DOCSLIB.ORG

Proposed Minimal Standards for Describing New Taxa of Aerobic, Endospore-Forming Bacteria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proposed Minimal Standards for Describing New Taxa of Aerobic, Endospore-Forming Bacteria International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2009), 59, 2114–2121 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.013649-0 Proposed minimal standards for describing new taxa of aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria N. A. Logan,1 O. Berge,2 A. H. Bishop,3 H.-J. Busse,4 P. De Vos,5 D. Fritze,6 M. Heyndrickx,7 P. Ka¨mpfer,8 L. Rabinovitch,9 M. S. Salkinoja-Salonen,10 L. Seldin11 and A. Ventosa12 Correspondence 1Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens N. A. Logan Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK [email protected] 2CEA Cadarache, DSV/IBEB/SBVME, LEMIRE, Baˆt. 161, F-13108 St Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France 3Molecular Biology, Biosciences Group, dstl Porton Down, Building 384, Room 21, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK 4Institut fu¨r Bakteriologie, Mykologie & Hygiene, Veterina¨rmedizinische Universita¨t, Veterina¨rplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria 5Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium 6DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany 7Instituut voor Landbouw en Visserijonderzoek (ILVO), Technology and Food Sciences, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium 8Institut fu¨r Angewandte Mikrobiologie Fachbereich Agrarwissenschaften, O¨ kotrophologie und Umweltmanagement, Justus-Liebig-Universita¨t Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany 9Laborato´rio de Fisiologia Bacteriana, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz. Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21405-900, Brazil 10Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Biocenter 1A Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014, Finland 11Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Go´es, CCS - Centro de Cieˆncias da Sau´de - Bloco I, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universita´ria, Ilha do Funda˜o, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 12Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain Minimal standards for describing new taxa within the aerobic endospore-forming bacteria are proposed, following Recommendation 30b of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). These minimal standards are recommended as guidelines to assist authors in the preparation of descriptions for novel taxa. They encourage broad polyphasic characterization and the construction of descriptions that are practically useful in routine diagnostic laboratories. The proposals have been endorsed by the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of the Genus Bacillus and Related Organisms of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Introduction A detailed listing of the aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria, together This paper proposes minimal standards for describing new with a brief historical account of the taxonomy of these organisms, and a list of relevant curated 16S rRNA gene sequences of aerobic genera and species of aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria, endospore-formers and relatives are available as supplementary material in order to address Recommendation 30b of the with the online version of this paper. Bacteriological Code (Lapage et al., 1992) and also the Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by 2114 013649 G 2009 IUMS Printed in Great Britain IP: 54.70.40.11 On: Tue, 18 Dec 2018 20:14:18 Minimal standards for aerobic endospore-formers remit of the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of the Genus ten or more; observations on a minimum of three strains Bacillus and Related Organisms of the International are necessary to have some indication of natural variability. Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP). It is Preferably, strains should have been isolated from more important first to clarify the scope of these minimal than one location and, ideally, from several locations. If standards. They cover all of the aerobic, endospore-forming strains are from a single source, their non-clonality should bacteria among the low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria be checked using a nucleic acid fingerprint technique. (Firmicutes); that is to say all species of Bacillus (including Proposals based upon single isolates should be avoided those that are described as strictly anaerobic, and those for wherever possible. Each habitat, or source of isolates, must which sporulation has not been demonstrated, but that are be described in sufficient detail, and geographical locations seen to be placed phylogenetically in the vicinity of aerobic must be specified, in order to allow the isolation work to be endospore-forming bacteria), all those genera accommod- repeated. Isolation procedures must be fully specified and ating species originally allocated to Bacillus and all the other include details of medium formulation, pH and inocu- genera that have been proposed to accommodate new lation methods, of the gaseous composition of the species of aerobic endospore-formers that were not atmosphere for incubation and of the temperature and previously accommodated within Bacillus. At one time, the duration of incubation. If several isolates are available for family Bacillaceae encompassed all of the taxa with which the study, they should all be studied; the