 2004)—11:92 Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. Larsen v. General Motors Corp., 391 F.2d 495 137 (1999)—10:459:61, 10:465 (8th Cir. 1968)—4:88–89 Kwipco, Inc. v. General Trailer Co., Inc., 515 Larsen v. Pacesetter Systems, Inc., 837 P.2d 1273, P.2d 1317 (Or. 1973)—7:30 1292 (Haw. 1992)—3:148, 7:79, 8:129 “L” Investments, Ltd., v. Lynch, 322 N.W.2d Larson Mach., Inc. v. Wallace, 600 S.W.2d 1 651 (Neb. 1982)—7:52 (Ark. 1980)—9:23 LaBelle ex rel. LaBelle v. Philip Morris, Inc., Larson v. St. Francis Hotel, 188 P.2d 513 (Cal. 243 F.Supp.2d 508 (D.S.C. 2001)—4:170 App. 1948)—10:169 LaBelle v. McCauley Indus. Corp., 649 F.2d 46 Lasley v. Shrake’s Country Club Pharmacy, Inc., (1st Cir. 1981)—5:79 880 P.2d 1129 (Ariz. App. 1994)— Lacy v. G.D. Searle & Co., 567 A.2d 398 (Del. 5:37–38, 11:176, 11:177–78 1989)—11:93 Laurens Electric Co-op, Inc. v. Altec Industries, LaGrotte v. Bottling Co., 70 Pa. D. & C. 145 Inc., 889 F.2d 1323 (4th Cir. 1989)—7:242 (1948)—7:32 Lawrence W. Inlow Accident Litigation, In re, Lahocki v. Contee Sand & Gravel Co., Inc., 2002 WL 970403 (S.D.Ind. 2002)—5:185 398 A.2d 490 (Md. App. 1979)— Lawson v. Smith and Nepheew Richards, Inc., 10:347–49 1999 WL 1129677 (N.D.Ga. 1999)— LaHue v. General Motors Corp., 716 F. Supp. 2:70–71, 2:73 407 (W.D.Mo. 1989)—8:196, 8:199 Lawton v. Alpine Engineered Products, Inc., Laidlow v. Hariton Machinery Co., 790 A.2d 498 So.2d 879 (Fla. 1986)—5:275 884 (N.J. 2002)—5:267 Layman v. Uniroyal, Inc., 558 S.W.2d 220 (Mo. Laird v. Nelms, 406 U.S. 797 (1972)—5:440 App. 1977)—9:110 Lakeman v. Otis Elevator Co., 930 F.2d 1547 Leaf v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 590 (11th Cir. 1991)—4:346 N.W.2d 525 (Iowa 1999)—10:74 Lakin v. Senco Products, Inc., 987 P.2d 463 (Or. Learjet Corp. v. Spenlinhauer, 901 F.2d 198 (1st 1999)—12:202, 12:203, 12:205–09 Cir. 1990)—2:77–79 Lamb v. York, 247 N.E.2d 197 (Ind. 1969)— Lecates v. Hertrich Pontiac Buick Co., 515 A.2d 10:390 163 (Del.Super. 1986)—8:31 Lambertson v. Cincinnati Welding Corp., 257 LeCroy v. Hanlon, 713 S.W.2d 335 (Tex. N.W.2d 679 (Minn. 1977)—9:135 1986)—12:200–01 Lamkin v. Towner, 563 N.E.2d 449 (Ill. 1990)— Lederman v. Paciﬁc Industries, 119 F.3d 551 4:266, 4:276–77 (7th Cir. 1997)—5:181 Lamson v. American Axe & Tool Co., 58 N.E. Lee v. Electric Motor Div., 215 Cal. Rptr. 195 585 (Mass. 1900)—8:61 (1985)—4:108 Lancaster Silo & Block Co. v. Northern Propane Lee v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 688 P.2d Gas Co., 427 N.Y.S.2d 1009 (App. Div. 1283 (Okla. 1984)—10:342–44, 10:346, 1980)—10:54 10:350–51, 10:353 Landrigan v. Celotex Corp., 605 A.2d 1079 (N.J. Leesley v. West, 518 N.W.2d 758 (Ill. App. 1992)—10:440, 10:442 1988)—11:169 Lane v. C.A. Swanson & Sons, 278 P.2d 723 Lefever v. K.P. Hovnanian Enterprises, Inc., 734 (Cal. App. 1955)—3:45–48 A.2d 290 (N.J. 1999)—10:253 Lang v. Brom Builders, Inc., 1998 WL 57788 Le Lievre v. Gould, [1893] 1 Q.B. 491 (C.A.)— (Conn. Super. 1998)—4:415 5:8 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xlvi

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Leng v. Celotex Corp., 554 N.E.2d 468 (Ill. App. Liriano v. Hobart Corp., 132 F.3d 124 (2nd Cir. 1990)—10:333 1998)—4:328 Lenhardt v. Ford Motor Co., 683 P.2d 1097 Liriano v. Hobart Corp., 677 N.Y.S.2d 764 (N.Y. (Wash. 1984)—10:58–59 1998)—4:381, 5:117–19, 5:237 Leonard v. Uniroyal, Inc., 765 F.2d 560 (6th Cir. Lithgow v. Hamilton, 69 So.2d 776 (Fla. 1985)—5:202 1954)—7:179 Leong v. Sears Roebuck and Co., 970 P.2d 972 Little v. Purdue Pharma, L.P., 227 F.Supp.2d (Haw. 1998)—4:385–86 838 (S.D.Ohio 2002)—11:133 Lerma v. Keck, 921 P.2d 28 (Ariz. App. 1996)— Little v. Williamson, 441 N.E.2d 974 (Ind. Ct. 12:318–19 App. 1982)—7:141 Lerman v. Heeman, 701 A.2d 426 (Md. Livingston v. Begay, 652 P.2d 734 (N.M. 1997)—9:25 1982)—4:402 Lewis & Lambert Metal Contractors, Inc. v. Lobianco v. Property Protection, Inc., 437 A.2d Jackson, 914 S.W.2d 584 (Tex. App. 417 (Pa. Super. 1981)—4:111, 4:304–06 1994)—2:256–57 Lockhard v. Coastal Coal Co., LLC, 2003 WL Lewis River Golf, Inc., v. O.M. Scott & Sons, 22076561 (W.D.Va. 2002)—8:144, 8:147 845 P.2d 987 (Wash. 1993)—7:29 Lockhart v. Besel, 426 P.2d 605 (Wash. 1967)— Lewis v. American Cyanamid Co., 715 A.2d 967 7:179 (N.J. 1998)—4:215, 4:218–19, 10:6 Logan v. Greenwich Hosp. Ass’n, 465 A.2d 294 Lewis v. Mobil Oil Corp., 438 F.2d 500 (8th Cir. (Conn. 1983)—11:99 1971)—3:182–84 Logan v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 219 S.E.2d Lewis, United States v., 797 F.2d 358 (7th Cir. 685 (Va. 1975)—3:143, 3:144 1986)—6:105 Loitz v. Remington Arms Co., Inc., 532 N.E.2d Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 532 P.2d 1226 (Cal. 1091 (Ill. App. 1988)—10:40 1975)—8:94 Loitz v. Remington Arms Co., Inc., 563 N.E.2d Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. v. Sears, Roebuck and 397 (Ill. 1990)—10:40 Co., 406 A.2d 1254 (Conn. Super. 1979)— Long v. McAllister, 319 N.W.2d 256 (Iowa 10:6 1982)—7:60, 7:61 Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restaurants, P.T.S., Inc., Long v. Omaha & C.B. St. R. Col, 187 N.W 930 No. CV-93-02419, 1995 WL 360309 (N.M. (Neb. 1922)—6:167 Dist. 1999)—12:139 Lonkowski v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 1996 Lightner v. Duke Power Co., 719 F.Supp. 1310 WL 888182 (W.D.La. 1996) 4:214 (D.S.C. 1989)—9:4–6 Lopez v. McDonald’s Corp., 238 Cal. Rptr. 436 Lilley v. Board of Sup’rs of Louisiana State Uni- (Cal. App. 1987)—6:31 versity, 735 So.2d 696 (La. App. 1999)— Lorenz v. Celotex Corp., 896 F.2d 148 (5th Cir. 7:130–31 1990)—10:87–88 Lindberg Cadillac Co. v. Aron, 371 S.W.2d 651 Lorfano v. Dura Stone Steps, Inc., 569 A.2d 195 (Mo. App. 1963)—2:9, 2:120 (Me. 1990)—3:193 Lindgren v. New York City Housing Authority, Losee v. Buchanan, 51 N.Y. 442 (1873)—4:6 704 N.Y.S.2d 30 (App. Div. 2000)—7:289 Lough by Lough v. Rolla Women’s Clinic, Inc., Lindsay v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 637 866 S.W.2d 851 (Mo. 1983)—5:72–73 F.2d 87 (2nd Cir.1980)—11:93 Loughan v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 749 Lindsey v. Mitchell, 544 A.2d 1298 (Me. F.2d 1519 (11th Cir. 1985)—5:207–09 1988)—8:180 Louisiana ex rel. Guste v. M/V Testbank, 752 Lindy Homes, Inc. v. Evans Supply Co., Inc., 357 F.2d 1019 (5th Cir. 1985)—7:204 So.2d 996 (Ala. Civ. App. 1978)—3:180–81 Louisiana Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. F.C.C., 476 Linegar v. Armour of America, Inc., 909 F.2d U.S. 355 (1986)—5:301 1150 (8th Cir. 1990)—4:230–33 Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co. v. Roberts, 269 Lipscomb v. Diamiani, 226 A.2d 914 (Del. S.W. 333 (Ky. App. 1925)—7:95 Super. 1967)—8:189 Lovick v. Wil-Rich, 588 N.W.2d 688 (Iowa Liquidation of American Mutual Liability Ins. 1999)—4:173 Co., In re, 747 N.E.2d 1215 (Mass. Lowe v. General Motors Corp., 624 F.2d 1373 2001)—12:65 (5th Cir. 1980)—1:76, 1:78, 1:89, 1:112 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xlvii

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Lowe v. Sporicidin Int’l, 477 F.3d 124 (4th Cir. Magro v. Ragsdale Bros., Inc., 721 S.W.2d 832 1995)—3:193 (Tex. 1986)—10:153 Lucas v. Caron, 196 N.W.2d 819 (Mich. App. Mahler v. Szucs, 957 P.2d 632 (Wash. 1998)— 1972)—1:116–17 12:135 Lucas v. United States, 757 S.W.2d 687 (Tex. Mainline Tractor & Equipment Co., Inc. v. Nu- 1988)—12:199, 12:233, 12:244, 12:246, trite Corp., 937 F.Supp. 1095 (D.Vt. 12:254–55 1996)—2:141 Lucas v. United States, 807 F.2d 414 (5th Cir. Maize v. Atlantic Reﬁning Co., 41 A.2d 850 (Pa. 1986)—12:174–75, 12:181–82, 12:199, 1945)—4:352, 4:371–72 12:245 Makripodis by Makripodis v. Merrell-Dow Lunghi v. Clark Equipment Co., 200 Cal.Rptr. Pharmaceuticals Inc., 523 A.2d 374 (Pa. 387 (Cal. App. 1984)—5:92 Super. 1987)—11:159–60 Lynch v. Scheininger , 744 A.2d 113 (N.J. Malek v. Miller Brewing Co., 749 S.W.2d 521 2000)—5:61, 5:74 (Tex. App. 1988)—2:268 MacDonald v. General Motors Corp., 784 Maltman v. Saur, 530 P.2d 254 (Wash. 1975)— F.Supp. 486 (M.D.Tenn. 1992)—8:200 5:48 MacDonald v. Mobley, 555 S.W.2d 916 (Tex. Mampe v. Ayerst Laboratories, 548 A.2d 798 Civ. App. 1977)—3:215 (D.C. App. 1988)—10:153 MacDonald v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., Mandolidis v. Elkins Industries, Inc., 246 S.E.2d 475 N.E.2d 65 (Mass. 1985)—1:41–42, 907 (W.Va. 1978)—5:273–74 1:127, 10:77, 11:91–92 Maneely v. General Motors Corp., 108 F.3d MacDougall v. Ford Motor Co., 257 A.2d 676 1176 (9th Cir. 1997)—3:60–61 (Pa. Super. 1969)—10:124 Manh Hung Nguyen v. Johnson Mach. & Press Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Conkle, 436 S.E.2d 635 Corp., 433 N.E.2d 1104 (Ill. App. 1982)— (Ga. 1993)—12:28 10:254 Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tackett, 841 So.2d 1107 Mann-Tankersly Drug Co. v. Cheairs & Son, 88 (Miss. 2003)—12:91–92 S.W. 873 (Ark. 1905)—11:204–05 Mack v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 169 Marchant v. Dayton Tire & Rubber Co., 836 F.R.D. 671 (M.D.Ala. 1996)—2:88 F.2d 695 (1st Cir. 1988)—10:67–68 Mackowick v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 575 Marina Emergency Medical Group v. Superior A.2d 100 (Pa. 1990)—4:312, 4:315, 4:325, Court, 100 Cal. Rptr. 2d 866 (Cal. App. 4:338, 4:364 2000)—12:121 MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382, Mark v. Rudd International, 1990 WL 250457 111 N.E. 1050 (1916)—5:131, 5:135–37 (N.D.Ill. 1990)—5:500 MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 145 N.Y.S. 462 Markowitz v. Arizona Parks Bd., 706 P.2d 364 (App. Div. 1914)—5:134 (Ariz. 1985)—5:38, 11:178 MacPherson v. Searle & Co., 775 F. Supp. 417 Marsh Wood Products Co. v. Babcock & Wilcox (D.D.C.1991)—11:93 Co., 240 N.W. 392 (Wis. 1932)—10:40 Madison v. American Home Products Corp., Marshall v. Celotex Corp., 651 F.Supp. 389 595 S.E.2d 493 (S.C. 2004)—11:146 (E.D.Mich. 1987)—10:307 Madison v. Superior Court, 250 Cal. Rptr. 299 Martin v. Louisiana Dept. of Transp. and De- (Cal. App. 1988)—8:6 velopment, 665 So.2d 457 (La. App. Madrid v. Lincoln County Medical Center, 923 1995)—12:107–10 P.2d 1154 (N.M. 1996)—7:123 Martin v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 661 Maertin v. Armstrong World Industries, Inc., N.E.2d 352 (Ill. 1996)—11:93 1998 WL 896704 (D.N.J. 1998)— Martin v. Richie, 711 N.E.2d 1273 (Ind. 7:124–25 1999)—12:234, 12:317 Magliulo v. Superior Court, 121 Cal. Rptr. 621 Martin v. Ryder Truck Rental, Inc., 353 A.2d (Cal. App. 1975)—5:279 581 (Del. 1976)—3:40, 4:34 Magnuson v. Kelsey-Hayes Co., 844 S.W.2d 448 Martin v. Shell Oil Co., 180 F.Supp.2d 313 (Mo. App. 1992)—4:106 (D.Conn. 2002)—7:135 Magrine v. Krasnica, 227 A.2d 539 (N.J. Co. Ct. Martin v. Volvo Cars of North America, Inc., 1967)—4:67 661 N.Y.S.2d 338 (App. Div. 1997)—6:161 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xlviii

