DOCSLIB.ORG

Lecture 19 Chapter 13: Applications and Processing of Ceramics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lecture 19 Chapter 13: Applications and Processing of Ceramics ENGR 151 Materials of Engineering LECTURE 19 CHAPTER 13: APPLICATIONS AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS TOPICS TO ADDRESS... • How do we classify ceramics? • What are some applications of ceramics? • How is processing of ceramics different than for metals? 2 CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS 3 CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS Ceramic Materials Glasses Clay Refractories Abrasives Cements Advanced products ceramics -optical -whiteware -bricks for -sandpaper -composites -engine - composite - structural high T - cutting - structural rotors reinforce (furnaces) - polishing valves - containers/ bearings Adapted from Fig. 13.1 and discussion in household Section 13.2-8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. -sensors 4 CERAMICS APPLICATION: DIE BLANKS • Die blanks: die A d tensile -- Need wear resistant properties! A o force die • Die surface: Adapted from Fig. 11.9(d), Callister & Rethwisch 9e. -- 4 μm polycrystalline diamond particles that are sintered onto a cemented tungsten carbide substrate. -- polycrystalline diamond gives uniform hardness in all directions to reduce wear. Courtesy Martin Deakins, GE Superabrasives, Worthington, OH. Used with permission. 5 CERAMICS APPLICATION: CUTTING TOOLS • Tools: -- for grinding glass, tungsten, carbide, ceramics -- for cutting Si wafers -- for oil drilling • Materials: oil drill bits blades -- manufactured single crystal or polycrystalline diamonds Single crystal diamonds in a metal or resin matrix. -- polycrystalline diamonds polycrystalline resharpen by microfracturing diamonds in a resin along cleavage planes. matrix. Photos courtesy Martin Deakins, GE Superabrasives, Worthington, OH. Used with permission. 6 CERAMICS APPLICATION: SENSORS • Example: ZrO as an oxygen sensor 2 Ca 2+ • Principle: Increase diffusion rate of oxygen to produce rapid response of sensor signal to change in oxygen concentration • Approach: A substituting Ca2+ ion 4+ removes a Zr ion and Add Ca impurity to ZrO2: an O2- ion. -- increases O2- vacancies -- increases O2- diffusion rate • Operation: sensor -- voltage difference produced when gas with an reference O2- ions diffuse from the external unknown, higher gas at fixed O 2- oxygen content oxygen content surface through the sensor to the diffusion reference gas surface. -- magnitude of voltage difference + - partial pressure of oxygen at the voltage difference produced! external surface 7 GLASSES GLASS-CERAMICS • Transformation from amorphous state to crystalline state via a process called crystallization. • Fine-grained polycrystalline material – glass- ceramic. • Grain formation is via a phase transformation. • Properties: • High mechanical strength • Low coefficients of thermal expansion • Relatively high temperature capabilities • Good dielectric properties (electrical insulators) • Good biological properties • Can be made optically transparent • E.g. Pyroceram, CorningWare, Cercor, Vision REFRACTORIES • Materials that withstand high temperatures without melting or decomposing (chemically, for example). • Unreactive and inert when exposed to severe environments. • Ability to provide thermal insulation. • Applications: • Furnace linings for metal refining • Glass manufacturing • Metallurgical heat treatment • Power generation 10 REFRACTORIES 11 REFRACTORIES • Materials to be used at high temperatures (e.g., in high temperature furnaces). • Consider the Silica (SiO2) - Alumina (Al2O3) system. • Silica refractories - silica rich - small additions of alumina depress melting temperature (phase diagram) and must be minimized: 2200 3Al2O3-2SiO2 T(ºC) mullite 2000 Liquid (L) alumina + L 1800 Fig. 12.25, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. mullite [Adapted from F. J. Klug, S. Prochazka, and crystobalite alumina R. H. Doremus, “Alumina–Silica Phase + L Diagram in the Mullite Region,” J. Am. + L + Ceram. Soc., 70[10], 758 (1987). Reprinted 1600 mullite by permission of the American Ceramic mullite Society.] + crystobalite 1400 0 20 40 60 80 100 Composition (wt% alumina) 12 REFRACTORIES – ABRASIVES AND CEMENTS • Abrasives: Used to wear, grind or cut away softer material. • E.g.: • Diamond (natural and synthetic) – expensive • Silicon carbide, tungsten carbide (WC), aluminum oxide (corundum), silica sand • Cements: when mixed with water, form a paste that eventually sets and hardens. • E.g. Portland cement 13 ADVANCED CERAMICS: MATERIALS FOR AUTOMOBILE ENGINES Advantages: • Disadvantages: Operate at high – Ceramic materials are temperatures – high brittle efficiencies – Difficult to remove internal Low frictional losses voids (that weaken structures) Operate without a cooling system – Ceramic parts are difficult to form and machine Lower weights than current engines • Potential candidate materials: Si3N4, SiC, & ZrO2 • Possible engine parts: engine block & piston coatings 14 ADVANCED CERAMICS: MATERIALS FOR CERAMIC ARMOR Components: -- Outer facing plates -- Backing sheet Properties/Materials: -- Facing plates -- hard and brittle — fracture high-velocity projectile — Al2O3, B4C, SiC, TiB2 -- Backing sheets -- soft and ductile — deform and absorb remaining energy — aluminum, synthetic fiber laminates 15 ADVANCED CERAMICS: MEMS • Microelectromechanical Systems • Miniaturized smart systems – highly integrated • Fabrication techniques – similar to integrated circuits 16 NANOCARBONS Fullerenes – spherical cluster of 60 carbon atoms, C60 Like a soccer ball Carbon nanotubes – sheet of graphite rolled into a tube Ends capped with fullerene hemispheres Fig. 12.19, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Fig. 13.7, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. 17 NANOCARBONS (CONT.) Graphene – single-atomic-layer of graphite composed of hexagonally sp2 bonded carbon atoms Fig. 13.9, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. 18 NANOCARBONS (CONT.) Applications: Medicine, textiles, alloys, springs, coatings and films, radar absorption material, electronics 19 CERAMIC FABRICATION METHODS 20 CERAMIC FABRICATION METHODS (I) GLASS PARTICULATE CEMENTATION FORMING FORMING • Blowing of Glass Bottles: • Pressing: plates, cheap glasses Pressing Gob -- glass formed by application of operation pressure Parison -- mold is steel with graphite mold lining • Fiber drawing: Compressed air Suspended parison Finishing wind up mold Fig. 13.13, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. (Adapted from C.J. Phillips, Glass: The Miracle Maker. Reproduced by permission of Pittman Publishing Ltd., London.) 21 SHEET GLASS FORMING Sheet forming – continuous casting sheets are formed by floating the molten glass on a pool of molten tin Fig. 13.14, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. (Courtesy of Pilkington Group Limited.) 22 GLASS STRUCTURE • Basic Unit: Glass is noncrystalline (amorphous) 4- • Fused silica is SiO2 to which no Si0 4 tetrahedron impurities have been added Si 4+ • Other common glasses contain O 2 - impurity ions such as Na+, Ca2+, Al3+, and B3+ • Quartz is crystalline Na + SiO2: Si 4+ O 2 - (soda glass) Adapted from Fig. 12.11, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. 23 GLASS PROPERTIES • Specific volume (1/ρ) vs Temperature (T ): • Crystalline materials: Specific volume -- crystallize at melting temp, Tm -- have abrupt change in spec. Supercooled Liquid vol. at T Liquid (disordered) m Glass • Glasses: (amorphous solid) -- do not crystallize Crystalline -- change in slope in spec. vol. curve at (i.e., ordered) solid glass transition temperature, Tg T Tg Tm -- transparent - no grain boundaries to scatter light Adapted from Fig. 13.11, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. 24 GLASS PROPERTIES: VISCOSITY • Viscosity, η: -- relates shear stress (τ) and velocity gradient (dv/dy): τ dy dv glass dv dy τ velocity gradient η has units of (Pa-s) 25 LOG GLASS VISCOSITY VS. TEMPERATURE • soda-lime glass: 70% SiO • Viscosity decreases with T 2 balance Na2O (soda) & CaO (lime) • borosilicate (Pyrex): 13% B2O3, 3.5% Na2O, 2.5% Al2O3 • Vycor: 96% SiO2, 4% B2O3 • fused silica: > 99.5 wt% SiO2 14 s] 10 strain point - annealing point 10 10 10 6 Working range: glass-forming carried out 2 10 Fig. 13.12, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Viscosity [Pa Viscosity Tmelt (From E.B. Shand, Engineering Glass, 1 Modern Materials, Vol. 6, Academic Press, 200 600 1000 1400 1800 T(ºC) New York, 1968, p. 262.) 26 HEAT TREATING GLASS • Annealing: -- removes internal stresses caused by uneven cooling (thermal stresses due to poor thermal conductivity). • Tempering: -- puts surface of glass part into compression -- suppresses growth of cracks from surface scratches. -- sequence: before cooling initial cooling at room temp. cooler compression hot hot tension cooler compression -- Result: surface crack growth is suppressed. 