selection for study of Subcommittee was concerned, but these taxa are now found, a single strain from such a collection and the disregarding sometimes along with non-spore-formers, in several families of the other strains is strongly discouraged. A proposal of the order Bacillales: Bacillaceae,‘Alicyclobacillaceae’, based upon a single isolate should state this explicitly in the ‘Paenibacillaceae’, Pasteuriaceae, Planococcaceae and description. The description must outline the source(s) of ‘Sporolactobacillaceae’. A detailed listing of the aerobic, the isolates. Maintenance procedures must be adequately endospore-forming bacteria, together with a brief historical specified. The type strain must be deposited in two publicly account of the taxonomy of these organisms, appears in a accessible culture collections in different countries, as document that is available as supplementary material to this required by the Judicial Commission of the ICSP (De Vos paper in IJSEM Online. & Tru¨per, 2000), and it is strongly recommended that another, reference, strain of the same taxon is deposited at Species should be identifiable by readily available methods, the same time in order to allow confirmation of but published descriptions too often lack both adequate authenticity. For the practice of valid publication of names representation of within-taxon diversity and sufficient and deposit of type material, authors should consult features to allow a taxon’s recognition and distinction. Tindall et al. (2006), Tindall (2008) and Tindall & Garrity Phenotype, along with genotype, ‘continues to play a salient (2008). role in the decision about cut-off points of genomic data for species delineation ... [and] ... description of species ... should be based on the use of well-documented criteria, laboratory Cultivation protocols and reagents which are reproducible’ (Stackebrandt Cultivation procedures must be fully specified and include et al., 2002). The written description of a species or genus details of medium formulation and pH. Attempts should must be seen as a practically essential, integral part of any be made to grow organisms on standard media, but care taxonomic proposal, and care needs to be taken to ensure that should be taken that specific characters are not thereby lost. it is as comprehensive and practically useful as possible; the Failure to grow on standard media should be indicated, diagnostic characters should not be seen merely as adjuncts to and alternative media that satisfy the needs of the the delineation of a taxon that has been recognized primarily organisms should be given. The formulation of these on the basis of genomic data. A widespread problem is that should be fully described, as should the inoculation comparisons are often made with descriptions given in the methods and incubation conditions. Select an incubation literature, rather than by laboratory study of reference temperature that matches the optimum growth temper- cultures, so compilations as well as original descriptions ature of the organism(s) as closely as is practical. Certain should never be relied upon entirely. media and methods may be adapted for acidophilic and alkaliphilic organisms by adjusting the pH. Similarly, a Against a background of ever-increasing numbers of taxa and medium with NaCl or a mixture of salts should be used for rapid advances in characterization methodologies, we pro- the cultivation of halophiles. The description must state pose this set of minimal standards for the written descriptions the preferred growth medium for strains of the proposed of novel genera and species of aerobic endospore-formers. taxon, and indicate the incubation conditions required. Minimal standards Standardization Whatever methods are used for the description, standard- Isolates ization of methodologies and inclusion of reference strains It is strongly recommended that the number of strains to is crucial. The methods used to generate the characters be studied for each taxon should be at least five, and ideally included in species descriptions have not usually been Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by http://ijs.sgmjournals.org 2115 IP: 54.70.40.11 On: Tue, 18 Dec 2018 20:14:18 N. A. Logan and others standardized between laboratories, and the test results cell dimensions. Electron microscopy may be of value to shown in differentiation tables often include
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paenibacillaceae Cover
    The Family Paenibacillaceae Strain Catalog and Reference • BGSC • Daniel R. Zeigler, Director The Family Paenibacillaceae Bacillus Genetic Stock Center Catalog of Strains Part 5 Daniel R. Zeigler, Ph.D. BGSC Director © 2013 Daniel R. Zeigler Bacillus Genetic Stock Center 484 West Twelfth Avenue Biological Sciences 556 Columbus OH 43210 USA www.bgsc.org The Bacillus Genetic Stock Center is supported in part by a grant from the National Sciences Foundation, Award Number: DBI-1349029 The author disclaims any conflict of interest. Description or mention of instrumentation, software, or other products in this book does not imply endorsement by the author or by the Ohio State University. Cover: Paenibacillus dendritiformus colony pattern formation. Color added for effect. Image courtesy of Eshel Ben Jacob. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Welcome to the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center ............................................................................................................. 2 What is the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center? ............................................................................................................... 2 What kinds of cultures are available from the BGSC? ............................................................................................... 2 What you can do to help the BGSC ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Genome Sequence of Cohnella Sp. HS21 Isolated from Korean Fir (Abies Koreana) Rhizospheric Soil 구상나무 근권 토