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Martinez v. Clark Equipment Co., 382 So.2d McCarthy v. Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc., 916 F. 878 (Fla. App. 1980)—8:210 Supp. 366 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)—4:177 Martinez-Ferrer v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., McCarthy, Lebit, Crystal & Haiman Co., LPA v. 164 Cal. Rptr. 591 (Cal. App. 1980)— First Union Management, Inc., 622 N.E.2d 12:46–52 1093 (Ohio App. 1993)—7:254 Marzullo v. Crosman Corp., 289 F.Supp. 2d McCarty v. E.J. Korvette, Inc., 347 A.2d 253 1337 (M.D.Fla. 2003)—5:175–77 (Md. App. 1975)—3:261–63 Masaka v. General Motors Corp., 780 P.2d 566 McCathern v. Toyota Motor Corp., 23 P.3d 320 (Haw. 1989)—7:287 (Or. 2001)—4:288–89 Massey v. Sullivan County, 464 S.W.2d 548 McCathern v. Toyota Motor Corp., 985 P.2d (Tenn. 1971)—9:3 804 (Or. App. 1999)—4:286–87, 10:397 Massey-Ferguson v. Laird, 432 So.2d 1259 (Ala. McColgan v. Environmental Control Systems, 1983)—3:94 Inc., 571 N.E.2d 815 (Ill. App. 1991)— Matthews v. Hicks, 87 S.E.2d 629 (Va. 1955)— 5:181 7:179 McCollum v. Grove Mfg. Co., 293 S.E.2d 632 Matthews v. Maysville Seafoods, Inc., 602 (N.C. App. 1982)—5:153 N.E.2d 764 (Ohio App. 1991)—11:24 McConkey v. AON Corp., 804 A.2d 572 (N.J. Matthews v. Stewart Warner Corp., 314 N.E.2d Super. App. Div. 2002)—2:135 683 (1974)—10:42 McCorkle v. Aeroglide Corp., 446 S.E.2d 145 Mattingly v. Sheldon Jackson College, 743 P.2d (N.C. App. 1994)—5:270 356 (Alaska 1987)—7:206 McCormick v. Hoyt, 333 P.2d 639 (Wash. Mattivi v. South African Marine Corp., 1959)—3:220 Huguenot, 618 F.2d 163 (2nd Cir. 1980)— McCorvey v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 298 F.3d 10:5 1253 (11th Cir. 2002)—6:112–14, 6:116 Mauch v. Manufacturers Sales & Service, Inc., McCown v. International Harvester Co., 342 345 N.W.2d 338 (N.D. 1984)—8:211, A.2d 381 (Pa. 1975)—8:103–04, 12:237 8:157–59 Mauro v. Raymark Industries, Inc., 561 A.2d McCoy v. Colonial Baking Co., 572 So.2d 850 257 (N.J. 1989)—7:109 (Miss. 1990)—7:188 Maxey v. Freightliner Corp., 450 F.Supp. 955 McDaniel v. Bieffe USA, Inc., 35 F.Supp.2d 735 (N.D.Tex. 1978)—8:57–58 (D.Minn. 1999)—5:84, 5:113–15 Maxted v. Paciﬁc Car & Foundry Co., 527 P.2d McDermott, Inc. v. AmClyde, 511 U.S. 202 832 (Wyo. 1974)—4:217 (1994)—8:17 Maxwell v. Montey, 631 N.W.2d 455 (Neb. McDermott, Inc. v. Clyde Iron, 979 F.2d 1068 2001)—12:86 (5th Cir. 1992)—8:17 Maynard Co-op. Co. v. Zeneca, Inc., 143 F.3d McElrath v. Electric Investments Co., 131 N.W. 1099 (8th Cir. 1998)—9:28–31 380 (Minn. 1911)—2:97 Maytnier v. Rush, 225 N.E.2d 83 (Ill. App. McGonigal v. Gearhart Industries, Inc., 851 1967)—8:136 F.2d 774 (5th Cir. 1988)—5:500 Mazda Motor Corp. v. Lindahl, 706 A.2d 526 McGraw-Edison Co. v. Northeastern Rural Elec. (Del. Super. 1998)—10:362 Membership Corp., 678 N.E.2d 1220 (Ind. Mazur v. Merck & Co., Inc., 742 F.Supp. 239 1997)—8:29 (E.D.Pa. 1990)—5:315–16 McGregor v. Dimou, 422 N.Y.S.2d 806 (N.Y. McAuley v. Wills, 303 S.E.2d 258 (Ga. 1983)— City Ct. 1979)—3:125 5:61 McGuire v. Davidson Mfg. Corp., 257 McBride v. General Motors Corp., 737 F.Supp. F.Supp.2d 945 (N.D.Iowa 2003)—4:214 1563 (M.D.Ga. 1990)—12:28 McIntyre v. Balentine, 833 S.W.2d 52 (Tenn. McBroom v. State, 226 N.W. 2d 41 (Iowa 1992)—8:95, 8:97, 12:88 1975)—6:161 McKay v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 704 F.2d 444 McCabe v. American Honda Motor Co., 123 (9th Cir. 1984)—5:477 Cal. Rptr. 2d 303 (Cal. App. 2002)—4:275 McKee v. American Home Products Corp., 782 McCalla v. Harnischfeger Corp., 521 A.2d 851 P.2d 1045 (Wash. 1989)—11:176, 11:186, (N.J. Super., App. Div. 1987)—8:65–66 11:191 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page xlix

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McKee v. Moore, 648 P.2d 21 (Okla. 1982)— Merrill v. Navegar, Inc., 89 Cal. Rptr. 2d 146 11:93 (Cal. App. 1999)—1:56 McKew v. Holland & Hannen & Cubitts (Scot- Messer v. Amway Corp., 210 F.Supp.2d 1217 land) Ltd., 1969 S.L.T. 101—6:37, 6:40 (D.Kan. 2002)—4:173 McKew v. Holland & Hannen & Cubitts (Scot- Messner v. Patton Electric Co., Inc., 781 F.Supp. land) Ltd., 1970 S.L.T. 68—6:38–39 1432 (D.Neb. 1990)—10:145 McLaughlin v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (“MTBE”) Products 181 N.E.2d 430 (N.Y. 1962)—4:352, Liability Litigation, In re, 175 F.Supp.2d 593 4:375–77 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)—4:105, 10:201–04, 10:216 McLeod v. W.S. Merrell Co., Div. of Richard- Metro-North Commuter R. Co. v. Buckley, 521 son-Merrell Inc., 174 So.2d 736 (Fla. U.S. 424 (1997)—7:112–13, 7:127–28, 1965)—11:132, 11:154, 11:203 7:137 McNally v. Nicholson Mfg. Co., 313 A.2d 913 Metty v. Shurﬁne Central Corp., 736 S.W.2d (Me. 1973)—3:31, 5:143 527 (Mo. App. 1987)—10:132 McNees v. Cedar Springs Stamping Co., 457 Meuller v. Jeffrey Mfg. Co., 494 F. Supp. 275 N.W.2d 68 (Mich. 1990)—5:275 (E.D.Pa. 1980)—6:141, 6:143, 6:145–46 McPike v. Scheuerman, 398 P.2d 71 (Wyo. Mexicali Rose v. Superior Court, 822 P.2d 1292 1965)—7:179 (Cal. 1992)—11:5, 11:17–21 McQuiston v. K-Mart Corp., 796 F.2d 1346 Micallef v. Miehle Co., Division of Miehle-Goss (11th Cir. 1986)—3:119, 4:45 Dexter, Inc., 348 N.E.2d 571 (N.Y. M’Culloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819)— 1976)—5:151–52 5:300 Michael v. Shiley, 46 F.3d 1316 (3rd Cir. Mechanical Rubber and Supply Co. v. Caterpil- 1995)—2:58–59 lar Tractor Co., 399 N.E.2d 722 (Ill. App. Michigan Mut. Ins. Co. v. Heatilator Fireplace, 1980)—4:57–58 Div. of Vega Industries, Inc., 338 N.W.2d Medina v. Graham’s Cowboys, Inc., 827 P.2d 238 (Mich. App. 1983)—5:178–79 859 (N.M.App.1992)—12:76 Michigan Mut. Ins. Co. v. Heatilator Fireplace, Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 518 U.S. 470 (1996)— Div. of Vega Industries, Inc., 366 N.W.2d 1:97–98, 5:355–57, 5:359–65, 5:367, 5:381 202 (Mich. 1985)—5:177, 5:180 Meech v. Hillhaven West, Inc., 776 P.2d 488 Midgley v. S.S. Kresge Co., 127 Cal. Rptr. 217 (Mont. 1989)—12:223–24, 12:305 (Cal. App. 1976)—4:373–74 Meistrich v. Casino Arena Attractions, Inc., 155 Midwest Printing, Inc. v. AM Int’l, Inc., 108 A.2d 90 (N.J. 1959)—8:132 F.3d 168 (8th Cir.1997)—2:94 Melia v. Ford Motor Co., 534 F.2d 795 (8th Cir. Milbank v. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Proksch, 244 1976)—8:209 N.W.2d 105 (Minn. 1976)—3:28 Melrose Intern. Trading Co. of Canada, Ltd. v. Miles v. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation, Patrick Cudahy Inc., 482 F.Supp. 1369 Inc., 289 F.3d 715 (11th Cir. 2002)— (E.D.Wis. 1980)—10:128, 10:131 5:472–73 Menard v. Newhall, 373 A.2d 505 (Vt. 1977)— Milgard Tempering, Inc. v. Selas Corp. of 10:153, 10:161 America, 902 F.2d 703 (9th Cir. 1990)— Mercedes-Benz of North America, Inc. v. Garten, 3:272–73 618 A.2d 233 (Md. App. 1993)—3:143 Militrano ex rel. Militrano v. Lederle Laborato- Mercer v. Uniroyal, Inc., 361 N.E.2d 492 (Ohio ries, A Div. of American Cyanamid Co., App. 1976)—5:291–92, 5:294 769 N.Y.S.2d 839 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2003)— Mergenthaler v. Asbestos Corp., 480 A.2d 647 11:48, 11:222 (Del. 1984)—7:138 Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1 Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Oxendine, (1990)—4:424 649 A.2d 825 (D.C. App. 1994)—5:304, Miller v. Allstate Insurance Co., 573 So.2d 24 5:313 (Fla. App. 1990)—7:15–16 Merrill v. Beaute Vues Corp., 235 F.2d 893 Miller v. Anetsberger Bros., Inc., 508 N.Y.S.2d (10th Cir. 1956)—5:248 954 (App. Div. 1986)—4:380–81 Merrill v Navegar, Inc., 28 P.3d 116 (Cal. Miller v. Cudahy Co., 858 F.2d 1449 (10th Cir. 2001)—1:56 1988)—7:46–47 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page l

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Miller v. Lee Apparel Co., Inc., 881 P.2d 576 Moore v. Mobile Infirmary Ass’n, 592 So.2d 156 (Kan. App. 1994)—10:82 (Ala. 1991)—12:199, 12:202, 12:296–301 Miller v. Miller, 160 S.E.2d 65 (N.C. 1968)— Moore v. Polish Power, Inc., 720 S.W.2d 183 8:197 (Tex. App. 1986)—10:430–31 Miller v. Pilgram’s Pride Corp., 366 F.3d 672 Moore v. Sitzmark Corp., 555 N.E.2d 1305 (8th Cir. 2004)—9:131 (Ind. App. 1990)—8:15–16 Miller v. Todd, 551 N.E.2d 1139 (Ind. 1990)— Moorehead v. Clark Equipment Co., 1987 WL 10:336 26158 (N.D.Ill. 1987)—5:106 Miller v. United States, 163 F.3d 591 (9th Cir. Moorman Manufacturing Co. v. National Tank 1998)—5:451 Co., 435 N.E.2d 443 (Ill. 1982)—7:220, Miller’s Bottled Gas, Inc. v. Borg-Warner Corp., 7:250–52 56 F.3d 726 (6th Cir. 1995)—10:245 Morales v. American Home Products, 214 Miller’s Bottled Gas, Inc. v. Borg-Warner Corp., F.Supp.2d 723 (S.D.Tex. 2002)—11:195 955 F.2d 1043 (6th Cir. 1992)—2:36 Morales v. American Honda Motor Co., Inc., Millison v. E.I. du Pont Nemours & Co., 501 151 F.3d 500 (6th Cir. 1998)—8:116 A.2d 505 (N.J. 1985)—5:256–57, 5:263–66 Moran v. Faberge, Inc., 332 A.2d 11 (Md. Mingolla v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., 893 1975)—6:59–61, 8:93 F.Supp. 499, 505–06 (D.V.I. 1995)—7:80 Moran v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 691 F.2d Minnesota Forest Products, Inc. v. Ligna Ma- 811 (6th Cir. 1982)—11:226 chinery, Inc., 17 F.Supp.2d 892 (D.Minn. Moransais v. Heathman, 744 So.2d 973 (Fla. 1998)—2:96, 10:7 1999)—7:255 Mitchell v. Collagen Corp., 126 F.3d 903 (7th Moren v. Samuel M. Langston Co, 237 N.E.2d Cir. 1997)—1:100 759 (Ill. App. 1968)—10:387 Mitchell v. Collagen Corp., 870 F.Supp. 885 Morgan v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 30 S.W.3d 455 (N.D.Ind. 1994)—12:66 (Tex. App. 2000)—11:180–82 Mitchell v. Sky Climber, Inc., 487 N.E.2d 1374 Morris v. Parke, Davis & Co., 667 F.Supp. 1332 (Mass. 1986)—5:241–42 (C.D.Cal. 1987)—11:219, 11:221 Mitchell v. T.G.I. Friday’s, 748 N.E.2d 89 (Ohio Morris v. Savoy, 576 N.E.2d 765 (Ohio 1991)— App. 2000)—11:24 12:242–43, 12:302–04 Mitchell v. VLI Corp., 786 F.Supp. 966 Morrison’s Cafeteria of Montgomery, Inc., 431 (M.D.Fla. 1992)—3:20 So.2d 975 (Ala. 1983)—11:8 Mitchell v. Volkswagenwerk, AG, 669 F.2d 1199 Mossow v. United States, 987 F.2d 1365 (8th (8th Cir. 1982)—10:356, 10:363–64 Cir. 1993)—5:461 Mix v. Ingersoll Candy Co., 59 P.2d 144 (Cal. Motor Homes of America, Inc. v. O’Donnell, 1936)—11:5–6 440 So.2d 422 (Fla. App. 1983)—3:115 Mohney v. USA Hockey, Inc., 5 Fed. Appx. 450 Mott v. Callahan AMS Mach. Co., 416 A.2d 57 (6th Cir. 2001)—8:7 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1980)—4:246 Mohney v. USA Hockey, Inc., 77 F.Supp.2d 859 Motus v. Pfizer, Inc., 127 F.Supp. 2d 1085 (N.D.Ohio 1999)—8:7, 8:133 (C.D.Cal. 2000)—11:117 Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, 616 Motus v. Pfizer, Inc., 196 F.Supp. 2d 984 P.2d 813 (Cal. 1980)—7:99–102 (C.D.Cal. 2001)—10:146, 10:166 Moning v. Alfono, 254 N.W.2d 759 (Mich. Moulton v. Alamo Ambulance Service, Inc., 414 1977)—1:12 S.W.2d 444 (Tex. 1967)—8:184 Monsanto Co. v. Logisticon, Inc., 763 S.W.2d Moulton v. Groveton Papers Co., 323 A.2d 906 371 (Mo. App. 1989)—8:79 (N.H. 1974)—12:129, 12:130–31 Montgomery Elevator Co. v. McCullough, 676 Mountain Mobile Mix, Inc. v. Gifford, 660 P.2d S.W.2d 776 (Ky. 1984)—4:222 883 (Colo. 1983)—8:98 Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Gregg, 554 N.E.2d Mountain v. Procter & Gamble Co., 312 F.Supp. 1145 (Ind. App. 1990)—4:211 534 (D.Wis. 1970)—5:253 Monusko v. Postle, 437 N.W.2d 367 (Mich App. Mozes v. Medronic, Inc., 14 F.Supp.2d 1124 1989)—5:61 (D.Minn. 1998)—10:419 Moore v. Florida Rock & Tank Lines, Inc., 359 Mulcahy v. Eli Lilly & Co., 386 N.W.2d 67 S.E.2d 356 (Ga. App. 1987)—2:63 (Iowa 1986)—10:316–17 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page li