27 CERAMIC FABRICATION METHODS (IIA) GLASS PARTICULATE CEMENTATION FORMING FORMING Hydroplastic forming: • Mill (grind) and screen constituents: desired particle size • Mix with water • Extrude this mass (e.g., into a brick) A o container die holder force Fig. 11.9 (c), ram billet extrusion A d Callister & Rethwisch 9e. container die • Dry and fire the formed piece • E.g. Brick, tiles, pipes, ceramic blocks 28 CERAMIC FABRICATION METHODS (IIA) GLASS PARTICULATE CEMENTATION FORMING FORMING Slip casting: • Mill (grind) and screen constituents: desired particle size • Mix with water and other constituents to form slip • Slip casting operation pour slip absorb water pour slip drain “green into mold into mold into mold mold ceramic” Fig. 13.17, Callister “green & Rethwisch 9e. ceramic” (From W.D. Kingery, Introduction to Ceramics, Copyright © 1960 by John Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) solid component hollow component • Dry and fire the cast piece 29 TYPICAL PORCELAIN COMPOSITION (50%) 1. Clay (25%) 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Compositions and Durabilities of Glasses for Immobilization of Plutonium and Uranium IU)
    Compositions and Durabilities of Glasses for Immobilization of Plutonium and Uranium IU) by W. G. Ramsey Westinghouse Savannah River Company Savannah River Site Aiken, South Carolina 29808 N. E. BiMer T. F. Meaker A document prepared for WASTE MANAGEMENT '95 CONFERENCE-PAPER FOR PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS ONLY-ABSTRACT WAS APPROVED 10-13-94. at Tucson from 02/26/95 - 03/02/95. DOE Contract No. DE-AC09-89SR18035 This paper was prepared in connection with work done under the above contract number with the U. S. Department of Energy. By acceptance of this paper, the publisher and/or recipient acknowledges the U. S. Government's right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper, along with the right to reproduce and to authorize others to reproduce all or part of the copyrighted paper. DISCL.RMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or-usefklness of any information, apparatus, product, or pro~essdisclosed, or represents that its would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,use process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessariiy state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryogenic Properties of Inorganic Insulation Materials for Iter Magnets: a Review
    NIST PUBLICATIONS! AlllQM SSLbSS United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration r\iisr National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTIR 5030 CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC INSULATION MATERIALS FOR ITER MAGNETS: A REVIEW N.J. Simon f ^ QC 100 .056 NO. 5030 1994 k., J i NISTIR 5030 CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC INSULATION MATERIALS FOR ITER MAGNETS: A REVIEW N.J. Simon Materials Reliability Division Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328 Sponsored by: Department of Energy Office of Fusion Energy Washington, DC 20545 December 1 994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Ronald H. Brown, Secretary TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION, Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, Arati Prabhakar, Director p p p p p t I > I I I I I I I 8 I I . CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC INSULATION MATERIALS FOR ITER MAGNETS: A REVIEW Simon*N.J. * National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80303 Results of a literature search on the cryogenic properties of candidate inorganic insulators for the ITER'*’ TF* magnets are include: O AlN, MgO, reported. The materials investigated AI 2 3 , and mica. A graphical presentation porcelain, Si02 , MgAl20^, Zr02 , is given of mechanical, elastic, electrical, and thermal proper- ties between 4 and 300 K. A companion report* reviews the low temperature irradiation resistance of these materials. Key words: cryogenic properties, electrical properties, inorganic insulation, ITER magnets, mechanical properties, thermal properties FOREWORD For insulator downselection and design, data are required on the 4-K com- pressive and shear strengths and the electrical breakdown strength.