    Korean Journal of Microbiology (2019) Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 171-173 pISSN 0440-2413 DOI https://doi.org/10.7845/kjm.2019.9028 eISSN 2383-9902 Copyright ⓒ 2019, The Microbiological Society of Korea Complete genome sequence of Cohnella sp. HS21 isolated from Korean fir (Abies koreana) rhizospheric soil 1,2 1 1 1 1 2 1 Lingmin Jiang , Se Won Kang , Song-Gun Kim , Jae Cheol Jeong , Cha Young Kim , Dae-Hyuk Kim , Suk Weon Kim * , 1 and Jiyoung Lee * 1 Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea 구상나무 근권 토양으로부터 분리된 Cohnella sp. HS21의 전체 게놈 서열 지앙 링민1,2 ･ 강세원1 ･ 김성건1 ･ 정재철1 ･ 김차영1 ･ 김대혁2 ･ 김석원1* ･ 이지영1* 1 2 한국생명공학연구원 생물자원센터, 전북대학교 생리활성소재과학과 (Received March 19, 2019; Revised May 7, 2019; Accepted May 7, 2019) The genus Cohnella, which belongs to the family Paenibacillaceae, environmental niches, including mammals (Khianngam et al., inhabits a wide range of environmental niches. Here, we report 2012), the starch production industry (Kämpfer et al., 2006), the complete genome sequence of Cohnella sp. HS21, which fresh water (Shiratori et al., 2010), plant root nodules (Flores- was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Korean fir (Abies Félix et al., 2014), and soils (Huang et al., 2014; Lee et al., koreana) on the top of Halla Mountain in the Republic of 2015). We have recently isolated the bacterium strain HS21 Korea. Strain HS21 features a 7,059,027 bp circular chromo- some with 44.8% GC-content.
    [Show full text]
  • Cohnella Damensis Sp. Nov., a Motile Xylanolytic Bacteria Isolated from a Low Altitude Area in Tibet
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2010), 20(2), 410–414 doi: 10.4014/jmb.0903.03023 First published online 8 December 2009 Cohnella damensis sp. nov., a Motile Xylanolytic Bacteria Isolated from a Low Altitude Area in Tibet Luo, Xuesong, Zhang Wang, Jun Dai, Lei Zhang, and Chengxiang Fang* College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China Received: March 25, 2009 / Revised: August 20, 2009 / Accepted: September 22, 2009 A bacterial strain, 13-25T with xylanolytic activity isolated isolated from a patient with neutropenic fever [5, 12], from a single soil sample, was characterized with respect Cohnella laeviribosi with ability to produce a novel to its phenetic and phylogenetic characteristics. The cells thermophilic D-lyxose isomerase [3], the xylanolytic of the isolate are Gram-staining variable rods, but spore bacterium Cohnella panacarvi that has been effectively formation was not observed. This strain is catalase- and published [14], and Cohnella phaseoli isolated from root oxidase-positive, and able to degrade starch and xylan. nodules of Phaseolus coccineus [4], which indicated species The predominant fatty acids are anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, and in this genus can be retrieved from various habitats. In the iso-C16 : 0. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone present study, a single strain with xylanolytic activity from 7(MK-7), with a polar lipid profile consistent with the Tibet was isolated from a soil sample collected from an genus Cohnella. The DNA G+C content is 54.3 mol%. The 800 m altitude area. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicates that this organism belongs to the genus Cohnella, with Cohnella panacarvi as the closest phylogenetic neighbor.
    [Show full text]
  • Cohnella Algarum Sp. Nov., Isolated from a Freshwater Green Alga Paulinella Chromatophora
    TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION Lee and Jeon, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:4767–4772 DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.002377 Cohnella algarum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater green alga Paulinella chromatophora Yunho Lee and Che Ok Jeon* Abstract A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively aerobic and endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain Pch-40T, was isolated from a freshwater green alga, Paulinella chromatophora. Cells were motile rods with a monotrichous polar flagellum showing catalase- and oxidase-positive reactions. Strain Pch-40T grew at 20–50 C (optimum, 37–40 C), at pH 5.0–11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0–4.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Menaquinone-7 was detected as the sole isoprenoid quinone. T T The genomic DNA G+C content of strain Pch-40 was 55.6 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids of strain Pch-40 were C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Pch-40T clearly belonged to the genus Cohnella of the family Paenibacillaceae. Strain Pch-40T was most closely related to Cohnella rhizosphaerae CSE-5610T with a 96.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features and the phylogenetic inference clearly suggested that strain Pch-40T represents a novel species of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella algarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain Pch-40T (=KACC 19279T=JCM 32033T). The genus Cohnella, belonging to the family Paenibacilla- useful compounds for industry [14, 15].