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Muldovan v. McEachan, 523 S.E.2d 566 (Ga. Navigazione Libera Triestina Societa Anonima 1999)—8:38, 8:40 v. Newtown Creek Towing Co., 98 F.2d 694 Mulherin v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., 628 P.2d 1301 (2nd Cir. 1938)—6:18 (Utah 1981)—8:216 Neal v. Carey Canadian Mines, Ltd., 548 Munn v. Algee, 924 F.2d 568 (5th Cir. 1991)— F.Supp. 357 (E.D.Pa. 1982)—7:291 6:160, 8:172–73 Neal v. Whirl Air Flow Corp., 356 N.E.2d 1173 Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. (4 Otto) 113 (1877)— (Ill. App. 1976)—10:384 12:262 Neder v. U.S., 527 U.S. 1 (1999)—2:23 Murphy v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc., 221 Cal. Needham v. Fred’s Frozen Foods, Inc., 359 Rptr. 447 (Cal. 1985)—11:143–48, N.E.2d 544 (Ind. App. 1977)—5:299 11:158 Neff v. Coleco Industries, Inc., 760 F.Supp. 864 Murphy v. Edmonds, 601 A.2d 102 (Md. App. (D.Kan. 1991)—5:181 1992)—12:214, 12:305 Neibarger v. Universal Cooperatives, Inc., 486 Murray v. Boston M.R.R., 224 A.2d (N.H. N.W.2d 612 (Mich. 1992)—7:245–46 1966)—7:308 Neiman v. Channellene Oil & Mfg. Co., 127 Murray v. Fairbanks Morse, 610 F.2d 149 (3rd NW 394 (Minn. 1910)—7:32 Cir. 1979)—8:112, 8:119 Nelson v. Hall, 211 Cal. Rptr. 668 (Cal. App. Murray v. Ramada Inns, Inc., 521 So.2d 1123 1985)—8:143 (La. 1988)—8:132 Nelson v. Union Equity Co-Op. Exchange, 548 Musso v. Picadilly Cafeterias, Inc., 178 So.2d S.W.2d 352 (Tex. 1977)—3:134 421 (La. App. 1964)—11:11, 11:13 Neptuno Treuhand-Und Verwaltungsge- Myers v. American Seating Co., 637 So.2d 771 sellschaft Mbh v. Arbor, 692 N.E.2d 812 (La. App. 1994)—4:94 (Ill. App. 1998)—2:178 Myrlak v. Port Authority of New York and New Nero v. Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, 892 Jersey, 723 A.2d 45 (N.J. 1999)—10:118, F.2d 1457 (10th Cir. 1989)—5:424 10:121 Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, S.C. v. Gold- Myrtle Beach Pipeline Corp. v. Emerson Elec. man, 790 N.E.2d 925 (Ill. App. 2003)— Co., 843 F.Supp. 1027 (D.S.C 1993) — 2:135 9:32 Nevada Power v. Haggerty, 989 P.2d 870 (Nev. Myvonen v. Hector Iron Co., 115 N.W. 167 1999)—9:131 (Minn 1908)—6:40 New York v. F.E.R.C., 535 U.S. 1 (2002)—5:301 Nance v. Board of Education, 282 S.E.2d 848 Newman v. Ford Motor Co., 975 S.W.2d 147 (S.C. 1981)—7:178 (Mo. 1998)—4:300 Napier v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co, 272 U.S. Newmark v. Gimbell’s Inc., 246 A.2d 11 (N.J. 605 (1926)—5:306 Super. App. Div. 1968)—4:65–66, 4:68 Nath v. National Equipment Leasing Corp., 439 Nguyen v. Southwest Leasing and Rental Inc., A.2d 633 (Pa. 1981)—4:34 282 F.3d 1061 (9th Cir. 2002)—10:39 National Can Co. v. Vinylex Corp., 687 F.Supp. Nichols v. Central Merchandise, Inc., 817 P.2d 375 (N.D.Ill. 1988)—9:16, 9:93 1131 (Kan. App. 1991)—11:194 National Farmers Union Property & Cas. Co. v. Nichols v. Nold, 258 P.2d 317 (Kan. 1953)— Nelson, 147 N.W.2d 839 (Iowa 1967)— 10:118 9:116 Nichols v. Westﬁeld Industries, Ltd., 380 National Housing Bldg. Corp. v. Acordia of Vir- N.W.2d 392 (Iowa 1985)—5:104 ginia Ins. Agency, Inc., 591 S.E.2d 88 (Va. Nicholson v. American Safety Utility Corp., 488 2004)—8:180 S.E.2d 240 (N.C. 1997)—8:93 National Mutual Ins. Co. v. Whitmer, 435 Nicolet, Inc. v. Nutt, 525 A.2d 146 (Del. N.E.2d 1121 (Ohio 1982)—9:8–10 1987)—10:223–24 National Premium Budget Plan Corp. v. Na- Nicor Supply Ships Assocs. v. General Motors tional Fire Ins. Co. of Hartford, 234 A.2d Corp., 876 F.2d 501 (5th Cir. 1989)—7:248 683 (N.J. Super. L. 1967)—6:86 Niederman v. Brodsky, 261 A.2d 84 (Pa. National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Roundtree 1970)—7:90–91, 7:96 Transport and Rigging, Inc., 286 F.3d 1233 Nielsen v. George Diamond Vogel Paint Co., (11th Cir. 2002)—1:29 892 F.2d 1450 (9th Cir. 1990)—5:503 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lii

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Ninojo v. New Jersey Mfrs. Ins. Co., 802 A.2d Okrina v. Midwestern Corp., 165 N.W.2d 259 551 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 2002)—4:170 (Minn. 1969)—7:83–85 Nissan Motor Co. v. Armstrong, 32 S.W.3d 701 Okura v. United States Cycling Federation, 231 (Tex. App. 2000)—1:78 Cal. Rptr. 429 (Cal. App. 1986)—8:14 Nissan Motor Co. v. Nave, 740 A.2d 102 (Md. O’Laughlin v. Minnesota Natural Gas Co., 253 App. 1999)—4:170 N.W.2d 826 (Minn. 1971)—4:409 Nissen Trampoline Co. v. Terre Haute First Nat. Oliver v. Superior Court, 259 Cal. Rptr. 160 Bank, 332 N.E.2d 820 (Ind. App. 1975)— (Cal. App. 1989) 4:405 10:155–57 Olson v. A.W. Chesterton Co., 256 N.W.2d 530 Nordstrom v. White Metal Rolling & Stamp- (N.D. 1977)—10:42 ing Corp., 453 P.2d 619 (Wash. 1969) — Olson v. Prosoco, Inc., 522 N.W.2d 284 (Iowa 10:20 1994)—1:26 Norplant Contraceptive Products Liability Liti- Olympic Products Co., A Div. of Cone Mills gation, In re, 955 F.Supp. 700 (E.D.Tex. Corp. v. Roof Systems Inc., 363 S.E.2d 367 1997)—11:100 (N.C.App. 1988)—8:87 North American Chemical Co. v. Superior O’Malley v. American LaFrance, Inc., 2002 WL Court, 69 Cal. Rptr. 2d 466 (Cal. App. 32068354 (E.D.N.Y. 2002)—4:46, 4:48 1997)—9:33 Oman v. Johns-Manville Corp., 764 F.2d 224 North Ridge Corp. v. Walraven, 957 S.W.2d 116 (4th Cir. 1985)—4:343–44 (Tex. App. 1997)—7:52 O’Neill v. Claypool, 341 S.W.2d 129 (Mo. Northwestern Public Service v. Union Carbide 1960)—6:9 Corp., 115 F.Supp. 2d 1164 (D.S.D. Ontai v. Straub Clinic & Hosp., Inc., 659 P.2d 2000)—7:254 734 (Haw. 1983)—3:147, 4:181, 4:206, Nota Const. Corp. v. Keyes Associates, Inc., 694 4:266, 4:338 N.E.2d 401 (Mass. App. 1998)—7:263 Opera v. Hyva, Inc., 450 N.Y.S.2d 615 (App. Novak v. Piggly Wiggly Puget Sound Co., Inc., Div. 1982)—10:42 591 P.2d 791 (Wash. App. 1979)—4:142 Oppenheimer v. York International, 2002 WL Novosel v. Northway Motor Car Corp., 460 31409949 (Pa. Com. Pl. 2002)—7:276 F.Supp. 541 (N.D.N.Y. 1978)—7:290 Oregon Lumber Co. v. Dwyer Overseas Timber Nowak v. Faberge U.S.A., Inc., 812 F. Supp. 492 Products Co., 571 P.2d 884 (Or. 1977)— (M.D.Pa. 1992)—4:349 3:245–46 Nutting v. Ford Motor Co., 584 N.Y.S.2d 653 Orﬁeld v. International Harvester Co., 535 F.2d (App. Div. 1992)—3:128–30, 4:27–29, 7:12 959 (6th Cir. 1976)—4:234 Oanes v. Westgo, Inc., 476 N.W.2d 248 (N.D. Orr v. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories Company, 1999 1991)—12:144 WL 33548162 (Ala. Cir. Ct. 1999) 11:153 O’Brien v. Cunnard S.S. Co., 28 N.E. 266 Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp. v. Chapman, 388 (Mass. 1891)—8:37 N.E.2d 541 (Ind. App. 1979)—11:93 O’Brien v. Muskin Corp., 463 A.2d 298 (N.J. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp. v. Heath, 722 P.2d 1983)—4:164–66 410 (Colo. 1986)—4:266, 11:52 Odom v. G.D. Searle & Co., 979 F.2d 1001 (4th Orthopedic Equipment Co. v. Eutsler, 276 F.2d Cir.1992)—11:93 455 (4th Cir. 1960)—1:84–86, 1:91–92 Ofﬁce Supply Co., Inc. v. Basic/Four Corp., 538 Osborn v. Anchor Laboratories, Inc., 825 F.2d F.Supp. 776 (E.D.Wis. 1982)—3:211 908 (5th Cir. 1987)—11:206 Ogle v. Craig Taylor Equipment Co., 761 P.2d Osborn v. Irwin Memorial Blood Bank, 7 Cal. 722 (Alaska 1988)—9:6 Rptr. 2d 101 (Cal. App. 1992)—10:30–33 Ogletree v. Navistar Intern. Transp. Corp., 500 Osborne v. Genevie, 289 So.2d 21 (Fla. App. S.E.2d 570 (Ga. 1998)—4:281, 5:153 1974)—3:215 Ohoud Establishment for Trade and Contracts Osborne v. Hurst, 947 P.2d 1356 (Alaska v. Tri-State Contracting & Trading Corpo- 1997)—7:54 ration, 523 F.Supp. 249 (D.N.J. 1981)— Oscar Mayer Corp. v. Mincing Trading Corp., 7:33–35, 7:39 744 F.Supp. 79 (D.N.J. 1990)—4:54–55 O’Keefe v. Mercedes-Benz USA, Inc., 214 F.R.D. Osmer v. Belshe Industries, Inc., 585 So.2d 791 266 (E.D.Pa. 2003)—7:276 (Ala. 1991)—4:244–45 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page liii

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Ostendorf v. Clark Equipment Co., 122 S.W.3d Parke, Davis & Co. v. Stromsodt, 411 F.2d 1390 530 (Ky. 2003)—4:214, 5:93, 5:95, 5:103 (8th Cir. 1969)—11:63 Otis Spunkmeyer, Inc. v. Blakely, 30 S.W.3d 678 Parker v. Highland Park, Inc., 565 S.W.2d 512 (Tex. App. 2000)—3:135 (Tex. 1978)—8:132 Outboard Motor Corp. v. Schupback, 561 P.2d Parker v. Redden, 421 S.W.2d 586 (Ky. 1967)— 450 (Nev. 1977)—5:173 8:132 Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Miller Parker v. St. Vincent Hospital, 919 P.2d 1104 Steamship Co., [1967] 1 A.C. 617—6:46 (N.M. App. 1996)—4:69 Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Parkinson v. Guidant Corp., 315 F.Supp. 2d 741 Engineering Co., Ltd., [1961] A.C. 388— (W.D.Pa. 2004)—11:49–51, 11:80 6:44–47 Pasquale v. Speed Products Engineering, 654 Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. Zenobia, 601 A.2d 633 N.E.2d 1365 (Ill. 1995)—7:80 (Md. 1992)—5:79, 7:307 Patel v. Trueblood, 666 N.E.2d 778 (Ill. App. Oza v. Sinatra, 575 N.Y.S.2d 540 (App. Div. 1996)—9:119 1991)—5:182 Patten v. Lederle Laboratories, 655 F.Supp. 745 Paciﬁc Gas & Elec. Co. v. Energy Resources (D.Utah 1987)—11:217, 11:218 Conservation and Development Comm’n, Patton v. General Signal Corp., 984 F. Supp. 666 461 U.S. 190 (1983)—5:303 (W.D.N.Y. 1997)—7:135 Paciﬁc Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1 Patton v. Hutchison Wil-Rich Mfg. Co., 861 (1991)—7:304–05, 7:319–320 P.2d 1299 (Kan. 1993)— Paducah Area Public Library v. Terry, 655 5:79, 5:88, 5:107 S.W.2d 19 (Ky. App. 1983)—7:75 Patton v. McHone, 822 S.W.2d 608 (Tenn. App. Page, United States v., 350 F.2d 28 (10th Cir. 1991)—3:215 1965)—5:443 Patton v. TIC United Corp., 77 F.3d 1235 (10th Pagnotta v. Beall Trailers of Oregon, Inc., 991 Cir. 1996)—12:183, 12:185–92 P.2d 728 (Wash. App. 2000)—10:407 Payne v. Eighth Judicial District Court, 60 P.3d Palmer G. Lewis Co., Inc. v. ARCO Chemical 469 (Mont. 2002)—7:180 Co., 904 P.2d 1221 (Alaska 1995)—9:47 Payne v. Soft Sheen Products, Inc., 486 A.2d Palmer v. A.H. Robins Co., 684 P.2d 187 712 (D.C. App. 1985)—11:227 (Colo.1984)—5:87 Payton v. Abbott Labs, 437 N.E.2d 171 (Mass. Palmer v. Hobart Corp., 849 S.W.2d 135 (Mo. 1982)—7:114–16, 7:122, 10:330 App. 1993)—9:47 Payton v. Abbott Labs, 512 F.Supp. 1031 Palmetto Linen Service, Inc. v. U.N.X., Inc., (D.Mass. 1981)—10:227–28 205 F.3d 126 (4th Cir. 2000)—7:243–44 Pearsall v. Emhart Industries, Inc., 599 F.Supp. Palsgraf v. Long Island R. Co., 162 N.E. 99 207 (E.D.Pa. 1984)—7:149–50 (N.Y. 1928)—5:11–15, 6:25—28 Pearson v. Franklin Laboratories, Inc., 254 PAM Transport v. Freightliner Corp., 893 P.2d N.W.2d 133 (S.D. 1977)—8:17 1295 (Ariz. 1995)—9:90 Peaster v. David New Drilling Co., 642 So.2d Pan-Alaska Fisheries, Inc. v. Marine Construc- 344 (Miss. 1994)—5:275 tion & Design Co., 565 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. Peerless Wall and Window Coverings, Inc., v. 1977)—8:112 Synchronics, 85 F.Supp.2d 519 (W.D.Pa Papas v. Upjohn Co., 985 F.2d 516 (11th Cir. 2000)—4:437 1993)—5:350 Pena v. Chateau Woodmere Corp., 759 N.Y.S.2d Papas v. Upjohn Co., 505 U.S. 1215 (1992)— 451 (App. Div. 2003)—9:131 5:349 Penasquitos, Inc. v. Superior Court, Papas v. Upjohn Co., 926 F.2d 1019 (11th Cir. 282 Cal. Rptr. 135 (Cal. 1991)— 1991)—5:318–19, 5:348 10:251 Papenheim v. Lovell, 530 N.W.2d 668 (Iowa Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corp. v. Caterpillar 1995)—7:61 Tractor Co., 652 F.2d 1165 (3d Cir. Park v. Ford Motor Co., 2002 WL 31331080 1981)—7:217 (R.I. Super. 2002)—3:171 People Exp. Airlines, Inc. v. Consolidated Rail Park v. Ford Motor Co., 844 A.2d 687 (R.I. Corp., 495 A.2d 107 (N.J. 1985)— 2004)—3:171 7:205–07 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page liv

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Pepper v. Star Equipment, Ltd., 484 N.W.2d Phipps v. General Motors Corp., 363 A.2d 955 156 (Iowa 1992)—12:86, 12:100 (Md. 1976)—1:1 Perez v. McConkey, 872 S.W.2d 897 (Tenn. Piatt v. Welsh, 974 S.W.2d 786 (Tex. App. 1994)—8:132 1998)—1:122 Perez v. Wyeth Laboratories Inc., 734 A.2d 1245 Pierce v. Hobart Corp., 512 N.E.2d 14 (Ill. App. (N.J. 1999)—11:86, 11:97–100, 11:118 1987)—5:29 Perfection Paint & Color Co. v. Konduris, 258 Pierre v. Eastern Air Lines, 152 F.Supp. 486 N.E.2d 681 (Ind. App. 1970)—8:208 (D.N.J. 1957)—12:165 Perkins v. Dean Machinery Co., 2004 WL Pike v. Stephens Imports, Inc., 448 So.2d 738 912598 (Mo. App. 2004)—7:307 (La. App. 1984)—7:168 Perkins v. Northeastern Log Homes, 808 Pillars v. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 78 So. 365 S.W.2d 809 (Ky. 1991)—12:278 (Miss. 1918)—10:116–17, 10–134 Perlmutter v. Beth David Hospital, 123 N.E.2d d’Hedouville v. Pioneer Hotel Co., 552 F.2d 886 792 (N.Y. 1954)—4:62 (9th Cir. 1977)—6:104 Permutter v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 54 F.3d 659 Piper v. Bear Medical Systems, Inc., 883 P.2d (10th Cir. 1995)—5:89 407 (Ariz. App. 1993)—5:119 Perry v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 887 F.2d 624 (5th Pitt-Des Moines, Inc., United States v., 970 Cir. 1989)—9:44 F.Supp. 1359 (N.D.Ill. 1997)—1025 Perry v. S.N. and S.N., 973 S.W.2d 301 (Tex. Pittsburg Coca-Cola Bottling Works of Pitts- 1998)—1:75 burg v. Ponder, 443 S.W.2d 546 (Tex. Peter Kiewit Sons’ Co., v. Iowa Southern Utili- 1969)—10:119–20, 10:129–30 ties Co., 355 F.Supp. 376 (S.D.Iowa Plaissance v. McDonald, 865 So.2d 1004 (La. 1973)—2:205 App. 2004)—8:180 Peters v. Judd Drugs, Inc., 602 N.E.2d 162 (Ind. Pleasant v. Johnson, 325 S.E.2d 244 (N.C. App. 1992)—11:123 1985)—5:271 Peters v. Saft, 597 A.2d 50 (Me. 1991)—12:217, Pledge v. R.M. Holdings, Inc., 75 P.3d 1126 12:238–39, 12:305 (Colo. App. 2002)—12:87 Peterson v. Superior Court, 899 P.2d 905 (Cal. Plummer v. McHale, 179 N.Y.S.2d 759 (N.Y. 1995)—4:400–01 Sup. Ct. 1958)—6:86 Petito v. A.H. Robins Co., Inc., 750 So.2d 103 Pokara v. Wabash Ry. Co., 292 U.S. 98 (1934)— (Fla. App. 1999)—7:135 5:34–35 Petrocco v. AT & T Teletype, Inc., 642 A.2d Polaris Industries, Inc. v. McDonald, 119 1072 (N.J. Super. L. 1994)—5:298, 5:299 S.W.3d 331 (Tex. App. 2003)—3:136 Pettella v. Corp Bros., Inc., 268 A.2d 699 (R.I. Polemis and Another and Furness, Withy & 1970)—3:118 Co., Ltd., In re An Arbitration between, Pﬁzer, Inc. v. Farsian, 682 So.2d 405 [1921] 3 K.B. 560 (C.A.)—6:41–43 (Ala.1996)—7:108 Poliseno v. General Motors Corp., 744 A.2d 679 Phelps v. Phelps, 446 S.E.2d 17 (N.C. 1994)— (N.J. Super. App. Div. 2000)—10:358, 12:171 10:366 Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Products Liability Polk v. Blanque, 633 So.2d 1382 (La. App. Litigation, In re, 289 F.Supp. 2d 1230 1994)—10:136 (W.D.Wash. 2003)—10:465 Popal v. United States, 1996 WL 185731 Philips Bros. Elec. Contractors, Inc. v. Solomon (S.D.N.Y. 1996)—5:440 Corp., 1997 WL 805271 (E.D.Pa. 1997)— Poplar v. Bourjois, 80 N.E.2d 334 (N.Y. 7:10 1948)—6:153 Phillips v. Cricket Lighters, 841 A.2d 1000 (Pa. Portage Markets Co. v. George, 146 N.E. 283 2003)—4:98, 4:309, 4:312–14, 4:316, 5:26 (Ohio 1924)—1:106 Phillips v. Kimwood Mach. Co., 525 P.2d 1033 Porteous v. St. Ann’s Cafe & Deli, 713 So.2d 454 (Or. 1974)—4:196–97, 4:282–83, 10:53 (La. 1998)—11:14–16 Phillips v. Mirac, Inc., 2004 WL 1490450 Porter v. Rosenberg, 650 So.2d 79 (Fla. App. (Mich. 2004)—12:217, 12:305 1995)—4:69 Phillips v. Town of Springﬁeld, 540 N.E.2d Post v. American Cleaning Equipment Corp., 1331 (Mass. 1989)—11:8 437 S.W.2d 516 (Ky. 1969)—4:378 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lv

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Potomac Edison Co. v. Johnson, 152 A. 633 Pysz v. Henry’s Drug Store, 457 So.2d 561 (Fla. (Md. 1930)—10:108 App. 1984)—11:191 Potter v. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., 694 A.2d Quaker Alloy Casting Co. v. Gulfco Industries, 1319 (Conn. 1997)—4:207, 4:211, 4:214, Inc., 686 F.Supp. 1319 (N.D.Ill. 1988)— 4:294–95, 10:407 3:248 Potter v. Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., 25 Cal. Quintana v. United Blood Services, A Div. of Rptr.2d 550 (Cal. 1993)—7:103, 7:107, Blood Systems, Inc., 811 P.2d 424 (Colo. 7:117–22 App. 1991)—10:35 Powder Horn Nursery, Inc. v. Soil and Plant Quintana-Ruiz v. Hyundai Motor Corp., 303 Laboratory, Inc., 579 P.2d 582 (Ariz. App. F.3d 62 (1st Cir. 2000)—4:156, 10:446 1978)—2:203 R.A.P. v. B.J.P., 428 N.W.2d 103 (Minn. App. Powell v. E.W. Bliss Co., 346 F.Supp. 819 (D.C. 1988)—2:134 Mich. 1972)—1:26 R.J. v. Humana of Florida, Inc., 652 So.2d 360 Prairie Productions, Inc. v. Agchem Division- (Fla. 1995)—7:89 Pennwalt Corp., 514 N.E.2d 1299 (Ind. Rader v. United States Rubber Reclaiming Co., App. 1987)—3:20 617 F.Supp. 1045 (S.D.Miss. 1985)—5:299 Pratt & Whitney Canada, Inc. v. Sheehan, 852 Raﬂo v. United States, 157 F.Supp.2d 1 (D.D.C. P.2d 1173 (Alaska 1993)—7:220 2001)—5:419 Prendergast v. Nelson, 256 N.W.2d 657 (Neb. Rahmig v. Mosley Machinery Co., 412 N.W.2d 1977)—12:331–32 56 (Neb. 1987)—4:173 Prentis v. Yale Mfg. Co., 365 N.W.2d 176 (Mich. Ralston v. Illinois Power Co., 299 N.E.2d 497 1984)—4:259 (Ill. App. 1973)—8:62 Presbrey v. Gillette Co., 435 N.E.2d 513 (Ill. Ramirez v. Amsted Industries, Inc., 431 A.2d App. 1982)—5:253 811 (N.J. 1981)—10:267 Presto v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp., 487 Ramirez v. Plough, Inc., 863 P.2d 167 (Cal. S.E.2d 70 (Ga. App. 1997)—11:161–63, 1993)—4:361 11:203 Ramirez v. Richardon-Merrell, Inc., 628 F.Supp. Preston v. Keith, 584 A.2d 439 (Conn. 1991)— 85 (E.D.Pa. 1986)—11:191 8:179–80, 8:181–82 Ramos Santiago v. Wellcraft Marine Corp., 93 Price v. Ashby’s Inc., 354 P.2d 1064 (Utah F.Supp. 2d 112 (D.PuertoRico 2000)— 1960)—10:422–23 7:79 Price v. Shell Oil Company, 466 P.2d 722 (Cal. Ramos v. Browning Ferris Industries of South 1970)—4:34 Jersey, Inc., 510 A.2d 1152 (N.J. 1986)— Prince v. LeVan, 486 P.2d 959 (Alaska 1971)— 9:128 3:188 Ramos v. Silent Hoist and Crane Co., 607 A.2d Proctor v. Davis, 682 N.E.2d 1203 (Ill. App. 667 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1992)—4:410 1997)—11:104–11 Ramsey Brick Sales Co. v. Outlaw, 262 S.E.2d Promaulayko v. Johns Manville Sales Corp., 562 227 (Ga. App. 1979)—3:164–65 A.2d 202 (N.J. 1989)—9:74–75 Randi W. v. Muroc Joint Uniﬁed School Dist., Propulsid Products Liability Litigation, In re, 929 P.2d 582 (Cal. 1997)—2:177–78, 2002 WL 1446714 (E.D.La. 2002)— 2:213 11:207–10 Rastelli v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 582 Providence Hospital v. Truly, 611 S.W.2d 127 N.Y.S.2d 373 (N.Y. 1992)—5:218–19 (Tex. Civ. App. 1980)—4:69, 11:132, Rawson v. Conover, 20 P.3d 876 (Utah 2001)— 11:164–65 3:198–201 Pullum v. Cincinnati, Inc., 476 So.2d 657 (Fla. Ray v. Alad Corp., 136 Cal. Rptr. 574 (Cal. 1985)—12:275 1977)—10:263–66 Purjet v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 1986 Ray v. Upjohn Co., 851 S.W.2d 646 (Mo. App. WL 1200 (D.V.I. 1996)—7:138 1993)—5:247 Purvis v. PPG Industries, Inc., 502 So.2d 714 Raymond v. City of Haverhill, 47 N.E. 101 (Ala. 1987)—4:346, 11:225 (Mass. 1897)—6:40 Pustejovsky v. Rapid-American Corp., 35 Raymond v. Eli Lilly & Co., 371 A.2d 170 (N.H. S.W.3d 643 (Tex. 2000)—12:53–58, 12:59 1977)—12:62 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lvi

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Raynor v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 643 F.Supp. Rhoto v. Ribando, 504 So.2d 1119 (La. 238 (D.D.C. 1986)—11:142 App.1987)—11:93 Rayonier Inc. v. United States, 352 U.S. 315 Rhyme v. K-Mart Corp., 594 S.E.2d 1 (N.C. (1957)—5:451 2004)—12:305 Raytheon Co. v. McGraw-Edison Co., Inc., 979 Rice v. Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 U.S. 218 F.Supp. 858 (E.D.Wis. 1997)—7:266 (1947)—5:305, 5:307 Reali v. Mazda Motor of America, Inc., 106 Rich Products Corp. v. Kemutec, Inc., 66 F.Supp.2d 75 (D.Me. 2000)—4:170 F.Supp.2d 937 (E.D.Wis. 1999)—7:265 Reaves v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 765 Rich v. Tench Elec. Motor Works, Inc., 642 F.Supp. 1287 (E.D.Mich.1991)—11:93 So.2d 293 (La. App. 1994)—6:6–7, 6:11 Recreatives, Inc. v. Myers, 226 N.W.2d 474 Richards v. Goerg Boat and Motors, Inc., 384 (Wis. 1975)—3:193 N.E.2d 1084 (Ind. App. 1979)—3:215 Reed Paper Co. v. Procter & Gamble Distrib. Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1 (1962)— Co., 807 F.Supp. 840 (D.Me. 1992)—2:59 5:419 Reed v. Chrysler Corp., 494 N.W.2d 224 (Iowa Richardson v. Carnegie Library Restaurant, 1992)—8:154 Inc., 763 P.2d 1153 (N.M. 1988)—12:222 Reed v. Danville Concrete Products Co., 429 Richelman v. Kewanee Machinery & Conveyor N.E.2d 605 (Ill. App. 1981)—6:86 Co., 375 N.E.2d 885 (Ill. App. 1978)— Reese v. Good Samaritan Hospital, 953 P.2d 117 5:28–29 (Wash. App. 1998)—3:80–2 Richman v. Charter Arms, 571 F.Supp. 192 Reeves v. Cincinnati, Inc., 439 N.W.2d 326 (E.D.La. 1983)—11:229 (Mich. App. 1989)—4:170 Richman v. United States, 709 F.2d 122 (1st Cir. Regan v. Amerimark Bldg. Products, Inc., 454 1983)—5:424 S.E.2d 849 (N.C. App. 1995)—5:268 Riden v. ICI Americas, Inc., 763 F.Supp. 1500 RegO, In re, 623 A.2d 92 (Del. Ch. 1992)— (W.D.Mo. 1991)—5:314 10:252 Ridings v. Ralph M. Parsons Co., 914 S.W.2d 79 Rehurek v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 262 So.2d (Tenn. 1996)—12:94–95 452 (Fla. App. 1972)—3:210 Riff v. Morgan Pharmacy, 508 A.2d 1247 (Pa. Reid v. Eckerds Drugs, Inc., 253 S.E.2d 344 Super. 1986)—11:188 (N.C. App. 1979)—3:159 Riley v. American Honda Motor Co., 856 P.2d Reighley v. International Playtex, Inc., 604 196 (Mont. 1993)—3:270–71, 10:166 F.Supp. 1078 (D.Colo. 1985)—7:186 Riley v. Ford Motor Co., 442 F.2d 670 (5th Cir. Reimer v. City of Crookston, 326 F.3d 957 (8th 1971)—3:270–71 Cir. 2003)—8:44–46 Rinaldi v. Aaron, 314 So.2d 762 (Fla. 1975)— Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292 (1993)—12:167–68 7:310 Renslow v. Mennonite Hospital, 367 N.E.2d Rindlisbaker v. Wilson, 519 P.2d 421 (Idaho 1250 (Ill. 1977)—5:61 1974)—7:19–20 Resolution Trust Corp. v Heiserman, 898 P.2d Rinke v. Potrzebowski, 657 N.W.2d 169 (Mich. 1049 (Colo. 1995)—10:194, 10:209 App. 2002)—12:103–06 Resolution Trust Corp. v. Block, 924 S.W.2d Rios v. Niagara Mach. & Tool Works, 299 354 (Tenn. 1996)—10:209 N.E.2d 86 (Ill. App. 1973)—4:242 Reuben v. Ely, 705 P.2d 1360 (Ariz. App. Rivera v. Wyeth-Ayerst Lab., 283 F.3d 315 (5th 1985)—7:186 Cir.2002)—7:108 Rexrode v. American Laundry Press Co., 674 Rix v. Reeves, 532 P.2d 185 (Ariz. App. 1975)— F.2d 826 (10th Cir. 1982)—10:43, 10: 4:442 Reyes v. Wyeth Laboratories, 498 F.2d 1264 (5th Robb v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 210 A.2d 709 Cir. 1974)—11:84–85, 11:89–90 (Del. 1965)—7:92 Rezulin Products Liability Litigation, In re, 133 Robbins Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Flint, 275 F.Supp.2d 272 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)—11:198 U.S. 303 (1927)—7:202–03 Rezulin Products Liability Litigation, In re, 309 Robbins v. Alberto-Culver Co., 499 P.2d 1080 F.Supp.2d 531 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)—10:21 (Kan. 1972)—5:255 Rhoads v. Service Mach. Co., 329 F.Supp. 367 Roberson v. Nooter Corp. 459 So.2d 1156 (Fla. (E.D.Ark. 1971)—8:42–43 App. 1984)—5:299 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lvii