    [Show full text]
  • Reorganising the Order Bacillales Through Phylogenomics
    Systematic and Applied Microbiology 42 (2019) 178–189 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Systematic and Applied Microbiology jou rnal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/syapm Reorganising the order Bacillales through phylogenomics a,∗ b c Pieter De Maayer , Habibu Aliyu , Don A. Cowan a School of Molecular & Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa b Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany c Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, University of Pretoria, South Africa a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Bacterial classification at higher taxonomic ranks such as the order and family levels is currently reliant Received 7 August 2018 on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and the presence of shared phenotypic characteristics. However, Received in revised form these may not be reflective of the true genotypic and phenotypic relationships of taxa. This is evident in 21 September 2018 the order Bacillales, members of which are defined as aerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacteria. Accepted 18 October 2018 However, some taxa are anaerobic, asporogenic and coccoid. 16S rRNA gene phylogeny is also unable to elucidate the taxonomic positions of several families incertae sedis within this order. Whole genome- Keywords: based phylogenetic approaches may provide a more accurate means to resolve higher taxonomic levels. A Bacillales Lactobacillales suite of phylogenomic approaches were applied to re-evaluate the taxonomy of 80 representative taxa of Bacillaceae eight families (and six family incertae sedis taxa) within the order Bacillales.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioenergy Feedstock-Specific Enrichment of Microbial Populations During High-Solids Thermophilic Deconstruction
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln US Department of Energy Publications U.S. Department of Energy 9-2011 Bioenergy Feedstock-Specific Enrichment of Microbial Populations During High-Solids Thermophilic Deconstruction Amitha P. Reddy Joint BioEnergy Institute, [email protected] Martin Allgaier Joint BioEnergy Institute Steven W. Singer Joint BioEnergy Institute, [email protected] Terry C. Hazen Joint BioEnergy Institute Blake A. Simmons Joint BioEnergy Institute, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdoepub Part of the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Reddy, Amitha P.; Allgaier, Martin; Singer, Steven W.; Hazen, Terry C.; Simmons, Blake A.; Hugenholtz, Philip; and VanderGheynst, Jean S., "Bioenergy Feedstock-Specific Enrichment of Microbial Populations During High-Solids Thermophilic Deconstruction" (2011). US Department of Energy Publications. 346. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdoepub/346 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Energy at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in US Department of Energy Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Amitha P. Reddy, Martin Allgaier, Steven W. Singer, Terry C. Hazen, Blake A. Simmons, Philip Hugenholtz, and Jean S. VanderGheynst This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ usdoepub/346 ARTICLE Bioenergy Feedstock-Specific Enrichment of Microbial Populations During High-Solids Thermophilic Deconstruction Amitha P. Reddy,1,2 Martin Allgaier,1,3 Steven W. Singer,1,4 Terry C. Hazen,1,4 Blake A. Simmons,1,5,6 Philip Hugenholtz,1,3,7 Jean S.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information for Latent Functional Diversity May Accelerate Microbial Community Responses to Environmental Fluctuation
    1 Supporting Information for 2 Latent functional diversity may accelerate microbial 3 community responses to environmental fluctuations 4 Thomas P. Smith, Shorok Mombrikotb, Emma Ransome, Dimitrios-Georgios Kontopoulos, Samraat Pawar, Thomas Bell 5 Contents 6 1 Details of isolated strains 1 7 2 Phylum differences seen in alternative datasets 3 8 3 Alternative model of trait evolution 3 9 1 Details of isolated strains 10 Full details of all the isolates and their taxonomy as determined through 16S sequencing is shown in 11 Table S1. Whilst there is taxonomic diversity in the isolates, there were also genetically similar isolates 12 (tentatively the same \species" or \ecotypes") which were obtained more than once. In particular, isolates 13 from the Bacillus cereus group, which consists of several genetically similar species - B. anthracis, B. 14 cereus, B. mycoides, B. thuringiensis and B. weihenstephanensis [Logan and Vos, 2015], were commonly 15 found across many temperature treatments. Their close genetic relatedness prevents 16S rDNA sequences 16 from being a good tool for accurate species delimitation [Ash et al., 1991], so taxonomy was assigned 17 based on phenotypic characteristics. B. mycoides were differentiated from other Bacillus cereus groups 18 strains by rhizoid colony architecture [Logan and Vos, 2015]. Strains displaying cold tolerance (growth at ◦ 19 5 C) were designated as B. weihenstephanensis [Lechner et al., 1998, Logan and Vos, 2015]. Finally, two 20 strains with highest BLAST matches to B. cereus, B. mycoides and B. weihenstephanensis but displaying 21 neither cold tolerance, nor rhizoid colonies, were designated B. cereus. Due to the high similarity of 16S 22 sequences across this group, these strains do not cluster into monophyletic species groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacillus Halosaccharovorans Sp. Nov., a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium from a Hypersaline Lake