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Roberts v. Gray’s Crane & Rigging, Inc., 697 Ross v. First Family Financial Services, Inc., P.2d 985 (Or. App. 1985)—9:128, 9:131 2002 WL 31059582 (N.D.Miss. 2002)— Roberts v. Rich Foods, Inc., 654 A.2d 1365 (N.J. 7:307 1995)—4:211 Ross v. Philip Morris & Co., 328 F.2d 3 (8th Cir. Robertson v. Allied Signal, Inc., 914 F.2d 360 1964)—1:26 (3rd Cir. 1990)—10:333 Ross v. Spiegel, Inc., 373 N.E.2d 1288 (Ohio Robinson v. Audi Nsu Auto Union Aktienge- 1977)—9:20–22 sellschaft, 739 F.2d 1481 (10th Cir. Ross v. Up-Right, Inc., 402 F.2d 943 (5th Cir. 1984)—10:45 1968)—4:74 Robinson v. Charleston Area Medical Center, 414 Rossell v. Volkswagen of America, 709 P.2d 517 S.E.2d 877 (W.Va. 1991)—12:216, 12:305 (Ariz. 1985)—10:36 Robinson v. Lewis, 457 P.2d 483 (Or. 1969)— Rossell v. Volkswagen of America, 709 P.2d 533 8:197 (Ariz. App. 1984)—1:11 Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d 423 (Tenn. Rotorex Co., Inc. v. Kingbury Corp., 42 1997)—2:194–95 F.Supp.2d 563 (D.Md. 1999)—7:5 Robinson v. Reed-Prentice Div. of Package Ma- Roundhouse v. Owen-Illinois, Inc., 604 F.2d chinery Co., 426 N.Y.S.2d 717 (N.Y. 990 (6th Cir. 1979)—7:30 1980)—4:99–101, 4:222, 4:379, 5:235 Royal Business Machines, Inc. v. Lorraine Robinson v. Williamson, 537 S.E.2d 159 (Ga. Corp., 633 F.2d 34 (7th Cir. 1980)—3:106 App. 2000)—11:158 Russek v. Unisys Corp., 921 F.Supp. 1277 Rock Creek Ginger Ale Co. v. Thermice Corp., (D.N.J. 1996)—5:499 352 F.Supp. 522 (D.D.C. 1971)—3:127 Russo v. Abex Corp., 670 F.Supp. 206 Rocky Mountain Helicopters, Inc. v. Bell Heli- (E.D.Mich. 1987)—1:40 copter, 24 F.3d 125 (10th Cir. 1994)— Ruzzo v. LaRose Enterprises, 748 A.2d 261 (R.I. 2:73, 2:79 2000)—8:17, 8:34 Rodgers v. American Honda Motor Co., 46 F.3d Ryan v. Eli Lilly & Co., 514 F.Supp. 1004 1 (1st Cir. 1995)—8:188, 8:190 (D.S.C. 1981)—10:305–06 Rodrigues v. Besser Co., 565 P.2d 1315 (Ariz. Rybeck v. Rybeck, 358 A.2d 828 (N.J. Super. L. App. 1977)—5:79 1976)—12:226 Rogers v. Furlow, 699 F.Supp. 672 Rylands v. Fletcher, (1965) 3 Hurl. & C. 774 (N.D.Ill.1988)—10:194 (Ex. Ct.)—4:1 Roginski v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 378 F.2d Rylands v. Fletcher, (1865–66) L.R. 1 Ex 265; 832 (2nd Cir. 1967)—7:316–17 [1865–66] All E.R. Rep. 1; (1866) Hurl. & Romero v. International Harvester Co., 979 F.2d C. 263 (Ex Chamber)—4:1–4 1444 (10th Cir. 1992)—5:106 Rylands v. Fletcher, (1868) L.R. 3 H.L. 330—4:5 Romito v. Red Plastic Co., 44 Cal. Rptr. 2d 834 Safeway Stores v. Nest-Kart, 579 P.2d 441 (Cal. (Cal. App. 1995)—6:29–31 1978)—4:40 Rookes v. Bernard, [1964] App. Case. 1129; 1 Salcetti v. Truck, 27 UCCRS 679 (D.C.Super. All E.R. 367—1:69, 7:294–95 1979)—8:31 Rosales v. Verson Allsteel Press Co., 354 N.E.2d Salinas v. Vierstra, 695 P.2d 369 (Idaho 1985)— 553 (Ill. App. 1976)—5:299 8:132 Rosario v. American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines, Salisbury v. Purdue Pharma, L.P., 166 F.Supp.2d Inc., 531 F.2d 1227 (3rd Cir. 1976)—5:424 546 (E.D.Ky. 2001)—11:198 Rose v. Via Christi Health System, Inc., 78 P.3d Salk v. Alpine Ski Shop, Inc., 342 A.2d 622 (R.I. 798 (Kan. 2003)—12:128, 12:129 1975)—3:49–52 Rosebrock v General Electric Co., 140 N.E. 571 Saloomy v. Jeppeson & Co., 707 F.2d 671 (2d (N.Y. 1923)—5:146 Cir. 1983)—4:430 Rosemond v. Harshaw Chemical Co., 521 Salter v. United States, 880 F.Supp. 1524 N.Y.S.2d 754 (App. Div. 1987)—5:156 (M.D.Ala. 1995)—5:438 Rosenan v. City of Esterville, 199 N.W.2d 125 Salvador v. Atlantic Steel Boiler Co., 319 A.2d (Iowa 1972)—8:132 903 (Pa. 1974)—3:25–27 Rosenblum v. Adler, 461 A.2d 138 (N.J. Sampson v. Penny, 187 N.W. 135 (Minn. 1983)—2:185 1922)—2:139 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lviii

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Samsel v. Wheeler Transport Services, Inc., 789 Schmitt v. Ornes Esswein & Co., 183 N.W. 840 P.2d 541 (Kan. 1990)—12:258–59 (Minn. 1921)—2:99–101 Samson v. Reising, 215 N.W.2d 662 (Wis. Schneider National, Inc. v. Holland Hitch Co., 1974)—3:134, 10:275–76 843 P.2d 561 (Wyo. 1992)—4:222, 9:75 San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, Scholz v. Metropolitan Pathologists, PC, 851 359 U.S. 236 (1959)—5:317 P.2d 901 (Colo. 1993)—12:305 Sanchez v. Schindler, 651 S.W.2d 249 (Tex. Schump v. Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., 541 1983)—7:177–78 N.E.2d 1040 (Ohio 1989)—5:295–97 Sanchez-Lopez v. Fedco Food Corp., 211 Schutte v. Celotex Corp., 492 N.W.2d 773 N.Y.S.2d 953 (N.Y. City Ct. 1961)—3:119 (Mich. App. 1992)—10:146 Sanderson v. Eckerd Corp., 780 So.2d 930 (Fla. Schwan v. Riverside Methodist Hosp., 452 App. 2001)—11:189 N.E.2d 1337 (Ohio 1983)—12:304 Sands v. J.I. Case Co., 605 N.E.2d 714 (Ill. App. Schweber Electronic v. National Semiconductor 1992)—9:118–19 Corp., 850 P.2d 119 (Ariz. App. 1992)— Santor v. A & M Karagheusian, Inc., 207 A.2d 9:32, 9:47 305 (N.J. 1965)—7:211–12 Schweiger Const. Co., Inc. v. United States, 49 Sapp v. Morton Bldgs., Inc., 973 F.2d 539 (7th Fed. Cl. 188 (Fed. Cl. 2001)—5:435 Cir. 1992)—4:63–64 Scott v. Forest Lake Chrysler-Plymouth-Dodge, Saratoga Fish Co. v. J. M. Martinac & Co., 520 598 N.W.2d 713 (Minn. App. 2000)— U.S. 875 (1997)—7:228–29 2:112 Sargent Fletcher, Inc. v. Able Corp., 3 Cal. Rptr. Scott v. Greenville Pharmacy, 44 S.E.2d 324 3d 279 (Cal. App. 2003)—10:14 (S.C. 1948)—6:167 Sartor v. Arkansas Natural Gas Corp., 321 U.S. Scott v. Illinois Tool Works, Inc., 550 N.W.2d 620 (1944)—10:446 809 (Mich. App. 1996)—3:43–44 Sauder Custom Fabrication, Inc. v. Boyd, 967 Scott v. Norman, 391 S.W.2d 890 (Mo. 1965)— S.W.2d 349 (Tex. 1998)—5:199 8:60 Saunder v. Cowl, 277 N.W. 12 (Minn. 1938)— Scott v. Paciﬁc West Mountain Resort, 834 P.2d 3:102 6 (Wash. 1992)—8:7 Saunders System Birmingham Co. v. Adams, Scovil v. Chilcoat, 424 P.2d 87 (Okla. 1967)— 117 So. 72 (Ala. 1928)—6:20 3:116–17 Savard v. Cody Chevrolet, Inc., 234 A.2d 656 Seagraves v. ABCO Manufacturing Co., 164 (Vt. 1967)—7:92 S.E.2d 242 (Ga.App. 1968)—2:228–29 Saxby v. Southern Land Co., 63 S.E. 423 Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. United States, 689 (1909)—2:26 F.Supp. 450 (D.N.J. 1988)—9:11, 9:13 Scallan v. Duriron Co., 11 F.3d 1249 (5th Cir. Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. United States, 874 F.2d 1994)—4:234 169 (3rd Cir. 1989)—9:14–15 Schaefer v. Edward D. Jones & Co., 552 N.W.2d Seattle-First Nat. Bank v. Shoreline Concrete 801 (S.D. 1996)—7:302 Co., 588 P.2d 1308 (Wash. 1978)—12:79 Schaerrer v. Stewart’s Plaza Pharmacy, Inc., 79 Sebago, Inc. v. Beazer East, Inc., 18 F.Supp.2d P.3d 922 (Utah 2003)—11:149–52 70 (D.Mass 1998)—2:50, 2:59, 3:18, 3:21, Schafer v. JLC Food Services, Inc., 2004 WL 7:263 78022 (Minn. App. 2004)—11:26 Sedar v. Knowlton Const. Co., 551 N.E.2d 938 Schaffner v. Chicago and North Western (Ohio 1990)—12:237 Transp. Co., 515 N.E.2d 298 (Ill. App. Sedgwick v. Kawasaki Cycleworks, Inc., 593 1987) 4:173 N.E.2d 69 (Ohio App. 1991)—10:135 Schenebeck v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 423 F.2d 919 Seely v. White Motor Co., 403 P.2d 145 (Cal. (8th Cir. 1970)—10:149 1965)—7:213–14 Schmaltz v. Nissen, 431 N.W.2d 657 (S.D. Seese v. Volkswagenwerk A.G., 648 F.2d 833 1988)—3:236 (3rd Cir. 1981)—10:413–14 Schmidt v. Mahoney, 659 N.W.2d 552 (Iowa Selchert v. State, 420 N.W.2d 816 (Iowa 2003)—2:172 1988)—12:114 Schmidt v. United States, 933 F.2d 639 (8th Cir. Select Pork, Inc. v. Babcock Swine, Inc., 640 1991)—5:424 F.2d 147 (8th Cir. 1981)—3:269 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lix

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Seley v. G.D. Searle & Co., 423 N.E.2d 831 Sholtis v. American Cyanamid Co., 568 A.2d (Ohio 1981)—11:93 1196 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1989)—10:333 Selfe v. Smith, 397 So.2d 348 (Fla. App. Short v. Edison Chouest Offshore, Inc., 638 1981)—7:140 So.2d 790 (Ala. 1994)—5:253 Selman v. Shirley, 91 P.2d 312 (Or. 1939)— Shorter v. Drury, 695 P.2d 116 (Wash. 1985)— 2:125 8:14 Semeniuk v. Chentis, 117 N.E.2d 883 (Ill. App. Siemen v. Alden, 341 N.E.2d 713 (Ill. App. 1954)—1:12 1975)—3:131–33 Senn v. Merrill-Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 751 Sills v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc. 296 F. Supp. 776 P.2d 215 (Or. 1988)—11:52 (N.D.Ind. 1969)—1:40 Seoane v. Ortho Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660 F.2d Silver v. Silver, 280 U.S. 117 (1927)—12:262 146 (5th Cir. 1981)—12:194 Simitar Entertainment, Inc., In re, 275 B.R. 331 Sexton v. Bell Helmets, Inc., 926 F.2d 331 (4th (D.Minn. Bankruptcy Ct. 2002)—2:163, Cir. 1991)—10:57, 10:397 3:185 Shackil v. Lederle Laboratories, a Div. of Amer- Simmons v. Pacor, Inc., 674 A.2d 232 (Pa. ican Cyanamid Co., 561 A.2d 511 (N.J. 1996)—7:126 1989)—10:330 Simon II Litigation, In re, 211 F.R.D. 86 Shaffer v. Honeywell, Inc., 249 N.W.2d 251 (E.D.N.Y. 2002)—10:438 (S.D. 1976)—10:98 Simon Property Group, L.P. v. mySimon, Inc., Shanks v. Upjohn Co., 835 P.2d 1189 (Alaska 2000 WL 1206575 (S.D.Ind. 2000)—2:98 1992)—11:52 Simon v. Beebe Medical Center, 2004 WL Shanley v. Callanan Industries, Inc., 429 N.E.2d 692647 (Del. Super. 2004)—7:302 104 (N.Y. 1981)—12:113 Simoneau v. South Bend Lathe, Inc., 543 A.2d Sharkey v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 600 So.2d 701 407 (N.H. 1988)—10:262 (La. App. 1992)—7:69, 11:127 Simpson v. Pittsburgh Corning Corp., 901 F.2d Sharp ex rel. Gordon v. Case Corp., 595 N.W.2d 277 (2nd Cir. 1990)—7:302 380 (Wis. 1999)—5:88 Sims v. Tezak, 694 N.E.2d 1015 (Ill. App. Sharpe v. Bestop, Inc., 713 A.2d 1079 (N.J. 1998)—2:104 Super. App. Div. 1998)—10:154 Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories, 607 P.2d 924 Shaw v. Dow Brands, Inc., 994 F.2d 364 (7th (Cal. 1980)—10:228, 10:291, 10:307, Cir. 1993)—5:352 10:308–15 Shaw v. Grumman Aerospace Corp., 778 F.2d Sinn v. Bird, 404 A.2d 672 (Pa. 1979)—7:81 736 (11th Cir. 1985)—5:477 Sithon Maritime Co. v. Holiday Mansion, 983 Shawver v. Roberts Corp., 280 N.W.2d 226 F.Supp. 977 (D.Kan. 1997)—3:18 (Wis. 1979)—4:222 Skees v. United States, 107 F.3d 411 (6th Cir. Shea v. North Butte Mining Co., 179 P. 499 1997)—5:460 (Mont. 1919)—12:224 Skelton v. Druid City Hosp. Bd., 459 So.2d 818 Sheehan v. Cincinnati Shaper Co., 555 A.2d (Ala. 1984)—11:158 1352 (Pa. Super. 1989)—4:222 Skipworth by Williams v. Lead Industries Ass’n, Sheeskin v. Giant Food Inc., 318 A.2d 874 (Md. Inc., 690 A.2d 169 (1997)—10:208 App. 1974)—3:168 Slack v. James, 589 S.E.2d 772 (S.C. App. Shell Oil Co. v. Gutierrez, 581 P.2d 271 (Ariz. 2003)—2:108 App. 1978)—4:353 Slater v. Skyhawk Transp., Inc., 77 F.Supp.2d Shepard v. Superior Court, 142 Cal. Rptr. 612 580 (D.N.J. 1999)—9:131 (Cal. App. 1977)—7:79, 7:158, 7:160 Slattery v. Marra Bros., Inc., 186 F.2d 134 (2nd Shepherd Components, Inc., v. Brice Petrides- Cir. 1951)—9:59 Donohue & Assoc., Inc., 473 N.W.2d 612 Slaughter v. Pennsylvania X-Ray Corp., 638 (Iowa 1991)—12:28 F.2d 639 (3rd Cir. 1981)—9:6 Shield v. Bayliner Marine Corp., 822 F.Supp. 81 Slover v. Fabtek, 517 A.2d 293 (Del. Super. (D.Conn. 1993)—7:173 1986)—10:20 Shiﬂet v. Eller, 319 S.E.2d 750 (Va. 1984)—9:6 SME Industries, Inc. v. Thompson, Ventulett, Shipper v. Levitt & Sons, Inc., 207 A.2d 314 Stainback & Associates, Inc., 28 P.3d 669 (N.J. 1965)—4:392 (Utah 2001)—3:63 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lx

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Smith v. Aaron, 508 S.W.2d 320 (Ark. 1974)— Soule v. General Motors Corp., 882 P.2d 298 1:113 (Cal. 1994)—4:272–74, 5:161, 10:400–02 Smith v. Air Feeds, Inc., 556 N.W.2d 160 (Iowa Southeastern Steel Company v. W.A. Hunt Ct. App. 1996)—5:270 Construction Company, Inc., 390 S.E.2d Smith v. Department of Insurance, 507 So.2d 475 (S.C. App. 1990)—3:249–50 1080 (Fla. 1987)—12:229–30 Southern Bakeries, Inc. v. Knipp, 852 So.2d 712 Smith v. Leach Brain & Co., [1962] 2 Q.B. 405— (Ala. 2002)—7:138 6:155–57 Sparapany v. Rexall Corp., 618 N.E.2d 1098 (Ill. Smith v. Linn, 563 A.2d 123 (Pa. Super. App. 1993)—5:75 1989)—4:432–33 Sparks v. Kroger Co., 407 S.E.2d 105 (Ga. App. Smith v. Old Warson Dev. Co., 479 S.W.2d 795 1991)—11:172–74 (Mo. 1972)—4:394 Speed Fasteners v. Newson, 382 F.2d 395 (10th Smith v. Selco Products, 385 S.E.2d 173 (N.C. Cir. 1967)—3:28 App. 1989)—5:79 Spencer v. Ford Motor Co., 367 N.W.2d 393 Smith v. Sharpensteen, 521 P.2d 394 (Okla. (Mich. App. 1985)—5:221–22 1974)—3:211 Sperry-New Holland, A Div. of Sperry Corp. v. Smith v. Snead, 938 S.W.2d 181 (Tex. App. Prestage, 617 So.2d 248 (Miss. 1993)— 1997)—2:207–09 4:146, 4:157 Smith v. Stewart, 667 P.2d 358 (Kan. 1983)— Spiegel v. Saks 34th Street, 252 N.Y.S.2d 852 3:124, 3:194, 3:248 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1964)—3:59 Smith v. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories Co., 278 Spier v. Barker, 363 N.Y.S.2d 916 (N.Y. 1974)— F.Supp.2d 684 (W.D.N.C. 2003)—10:465 8:187, 8:190, 8:193, 8:197 Smith v. Xerox Corp., 866 F.2d 135 (5th Cir. Spiller v. Thomas M. Lowe, Jr. & Assoc., Inc., 1989)—5:501–02 466 F.2d 903 (8th Cir.1972)— Snell v. Bell Helicopter, 107 F.3d 744 (9th Cir. 7:172 1997)—5:499 Sprietsma v. Mercury Marine, a Div. of Snider v. Bob Thibodeau Ford, Inc., 202 N.W.2d Brunswick Corp., 537 U.S. 51 (2002)— 727 (Mich. App. 1972)—10:284–86 5:393, 5:395, 5:400–12 Snowden v. Canaught Laboratories, Inc., 136 Sprietsma v. Mercury Marine, a Div. of F.R.D. 694 (D.Kan. 1991)—4:152 Brunswick Corp., 757 N.E.2d 75 (Ill. Snyder v. ISC Alloys, Ltd., 772 F. Supp. 244 2001)—5:406 (W.D.Pa. 1991)—4:58 Spring Motors Distributors, Inc. v. Ford Motor Snyder v. LTG Luftechnische GmbH, 955 Co., 489 A.2d 660 (N.J. 1985)—7:215–16, S.W.2d 252 (Tenn. 1997)—12:96 7:271 Soaper v. Hope Indus., Inc., 424 S.E.2d 493 Springmeyer v. Ford Motor Co., 71 Cal. Rptr.2d (S.C. 1992)—3:192 190 (Cal. App. 1998)—6:139 Soaper v. Hope Indus., Inc., 413 S.E.2d 38 Spruill v. Boyle-Midway, Inc., 308 F.2d 79 (4th (S.C.App. 1992)—10:7 Cir. 1962)—4:350–51, 4:362, 4:365 Soﬁe v. Fibreboard Corp., 771 P.2d 711 (Wash. Spychala v. G.D. Searle & Co., 705 F.Supp. 1024 1989)—12:202, 12:337, 12:344–45 (D.N.J.1988)—11:93 Solo v. Trus Joint MacMillan, 2004 WL 524898 Squire v. Reynolds, 5 A.2d 877 (Conn. 1939)— (D.Minn. 2004)—10:74 6:40 Sonbergh v. MacQuarrie, 247 P.2d 133 (Cal. Squish La Fish, Inc. v. Thomco Specialty Prod- App. 1952)—12:49 ucts, Inc., 149 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir. Sonnenreich v. Philip Morris, Inc., 929 F.Supp. 1998)—2:210–13, 7:254 416 (S.D.Fla.1996)—10:194 St. Denis v. Department of Housing and Urban Soo Line Railroad Co. v. Fruehauf Corp., 547 Development, 900 F.Supp. 1094 (D.Alaska F.2d 1365 (8th Cir. 1977)—3:274–75 1995)—7:254 Sorban v. Sterling Engineering Corp., 830 St. Joseph’s Hospital v. Corbetta Construction A.2d 372 (Conn. App. 2003) — Co., 316 N.E.2d 51 (Ill. App. 1974)— 5:275 2:5–8, 2:38–39, 2:57 Sorrells v. Eli Lilly & Co., 737 F.Supp. 678 St. Louis S.W.R. Co. v. Williams, 397 F.2d 147 (D.D.C. 1990)—5:75 (5th Cir. 1968)—1:108 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lxi

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St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Michelin Tire States Steamship Co. v. Stone Manganese Ma- Corp., 298 N.E.2d 289 (Ill. App. 1973)— rine, Ltd., 371 F.Supp. 500 (D.N.J. 9:103, 9:119 1973)—4:252, 4:454 St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. R. V. World, Statler v. George A. Ray Mfg. Co., 88 N.E. 1063 577 N.E.2d 72 (Ohio App. 1989)—3:63 (N.Y. 1909) 5:129 Stahlheber v. American Cyanamid Co., 451 Stauffer Chemical Co. v. Curry, 778 P.2d 1083 S.W.2d 48 (Mo. 1970)—1:27 (Wyo. 1989)—3:211 Stanback v. Parke, Davis & Co., 657 F.2d 642 Stauffer v. Ely, 270 N.E.2d 889 (Ind. App. (4th Cir. 1981)—10:141 1971)—6:48 Standard Brands Chemical Industries, Inc. v. Stebbins v. Concord Wrigley Drugs, Inc., 416 Pilot Freight Carriers, Inc., 319 N.Y.S.2d N.W.2d 381 (Mich. App. 1987)— 457 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1971)—3:168 11:183–85 Standard Fish Co., Ltd. v. 7337 Douglas Enter- Stehlik v. Rhoads, 645 N.W.2d 889 (Wis. prises, Inc., 673 So.2d 503 (Fla. App. 2002)—8:188 1996)—7:5 Stein v. Lukes, 823 S.W.2d 832 (Ark. 1992)— Stanﬁeld v. Medalist Indus., Inc., 340 N.E.2d 7:302 276 (Ill. App. 1975)—4:217 Steiner v. Ford Motor Co., 606 N.W.2d 881 Stanford v. Owens, 265 S.E.2d 617 (N.C. App. (N.D. 2000)—10:7 1980)—2:87 Stencel Aero Engineering Corp. v. United States, Stang v. Hertz Corp., 490 P.2d 475 (N.M. App. 431 U.S. 666 (1977)—5:459 1971)—3:77–79 Stephens v. Chevron Oil Co., 517 F.2d 1123 Stang v. Hertz Corporation, 497 P.2d 732 (N.M. (5th Cir. 1975)—9:43 1972)—4:34 Stephenson v. R. A. Jones & Co., 510 A.2d 1161 Stanley Industries, Inc., v. W. M. Barr & Co., (N.J. 1986)—9:130 784 F.Supp. 1570 (S.D.Fla. 1992)— Sterling Drug, Inc. v. Cornish, 370 F.2d 82 (8th 4:361 Cir. 1966)—11:81 Stanton v. Astra Pharmaceutical Prod. Inc., 718 Sterling v. Velsicol Chemical Corp., 855 F.2d F.2d 553 (3rd Cir. 1983)—1:81, 1:83, 1188 (6th Cir. 1988)—7:103 1:111 Sternhagen v. Dow Co., 935 P.2d 1139 (Mont. State Auto Mutual Ins. Co. v. Chrysler Corp., 1997)—4:15, 4:203, 4:209–10, 4:212, 304 N.E.2d 891 (Ohio 1973)—10:385 4:297, 4:338 State ex rel. Nichols v. Safeco Ins. Co., 671 P.2d Stevens v. Parke, Davis & Co., 107 Cal. Rptr. 45 1151 (N.M. App. 1983)—2:159 (Cal. 1973)—11:102–03 State ex rel. Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers v. Stevenson v. R. A. Jones & Co., Inc., 510 A.2d Sheward, 715 N.E.2d 1062 (Ohio 1999)— 1161 (N.J. 1986)—5:79 12:22, 12:40, 12:202, 12:337 Stewart v. CMI Corp. 740 P.2d 1340 (Utah State ex rel. Strykowski v. Wilkie, 261 N.W.2d 1987)—5:299 434 (Wis. 1978)—12:228 Stewart v. General Motors Corp., 222 F.Supp.2d State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Anderson- 845 (W.D.Ky. 2002)—4:170 Weber, Inc., 110 N.W.2d 449 (Iowa Stewart v. Houk, 271 P. 998 (Or. 1928)— 1961)—10:118 12:277 State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, Stewart v. Scott-Kitz Miller Co., 626 P.2d 329 538 U.S. 408 (2003)—1:2, 7:285, (Okla. App. 1981)—8:216 7:332–44, 12:15, 12:196 Stipp v. Tsutomi Karasawa, 318 S.W.2d 172 State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Ford Motor (Mo. 1958)—8:184 Co., 736 So.2d 384 (Miss. App. 1999)— Stofman v. Keenan Motors, Inc., 63 Pa. D. & 7:222–23 C.2d 56 (Pa. Com. Pl. 1973)—3:143 State v. Moseley, 436 S.E.2d 632 (Ga. 1993)— Stolle v. Anheuser-Busch, 271 S.W. 497 (Mo. 7:309 1925)—10:127 State v. Purdy, 601 P.2d 258 (Alaska 1979)— Stone v. United Engineering, a Div. of Wean, 5:299 Inc., 475 S.E.2d 439 (W.Va. 1996)—10:20 State v. Swapp, 808 P.2d 115 (Utah App. Stonehocker v. General Motors Corp., 587 F.2d 1991)—6:86 151 (4th Cir. 1978)—10:82, 10:362 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lxii