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2013), 63, 2776–2781 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.046961-0 Bacillus halosaccharovorans sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from a hypersaline lake Maliheh Mehrshad,1 Mohammad Ali Amoozegar,1,2 Maryam Didari,1 Maryam Bagheri,1,2 Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh Fazeli,2,3 Peter Schumann,4 Cathrin Spro¨er,4 Cristina Sa´nchez-Porro5 and Antonio Ventosa5 Correspondence 1Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Center of M. A. Amoozegar Excellence in Phylogeny of living organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran [email protected] or 2Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Centre (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran [email protected] 3Department of Genetics, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran 4DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 5Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain A novel Gram-stain-positive, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain E33T, was isolated from water of the hypersaline lake Aran-Bidgol in Iran and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain E33T were motile rods and produced ellipsoidal endospores at a central or subterminal position in swollen sporangia. Strain E33T was a strictly aerobic bacterium, catalase- and oxidase-positive. The strain was able to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0.5–25 % (w/v), with optimum growth occurring at 5–15 % (w/v) NaCl. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were 40 6C and pH 7.5–8.0, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain E33T was shown to belong to the genus Bacillus within the phylum Firmicutes and showed the closest phylogenetic similarity with the species Bacillus niabensis 4T19T (99.2 %), Bacillus herbersteinensis D-1-5aT (97.3 %) and Bacillus litoralis SW-211T (97.2 %).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Niche Separation in Methanol Consuming Bacteria isolated from Trees and Plants David Williams July 29, 2010 Abstract Similar organisms are consistently sampled from the same habitats. How does habitat heterogeneity determine local biological diversity? There are many ecological parameters (temperature, pH, redox substrates, re- source competition, etc.) which may simultaneously determine the suit- ability of a particular organism, and therefore the local organismal diver- sity, making this a dicult question to answer. The surfaces of plants and trees constitute a large potential habitat for microbial life providing diverse, energy rich substrates but also varied environmental challenges to potential colonisers. A genetically and phenotypically diverse group of or- ganisms was isolated from leaves, tree bark and soil by an oxic enrichment strategy providing methanol as the only electron donor. Each inoculum was dominated by a particular group, so given that they can all grow on methanol, which ecological factors determined this spatial heterogeneity? Carbon substrate useage versatility, tolerance of ultra violet radiation and dessication and coloration were investigated as potential determinants. Part I Introduction Why is there biological diversity? Hutchinson popularised the ecological niche concept [2] as a hyper volume in high dimensional space where each dimension represents an environmental parameter. The volume is dened by the range in each dimension in which the organism can grow. Two dierent organisms cannot occupy an identical niche space in a limited system and in this context the concept can be applied to tness determinants for evolving organisms. Biological evolution is one way of dening life: a change of inherited traits over generations. An alternative is that of metabolism: the set of chemical reactions allowing maintainence of the low entropy associated with living matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Bees and Their Symbionts Online Resource 2 Supplemental Information Manuscrip
    Article submitted to the Special Issue of Insects: Bees and Their Symbionts Online Resource 2 Supplemental Information Manuscript title: Microbial diversity associated with the pollen stores of captive-bred bumble bee colonies Prarthana S. Dharampal1*, Luis Diaz-Garcia2, 3, Max A. B. Haase4, Juan Zalapa2, 5, Cameron R. Currie6, Chris Todd Hittinger4, Shawn A. Steffan1, 5 1 Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, USA 2 Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, USA 3 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias, Aguascalientes 20676, Mexico. 4 Laboratory of Genetics, Genome Center of Wisconsin, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, USA 5 USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crop Research Unit, Madison 53706, USA, 6 Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Insects 2020, 11, 250; doi:10.3390/insects11040250 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Table 1. Unique OTUs, taxonomy, and sequence read number. Each row is a unique OTU, and each column is a pollen provision library. Fungal_OTU_0.03. Group Taxonomy A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 B4 Otu0001 k__Fungi;p__Ascomycota;c__Saccharomycetes;o__Saccharomycetales;f__Saccharomycetales_fam_Incertae_sedis;g__Candida;s__Candida_magnoliae;Candida_magnoliae; 2140 2921 167 23948 41070 17571 68106 Otu0002 k__Fungi;p__Ascomycota;c__Saccharomycetes;o__Saccharomycetales;f__Saccharomycetales_fam_Incertae_sedis;g__Candida;s__Candida_magnoliae;Candida_magnoliae;
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of the Production and Partial Characterization of an Extracellular Alkaline Protease from Thermo-Halo-Alkalophilic Lonar Lake Bacteria
    Bioscience Discovery, 4(1): 30-38, Jan. 2013 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print) OPTIMIZATION OF THE PRODUCTION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EXTRACELLULAR ALKALINE PROTEASE FROM THERMO-HALO-ALKALOPHILIC LONAR LAKE BACTERIA Sandhya D Tambekar1 and D H Tambekar2 1Department of Microbiology, D.B. Science College, Gondia -441614 (India) 2Post Graduate Department of Microbiology, S.G.B. Amravati University, Amravati – 444604 (India) [email protected] ABSTRACT LONAR Lake, an impact crater located in the Buldhana district of Maharashtra State, India is occupied by saline water and harbors various unidentified, unique haloalkaliphilic bacterial bacillus species which produces thermo-halo-alkaliphilic proteases. The present study deals with the isolation, production dynamics, purification, characterization and optimization of a protease from Bacillus pseudofirmus, Cohnella thermotolerans and Bacillus odysseyi isolated and identified by 16S rRNA ribotyping from the Alkaline Lonar Lake. The Bacillus pseudofirmus, Cohnella thermotolerans and Bacillus odysseyi produced protease at maximum rate after 72 h of incubation at 370C with agitation speed of 120 rpm and 5% of starter culture. The best carbon sources for this Bacillus pseudofirmus, Cohnella thermotolerans and Bacillus odysseyi were fructose, maltose, starch and lactose respectively where as the best nitrogen sources were yeast extract, soy tone and soyabean cake respectively. While the most effective inorganic nitrogen sources was ammonium carbonate for Bacillus pseudofirmus, Cohnella thermotolerans and urea for Bacillus odysseyi. Supplementation of the culture medium with amino acid L-glutamic acid for Bacillus pseudofirmus and L-glycine for Cohnella thermotolerans and Bacillus odysseyi and metal ion Mg2+ for all the three bacillus species improved the protease production substantially. Under these conditions, newly isolated Bacillus pseudofirmus, Cohnella thermotolerans and Bacillus odysseyi strain were found to produce alkaline proteases at a maximum rate of optimum pH 10 and temperature at 750C.
    [Show full text]
  • Cohnella Rhizosphaerae Sp. Nov., Isolated from the Rhizosphere Environment of Zea Mays
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2014), 64, 1811–1816 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.060814-0 Cohnella rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere environment of Zea mays Peter Ka¨mpfer,1 Stefanie P. Glaeser,1 John A. McInroy2 and Hans-Ju¨rgen Busse3 Correspondence 1Institut fu¨r Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universita¨t Giessen, Peter Ka¨mpfer D-35392 Giessen, Germany [email protected] 2Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA giessen.de 3Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institut fu¨r Bakteriologie, Mykologie und Hygiene, Veterina¨rmedizinische Universita¨t, Wien, Austria A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, non-endospore forming organism, isolated as a seed endophyte (colonizing the internal healthy tissue of plant seed) of sweet corn (Zea mays), strain CSE-5610T, was studied for its taxonomic allocation. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain CSE-5610T was grouped into the genus Cohnella, most closely related to Cohnella ginsengisoli GR21-5T (98.1 %) and ‘Cohnella plantaginis’ YN-83 (97.5 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to other members of the genus Cohnella was ,96.6 %. DNA– DNA hybridization of strain CSE-5610T with C. ginsengisoli DSM 18997T and ‘C. plantaginis’ DSM 25424 was 58 % (reciprocal 24 %) and 30 % (reciprocal 27 %), respectively. The fatty acid profile from whole cell hydrolysates supported the allocation of the strain to the genus Cohnella; iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids were found as major compounds. meso-Diaminopimelic acid was identified as the cell-wall diamino acid. The quinone system consisted predominantly of menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phospha- tidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminophospholipids, a phospholipid and minor amounts of two polar lipids.
    [Show full text]