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Stones v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 558 N.W.2d Tasca v. GTE Products, 438 N.W.2d 625 (Mich. 540 (Neb. 1997)—3:193 App. 1988)—5:216–17 Straub v. Fisher and Paykel Health Care, 990 Tate v. Canonica, 5 Cal. Rptr. 28 (Cal. App. P.2d 384 (Utah 1999)—7:80 1960)—6:167 Strong v. E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co., Inc., 667 Taurino v. Ellen, 579 A.2d 925 (Pa. Super. F.2d 682 (8th Cir.1981)—10:389, 10:393 1990)—11:93 Strzelecki v. Blaser’s Lakeside Industries of Rice Taylor v. Alfama, 481 A.2d 1059 (Vt. 1984)— Lake, Inc., 348 N.W.2d 311 (Mich. App. 3:105 1984)—7:50–51 Taylor v. Gate Pharmaceuticals, 639 N.W.2d 45 Stultz v. Reese Bros., Inc., 835 A.2d 754 (Pa. (Mich. App. 2001)—12:29 Super. 2003)—8:180 Teagle v. Fisher & Porter Co., 570 P.2d 438 Suarez v. Dickmont Plastics Corp., 639 A.2d (Wash. 1977)—8:186, 8:197 507 (Conn. 1994)—5:261, 5:275 Technical Chem. Co. v. Jacobs, 480 S.W.2d 602 Suchomajcz v. Hummel Chemical Co., Newark, (Tex. 1972)—10:158 New Jersey, 524 F.2d 19 (3rd Cir. 1975)— Teepak, Inc. v. Learned, 699 P.2d 5 (Kan. 1:56 1985)—9:1, 9:110 Sullivan Industries, Inc. v. Double Seal Glass Temple-Inland Forest Products Corp. v. Carter, Co., Inc., 480 N.W.2d 623 (Mich. App. 993 S.W.2d 88 (Tex. 1999)—7:132–33 1991)—7:237–38 Tennessee Carolina Transp., Inc. v. Strick Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275 (1993)— Corp., 196 S.E.2d 711 (N.C. 1973)— 7:301 3:206–07 Summers v. Tice, 199 P.2d 1 (Cal. 1948)— Tenold v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 873 P.2d 413 (Or. 10:287–90, 10:292 App. 1994)—12:212–13 Sumner v. General Motors Corp., 538 N.W.2d Tenzer v. Superscope, Inc., 216 Cal. Rptr. 130 112 (Mich. App. 1995)—10:362 (Cal. 1985)—7:190 Sumnich v. Toyota Motors Sales, 360 N.W.2d 2 Terhune v. A.H. Robins Co., 577 P.2d 975, 978 (Wis. 1984)—6:11 (Wash. 1978)—11:93 Sunday v. Stratton Corp., 390 A.2d 398 (Vt. Testa v. Seidler, 439 N.Y.S.2d 469 (App. Div. 1978)—8:132 1981)—7:71 Sundstrom v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 816 Tetuan v. A.H. Robins Co., 738 P.2d 1210 (Kan. F.Supp. 587 (N.D.Cal. 1993)—5:500 1987)—2:59, 2:129 Suttie v. Sun Oil Co., 15 Pa. D. & C. 3 (Pa. Texaco, Inc. v. McGrew Lumber Co., 254 Cmwlth. Ct. 1930)—8:145 N.E.2d 584 (Ill. App. 1969)—9:79 Swamb v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 516 So.2d 452 Texas Industries, Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc., (La. App. 1987)—7:75 451 U.S. 630 (1981)—5:482 T.J. Hooper, The, 60 F.2d 737 (2nd Cir. Thames v. Zerangue, 411 So.2d 17 (La. 1980)— 1932)—10:27 6:161 T.J. Stevenson & Co., Inc. v. 81,193 Bags of Thibert v. Milka, 646 N.E. 1025 (Mass. 1995)— Flour, 629 F.2d 338 (5th Cir. 1980)— 5:60 3:244 Thing v. La Chusa, 771 P.2d 814 (Cal. 1989)— Tabieros v. Clark Equipment Co., 944 P.2d 1279 7:147–48 (Haw. 1997)—5:102–03 Thomas v. Clairol Inc., 583 So.2d 108 (La. App. Talley v. Danek Medical, Inc., 197 F.3d 154 (4th 1991)—4:361 Cir. 1999)—1:74 Thomas v. Winchester, 6 N.Y. 397 (N.Y. Tamiami Gun Shop v. Klein, 109 So.2d 189 1852)—5:128 (Fla. App. 1959)—8:91–92 Thomasson v. Rich Products Corp., 502 S.E.2d Tamiami Gun Shop v. Klein, 116 So.2d 421 289 (Ga. App. 1998)—12:127 (Fla. 1959)—1:109 Thompson v. Better-Bilt Aluminum Prods. Co., Tansy v. Dacomed Corp., 890 P.2d 881 (Okla. Inc., 832 P.2d 203 (Ariz. 1992)—7:307 1994)—11:52 Thompson v. Coates, 694 So.2d 599 (La. App. Target Stores, Div. of Dayton-Hudson Corp. v. 1997)—7:24 Automated Maintenance Services, Inc., Thornton v. Mono Manufacturing Co., 425 492 N.W.2d 899 (N.D. 1992)—10:209 N.E.2d 522 (Ill. App. 1981)—12:236 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lxiii

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Thrash v. U-Drive-It Co., 110 N.E.2d 419 Town of Bridgeport v. Sterling, Clark, Lurton (Ohio 1953)—6:126–28 Corp., 693 A.2d 701 (Vt. 1997)—4:353 Thurin v. A.O. Smith Harvestore Products, Inc., Tozer v. LTV Corp., 792 F.2d 403 (4th Cir. 1998 WL 378840 (Wis. App. 1998)—7:267 1986)—5:477, 5:480–81, 5:492 Tibbetts v. Crossroads, Inc., 572 N.W.2d 535 Trans States Airlines v. Pratt & Whitney Canada, (Minn. App. 1987)—7:92 Inc., 682 N.E.2d 45 (Ill. 1997)—7:224–28 Tietsworth v. Harley-Davidson, Inc., 661 Transport Ins. Co. v. Chrysler Corp., 71 F.3d N.W.2d 450 (Wis. App. 2003)—2:84 720 (8th Cir. 1995)—9:114 Tillett v. J.I. Case Co., 756 F.2d 591 (7th Cir. Transue v. Aesthetech Corp., 341 F.3d 911 (9th 1985)—5:477 Cir. 2003)—11:78–80 Tillman v. Vance Equipment Co., 596 P.2d 1299 Trimarco v Klein, 436 N.E.2d 502 (N.Y. (Or. 1979)—4:439–40, 4:444 1982)—10:24 Tillotson-Pearson, Inc., 840 F.Supp. 935 (D.R.I. Trimble v. Asarco, Inc., 232 F.3d 946 (8th Cir. 1994)—2:112 2000)—7:52, 7:138 Timmons v. Ford Motor Co., 982 F.Supp. 1475 Triplex Communications, Inc. v. Riley, 900 (S.D.Ga. 1997)—4:173 S.W.2d 716 (Tex. 1995)—10:194 Tinnerholm v. Parke, Davis & Co., 411 F.2d 48 Tromza v. Tecumseh Products Co., 378 F.2d 601 (2d Cir. 1969)—11:63 (3rd Cir. 1967)—9:56–57 Tirrell v. Navistar International, Inc., 591 A.2d Trovato v. DeVeau, 736 A.2d 1212 (N.H. 643 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1991)—4:222 1999)—12:291 Title v. Pontchartrain Hotel, 449 So.2d 677 (La. Trust Corp. of Montana v. Piper Aircraft Corp., App. 1984)—11:12, 11:13 506 F.Supp. 1093 (D.Mont.1981)—8:153 Tobin v. Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., Tryon v. Square D Co., 712 N.Y.S.2d 676 (App. 993 F.2d 528 (6th Cir. 1993)—11:52, Div. 2000)—4:429 11:73 Tucci v. Bossert, 385 N.Y.S.2d 328 (App. Div. Todd v Societe Bic, S.A., 21 F.3d 1402 (7th Cir. 1976)—6:55–58 1994)—4:142, 4:278–80, 4:310, 5:162–63 Tucker v. Collar, 285 P.2d 178 (Ariz. 1955)— Tolbert v. Gerber Industries, Inc., 255 N.W.2d 5:21–22 362 (Minn. 1977)—9:61–67 Tuggle v. Raymond Corp., 868 S.W.2d 621 Toledo, Peoria and Western Ry. v. Metro Waste (Tenn. App. 1992)—1:80 Systems, Inc., 59 F.3d 637 (7th Cir. Tulkku v. Machworth Rees, Div. of Avis Indus- 1975)—8:170 tries, Inc., 281 N.W.2d 291 (Mich. Toliver v. General Motors Corp., 482 So.2d 213 1979)—8:90 (Miss. 1985)—4:157, 4:190 Tull v. United States, 481 U.S. 412 (1987)— Toltec Fabrics, Inc. v. August Inc., 29 F.3d 778 12:154–56 (2nd Cir. 1994)—7:29 Tunkl v. Regents of University of California, 32 Tomczuk v. Town of Cheshire, 217 A.2d 71 Cal. Rptr. 33 (Cal. 1962)—8:13 (Conn. 1965)—3:242 Turcotte v. Fell, 474 N.Y.S.2d 893 (N.Y.Sup. Tommy’s Elbow Room v. Kavorkian, 727 P.2d 1984)—8:137 1038 (Alaska 1986)—7:175, 7:178 Turner v. Bituminous Casualty Co., 244 N.W.2d Toner v. Lederle Laboratories, A Div. of Ameri- 873 (Mich. 1976)—10:262 can Cyanamid Co., 732 P.2d 297 (Idaho Turner v. General Motors Corp., 514 S.W.2d 1987)—11:52, 11:80 497 (Tex. Civ. App. 1974)—10:407 Toppi v. United States, 332 F.Supp. 513 (E.D.Pa. Turner v. International Harvester Co., 336 A.2d 1971)—5:437 62 (N.J. Super. L. 1975)—4:441–42 Toro v. Krouse, Kern & Co., Inc., 644 F.Supp. Tuttle v. Raymond, 494 A.2d 1353 (Me. 986 (N.D.Ind. 1986)—2:182, 2:184 1985)—7:307 Torre v. Harris-Seybold Co., 404 N.E.2d 96 TVT Records v. Island Def Jam Music Group, (Mass. App. 1980)—10:20 257 F.Supp.2d 737 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)—7:311 Torres v. El Paso Elec. Co., 987 P.2d 386 (N.M. Twin Disc, Inc. v. Big Bud Tractor, Inc., 582 1999)—6:94 F.Supp. 208 (E.D.Wis. 1984)—3:33 Torsiello v. Whitehall Labs., 398 A.2d 132 (N.J. Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 174 N.E. 441 (N.Y. Super. App. Div. 1979)—11:83, 11:123 1931)—2:182 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lxiv

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Unicomp, Inc. v. Elementis Pigments, Inc., Verge v. Ford Motor Co., 581 F.2d 384 (3rd Cir. 1999 WL 1995400 (D.Me. 1999) 3:73–74 1978)—4:246–48 Union Stock Yards Co. of Omaha v. Chicago B. Vergott v. Deseret Pharmaceutical Co., 463 F.2d & Q.R.R. Co., 196 U.S. 217 (1905)—9:57 12 (5th Cir.1972) 4:69 Union Supply Co. v. Pust, 583 P.2d 276 (Colo. Vermeer Carolina’s, Inc. v. Wood/Chuck Chip- 1978)—10:20, 10:411–12 per Corp., 518 S.E.2d 301 (S.C. 1999)— Unique Equipment Co. v. TRW Safety Systems, 9:102–03, 9:107–08, 9:114 Inc., 3 P.3d 970 (Ariz. App. 1999)—9:131 Vermont Plastics, Inc. v. Brine, Inc., 79 F.3d Uniroyal Chemical Co. v. American Vanguard 272 (2nd Cir. 1996)—2:220–21, 7:254 Corp., 249 Cal. Rptr. 787 (Cal. App. Vermont Plastics, Inc. v. Brine, Inc., 824 1988)—9:47 F.Supp. 444 (D.Vt. 1993)—7:254 United Novelty Co. v. Daniels, 42 So.2d 395 Vezina v. Souliere, 152 A. 798 (Vt. 1931)—2:129 (Miss. 1949)—6:51, 6:54 Vickery v. Reliable Elec. Co., 703 F.2d 488 (10th United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Slifkin, Cir. 1983)—9:130 200 F.Supp. 563 (N.D.Ala. 1961)—12:134 Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994)—7:300 Upjohn Co. v. Freeman, 885 S.W.2d 538 (Tex. Vierek v. Fibreboard Corp., 915 P.2d 581 App. 1994)—2:10, 7:186 (Wash. App. 1996)—4:215 Uribe v. Sofamor, S.N.C., 1999 WL 1129703 Village of Chatham v. Board of Fire Comm’rs, (D.Neb. 1999)—1:74 456 N.Y.S.2d 494 (App. Div. 1982)—3:126 Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1 Village of El Portal v. City of Miami Shores, 362 (1976)—12:170 So.2d 275 (Fla. 1978)—9:3, 9:7 Utah International, Inc. v. Caterpillar Tractor Villareal v. State, Dept. of Transportation, 774 Co., 775 P.2d 741 (N.M. App. 1989)—7:242 P.2d 213 (Ariz. 1994)—7:186 Valiga v. National Food Co., 206 N.W.2d 377 Vincer v. Esther Williams All-Alluminum (Wis. 1975)—3:225 Swimming Pool Co., 230 N.W.2d 794 Valley Datsun v. Martinez, 578 S.W.2d 485 (Wis. 1975)—4:134–36 (Tex. Civ. App. 1979)—3:101 Vineyard v. Empire Machinery Co., Inc., 581 Vallillo v. Muskin Corp., 514 A.2d 528 (N.J. P.2d 1152 (Ariz. App. 1978)—4:270 Super. App. Div. 1986)—10:143–44 Vintage Homes, Inc. v. Coldiron, 585 S.W.2d Vamos v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of New York, 886 (Tex. Civ. App. 1979)—3:240 Inc., 627 N.Y.S.2d 265 (N.Y.C. Civ. Ct. Virginia, United States v., 518 U.S. 515 1995)—10:134 (1996)—12:193 Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co, 37 Cal. Rptr. Vlases v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 377 F.2d 896 (Cal. 1964)—8:17 846 (3rd Cir. 1967)—3:147, 4:199–201 Varilek v. Mitchell Engineering Co., 558 N.E.2d Volkswagen of America, Inc. v. Marinelli, 628 365 (Ill. App. 1990)—8:66 So.2d 378 (Ala. 1993)—10:409–10 Varwig v. Andersen-Behel Porshe/Audi, Inc., Vossler v. Richards Manufacturing Co., 192 Cal. 141 Cal. Rptr. 539 (Cal. App. 1977)— Rptr. 219 (Cal. App. 1983)—7:312–14 2:47–48 Vulcan Metals Co. v. Simmons Mfg. Co., 248 F. Vassallo v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 696 N.E.2d 853 (2d Cir. 1918)—2:29–31 909 (Mass. 1998)—4:326 Vuono v. New York Blood Center, Inc. 696 Velleca v. Uniroyal Tire Co., Inc., 630 N.E.2d F.Supp. 743 (D.Mass. 1988)—10:35 297 (Mass. App. 1994)—8:79 W. M. Bashlin v. Smith, 643 S.W.2d 526 (Ark. Venezia v. Miller Brewing Co., 626 F.2d 188 (1st 1982)—5:79 Cir. 1980)—4:143–44 Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. v. Ventricelli v. Kinney System Rent A Car, Inc., Sygnetion Protection Systems, Inc. 979 383 N.E.2d 1149 (N.Y. 1978)—6:81–83 F.2d 980 (4th Cir. 1992)—12:180 Venturelli v. Cincinnati, Inc., 850 F.2d 825 (1st Wagatsuma v. Patch, 879 P.2d 572 (Haw. App. Cir. 1988)—8:121 1994)—8:119 Verb v. Motorola, Inc., 672 N.E.2d 1287 (Ill. Wagner v. International Harvester Co., 611 F.2d App. 1996)—7:108 224 (8th Cir. 1979)—4:236–37 Verba v. Ghaphery, 552 S.E.2d 406 (W.Va. Wagner v. International Ry. Co., 133 N.E. 437 2001)—12:346 (N.Y. 1921)—5:40–41, 8:67 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lxv

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Walker v. Clark Equipment Co., 320 N.W.2d Watters v. Pelican International, Inc., 706 561 (Iowa 1982)—7:79, 7:159–60 F.Supp. 1452 (D.Colo. 1989)—9:90 Walker v. Mintec/International, 758 F.2d 73 Watters v. TSR, Inc., 904 F.2d 378 (6th Cir. (3rd Cir. 1985)—7:79 1990)—4:428 Walker v. Rinck, 604 N.E.2d 591 (Ind. 1992)— Weaver v. Chrysler Corp., 172 F.R.D. 96 5:61 (S.D.N.Y.1997)—7:108 Walker v. Saurinet, 92 U.S. (2 Otto) 90 Weber v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 406 U.S. (1876)—12:147 164 (1972)—12:173 Walker v. Stauffer Chemical Corp., 96 Cal. Rptr Weber v. Armco, 663 P.2d 1221 (Okla. 1983)— 803 (Cal. App. 1971)—4:251, 4:253 5:297 Wallace v. Bounds, 369 S.W.2d 138 (Mo. Weise v. Keystone Mack Sales, 456 A.2d 1009 1963)—6:167 (Pa. Super. 1983)—3:90 Wallis v. Pan American Petroleum Corp., 384 Weissich v. County of Marin, 274 Cal. Rptr. 342 U.S. 63 (1966)—5:487 (Cal. App. 1990)—2:173 Walls v. Jacob North Printing Co., Inc., 618 Weller v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 570 N.E.2d 1341 N.W.2d 282 (Iowa 2000)—10:196–97 (Ind. App. 1991)—4:203 Walsh v. Ford Motor Co., 298 N.Y.S.2d 538 Wells v. Clowers Construction Co., 476 So.2d (N.Y. Sup. 1969)—8:31 105 (Ala. 1985)—4:414 Walton v. Avco Corp., 610 A.2d 454 (Pa. Wells v. Ford Motor Co., 2001 WL 1262223 1992)—9:112 (D.Md. 2001)—4:152 Walton v. Springwood Products, Inc., 663 Wennerholm v. Stanford University School of N.E.2d 1365 (Ohio App. 1995)—5:269 Medicine, 128 P.2d 552 (Cal. 1942)—2:83 Walus v. Pfizer, Inc., 812 F.Supp. 41 Wentz v. Deseth, 221 N.W.2d 101 (N.D. (D.N.J.1993)—7:108 1974)—8:132 Wankier v. Crown Equipment Corp., 353 F.3d Werner v. Pfleiderer Corp., 697 F.Supp. 808 862 (10th Cir. 2003)—4:170 (D.N.J. 1988)—3:19 Wardlow v. City of Keokuk, 190 N.W.2d 439 Werner v. Upjohn Co., Inc., 628 F.2d 848 (4th (Iowa 1971)—7:179 Cir. 1980)—10:102 Warfel v. Cheney, 758 P.2d 1326 (Ariz. App. Werth v. Makita Elec. Works, Ltd., 950 F.2d 643 1988)—8:188, 8:190 (10th Cir. 1991)—10:381, 10:385 Warfle v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., No. A-5263-97T3 Werwinski v. Ford Motor Co., 286 F.3d 661 (N.J. Sup. Ct. App. Div., July 1, 1999)— (3rd Cir. 2002)—7:272–75, 7:281–82 10:434 West v. Caterpilar Tractor Co., 336 So.2d 80 Warren v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Chicago, (Fla. 1976)—3:36 519 N.E.2d 1197 (Ill. App. 1988) — West v. Searle & Co., 806 S.W.2d 608 (Ark. 10:134 1991)—11:93 Washington v. Department of Transp., 8 F.3d Westerman v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 557 F.2d 296 (5th Cir. 1993)—10:145 873 (5th Cir. 1978)—8:79 Washington Water Power Co. v. Graybar Elec. Westlye v. Look Sports, Inc., 22 Cal. Rptr. 2d 781 Co., 774 P.2d 1199 (Wash. 1987)—7:220 (Cal. App. 1993)—8:4, 8:9–14, 8:18–23 Wasylow v. Glock Inc., 975 F.Supp. 370 Westric Battery Co. v. Standard Electric Co., (D.Mass. 1996)—3:135, 4:180 Inc., 482 F.2d 1307 (10th Cir. 1973)— Water Works & Indus. Supply Co. v. Wilburn, 2:271 437 S.W.2d 951 (Ky. App. 1968)— Wheat v. Sofamor, S.N.C., 46 F.Supp.2d 1351 3:204–05 (N.D.Ga. 1999)—4:152, 11:76 Waters v. Markham, 235 N.W. 797 (Wis. Wheeler v. Andrew Jergens Co., 696 S.W.2d 326 1934)—5:145 (Ky. App. 1985)—10:170 Watkins v. Jacobs Pharmacy Co., 171 S.E. 830 Wheeler v. John Deere Co., 935 F.2d 1090 (10th (Ga. App. 1933)—11:170–71 Cir. 1991)—5:174, 10:405–06 Watkins v. Toro Co., 901 S.W.2d 917 (Mo. App. Whetham v. Bismarck Hospital, 197 N.W.2d 1995)—2:182, 4:222 678 (N.D. 1972)—7:143–44 Watson v. Navistar International Transp. Corp., Whitaker v. Farmhand, Inc., 567 P.2d 916 827 P.2d 656 (Idaho 1992)—8:2 (Mont. 1977)—8:17, 8:180 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lxvi

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White Construction Co. v. Dupont, 439 So.2d Williams v. State, 707 S.W.2d 40 (Tex. Crim. 915 (Fla. App. 1983)—7:184 App. 1986)—12:337 White v. ABCO Engineering Corp., 221 F.3d Williams v. Tulsa Motels, 958 P.2d 1282 (Okla. 293 (2nd Cir.2000)—12:142 1998)—2:164 White v. Celotex Corp., 907 F.2d 104 (9th Williams v. Wilson, 972 S.W.2d 260 (Ky. Cir.1990)—10:333 1998)—12:277 White v. Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., 533 N.E.2d Williamson v. Smith, 491 P.2d 1147 (N.M. 748 (Ohio 1989)—11:52 1971)—8:132 Whitehead v. American Motors Sales Corp., 801 Willis v. Mullett, 561 S.E.2d 705 (Va. 2002)— P.2d 920 (Utah 1990)—8:198 12:314 Whitehead v. Toyota Motor Corp., 897 S.E.2d Wilson v. Dover Skating Center, Ltd., 566 A.2d 684 (Tenn. 1995)—8:153 1020 (Del. Super. 1994)—4:36 Whitney v. Cubberly, 210 S.E.2d 289 (N.C.App. Wilson v. Good Humor Corp., 757 F.2d 1293 1974)—11:120 (D.C.Cir. 1985)—1:28 Whittington v. Eli Lilly & Co., 333 F.Supp. 98 Wilson v. Gordon, 354 A.2d 398 (Me. 1976)— (D.W.Va. 1971)—3:55–57 8:132 Wiegand v. Walser Automotive Groups, Inc., Wilson v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 577 P.2d 1322 670 N.W.2d 449 (Minn. App. 2003)— (Or. 1978)—1:133, 11:32 2:112 Wilson v. State Farm Fire and Casualty Ins. Co., Wiggs v. City of Phoenix, 10 P.3d 625 (Ariz. 654 So.2d 385 (La. App. 1995)—12:127 2000)—12:76 Wilson v. U.S. Elevator Corp., 972 P.2d 235 Wilkinson v. Bayshore Lumber Co., 227 Cal. (Ariz. App. 1998)—5:106 Rptr. 327 (Cal. App. 1986)—11:224, 11:228 Wimberly v. Derby Cycle Corp., 65 Cal. Rptr. Willard v. Park Industries, Inc., 69 F.Supp.2d 2d 532 (Cal. App. 1997)—12:76 268 (D.N.H. 1999)—10:419 Winburn v. Insurance Co. of North America, Williams v. A-Treat Bottling Co., Inc., 551 A.2d 339 S.E.2d 142 (S.C. App. 1985)—2:176 297 (Pa. Super. 1988)—10:15 Windham v. Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., 786 Williams v. Baker, 572 A.2d 1062 (D.C. F.Supp. 607 (S.D.Miss. 1992)—10:166 1990)—7:139, 7:141 Wingad v. John Deere & Co., 523 N.W.2d 274 Williams v. Beechnut Nutrition Corp., 229 Cal. (Wis. App. 1994)—7:73 Rptr. 605 (1986)—4:141–42 Wingett v. Teledyne Industries, Inc., 479 N.E.2d Williams v. Braum Ice Cream Stores, Inc., 534 51 (Ind. 1985)—4:104 P.2d 700 (Okla. App. 1974)—11:8 Winnett v. Winnett, 310 N.E.2d 1 (Ill. 1974)— Williams v. Bright, 658 N.Y.S.2d 910 (App. Div. 5:24–27, 5:56 1997)—8:174–78 Winston Bros. Co. v. United States, 371 F.Supp. Williams v. Brown Manufacturing Co., 261 130 (D.Minn. 1973)—5:437 N.E.2d 305 (Ill. 1970)—8:59–60 Winter v. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 938 F.2d 1033 Williams v. Dow Chemical Co., 255 F.Supp. 2d (9th Cir. 1991)—4:420–22 219 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)—2:65 Winterbottom v. Wright, 10 M. & W. 109, 152 Williams v. KOPCO, Inc., 1998 WL 159516 Eng. Rep. 402 (1842)—5:122–24 (D.Kan. 1998)—10:74 Wittkamp v. United States, 343 F.Supp. 1075 Williams v. Monarch Machine Tool Co., Inc., (E.D.Mich. 1972)—5:436, 5:438, 26 F.3d 228 (1st Cir. 1994)—5:106 5:470–71 Williams v. O’Brien, 669 A.2d 810 (N.H. Wolfe v. Dal-Tile Corp., 876 F.Supp. 116 1995)—2:164 (S.D.Miss. 1995)—4:413 Williams v. Philip Morris Inc., 48 P.3d 824 (Or. Wolfe v. Ford Motor Co., 376 N.E.2d 143 App. 2002)—2:52–53 (Mass. App. 1978)—10:153 Williams v. Pro-Tec, Inc., 908 F.2d 345 (8th Cir. Wood v. Bass Pro Shops, Inc., 462 S.E.2d 101 1990)—10:384 (Va. 1995)—8:80–81 Williams v. Rank & Son Buick, Inc., 170 Wood v. United States, 961 F.2d 195 (Fed. Cir. N.W.2d 807 (Wis. 1969)—2:102–03 1992)—5:434 Williams v. RCA Corp., 376 N.E.2d 37 (Ill. App. Wood v. University of Utah Medical Center, 67 1978)—6:100–02 P.3d 436 (Utah 2002)—12:226 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lxvii

TABLE OF CASES lxvii

Wood v. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Div. of Yeroshefsky v. Unisys Corp., 962 F.Supp. 710 American Home Products, 82 S.W.3d 849 (D.Md. 1997)—5:503 (Ky. 2002)—7:138 Yolles v. Golf Club of Avon, 31 Conn. L. Rptr. Woodbury v. United States, 192 F.Supp. 924 587 (Conn. Super. 2002)—8:184 (D.Ore. 1961)—5:428 Yong Cha Hong v. Marriott Corp., 656 F.Supp. Wooderson v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 681 445 (D.Md. 1987)—11:8 P.2d 1038 (Kan. 1984)—10:153 Yost v. General Motors Corp., 651 F.Supp. 656 Woodhill v. Parke Davis & Co., 374 N.E.2d 683 (D.N.J.1986)—2:145 (Ill. App. 1978)—7:80 Young v. Key Pharmaceuticals, 922 P.2d 59 Woods v. Cole, 693 N.E.2d 333 (Ill. 1998)— (Wash. 1996)—11:48 10:209, 10:210–11 Young v. Up-Right Scaffolds, Inc., 637 F.2d 810 Woods v. Holy Cross Hospital, 591 F.2d 1164 (D.C.Cir. 1980)—8:93 (5th Cir. 1979)—12:194 Yu v. International Business Machines, Corp., Woodward v. Dietrich, 548 A.2d 301 (Pa. Super. 732 N.E.2d 1173 (Ill. App. 2000)—4:435, 1988)—2:60–61 7:108 Worldwide Equipment Inc. v. Mullins, 11 Yuhas v. Mudge, 322 A.2d 824 (N.J. Super. App. S.W.3d 50 (Ky. App. 1999)—4:338 Div. 1974)—4:49 Wright v. Brooke Group Ltd., 114 F.Supp.2d Zaccone v. American Red Cross, 872 F.Supp. 797 (N.D.Iowa 2000)—10:194–95 457 (N.D.Ohio 1994)—10:34 Wright v. Brooke Group, Ltd., 652 N.W.2d 159 Zachary v. Dow Corning Corp., 884 F.Supp. (Iowa 2002)—2:21–22, 2:54–56, 4:170, 1061 (M.D.La. 1995)—7:105 4:299, 5:78 Zacher v. Budd Co., 396 N.W.2d 122 (S.D. Wright v. Carter Products, Inc., 244 F.2d 53 1986)—3:41 (2nd Cir. 1957)—5:254–55 Zahrte v. Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc., 661 P.2d 17 Wright v. Central Du Page Hospital Ass’n, 347 (Mont. 1983)—8:84 N.E.2d 736 (Ill. 1976)—12:255, 12:325 Zanakis-Pico v. Cutter Dodge, Inc., 47 P.3d Wright v. Colleton County Sch. Dist., 391 1222 (Haw. 2002)—2:222 S.E.2d 564 (S.C. 1991)—12:214, 12:305 Zanzuri v. G.D. Searle & Co., 748 F.Supp. 1511 Wright v. St. Mary’s Medical Center of (S.D.Fla. 1990)—11:93 Evanston, Inc., 59 F.Supp.2d 794 (S.D.Ind. Zebner v. Howard Johnson’s, Inc., 201 So.2d 1999)—7:21 824 (Fla. App. 1967)—11:8 Wycko v. Gnodtke, 105 N.W.2d 439 (Mich. Zeliff v. Sabatino, 104 A.2d 54 (N.J. 1954)— 1960)—7:179 2:125 Y.H. Investments, Inc. v. Godales, 690 So.2d Ziegelmann v. Daimler Chrysler Corp., 649 1273 (Fla. 1997)—12:100 N.W.2d 556 (N.D. 2002)—2:145 Yarrow v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 263 F.Supp. 159 Ziglar v. E. I. DuPont De Nemours and Co., (D.S.D. 1967)—5:83–84 280 S.E.2d 510 (N.C. App. 1981)— Yasuda Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Lake Shore 4:324 Elec. Co., 744 F.Supp. 864 (S.D.Ind. Zimmer v. Versa Products, 2000 WL 1421357 1990)—7:248 (Iowa App. 2000)—10:407 Ybarra v. Spangard, 154 P.2d 687 (Cal. 1945)— Zine v. Chrysler Corp., 600 N.W.2d 384 (Mich. 10:272–74 App. 1999)—2:23 Yellow Cab Co. of D.C., Inc. v. Dreslin, 181 Zwiercan v. General Motors Corp., 2002 WL F.2d 626 (D.C. Cir. 1950)—9:134 31053838 (Pa. Com. Pl. 2002)—7:276 kotler 00 fmt auto4 05.02.2005 1:33 PM Page lxviii