    [Show full text]
  • Glass Industry of the Future the Unique Properties and Cost-Effectiveness of Glass Have Helped Establish and Maintain Its the U.S
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was written by Joan L. Pellegrino of Energetics, Inc. in Columbia, MD. It was prepared under the general direction of Lou Sousa, Industrial Technologies (IT) Program Office, U.S. Department of Energy, in cooperation with Elliott Levine, IT’s Glass Team Leader. Technical guidance and review of the report were provided by the following individuals: Michael Greenman Marv Gridley Glass Industry Manufacturing Council Saint-Gobain Containers, Inc. C. Philip Ross Dan Wishnick Glass Industry Consultants Combustion Tec Jim Shell Derek J. McCracken Techneglas American Minerals, Inc. Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Glass Industry April 2002 Prepared by Incorporated Columbia, Maryland Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Industrial Technologies NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • NANOPOROUS Sio2/VYCOR MEMBRANES for AIR SEPARATION
    Copyright Warning & Restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a, user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use” that user may be liable for copyright infringement, This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. Please Note: The author retains the copyright while the New Jersey Institute of Technology reserves the right to distribute this thesis or dissertation Printing note: If you do not wish to print this page, then select “Pages from: first page # to: last page #” on the print dialog screen The Van Houten library has removed some of the personal information and all signatures from the approval page and biographical sketches of theses and dissertations in order to protect the identity of NJIT graduates and faculty. ABSTRACT NANOPOROUS SiO2/VYCOR MEMBRANES FOR AIR SEPARATION by Mihir Tungare Porous Vycor tubes with 40Å initial pore diameter were modified using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of silicon dioxide (Si0 2). Diethylsilane (DES) in conjunction with nitrous oxide (N20) was used as a precursor to synthesize these SiO 2 films.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Original List
    In an effort to assist Affordable Housing Pilot Projects and all other projects attempting the Living Building Challenge Materials Petal, the International Living Future Institute has created a resource to address common material questions. The Institute has compiled brief summaries of the requirements for each CSI MasterFormat section listed below, also with common issues and applicable Exceptions. This resource is intended to assist project teams with product selection and is considered a supplement to the Materials Petal Handbook and Dialogue. The list of products below has been categorized into three main categories: Declare Products: Products with a Declaration Status of Red List Free or LBC Compliant are listed below; all applicable products listed with an active Declare label as of September 2016 are included. The Declare products listed below do not require any additional documentation for the Red List Imperative, since they are listed as Red List Free and LBC Compliant. Wood products may also need to provide FSC Chain-of-Custody numbers or salvage documentation for the Responsible Industry Imperative. Cradle to Cradle Products: Products with a C2C Materials Health Certification level of Silver or higher are listed below. Cradle to Cradle Silver+ products are likely to be Red List Free, but require the the project request full ingredient disclosure from manufacturers. Project List Products: Products listed under the Product List column have been successfully vetted by previous project teams and may be a lead to a compliant product. These products still require full ingredient vetting and project teams must contact manufacturers regarding full ingredient disclosure and Red List compliance.
    [Show full text]
  • Instractions for the Preparation of Camera-Ready Manuscripts For
    JLMN-Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering Vol. 15, No. 2, 2020 Invited Paper Advances of Laser Welding Technology of Glass -Science and Technology- Isamu Miyamoto1,2, Kristian Cvecek2,3, Michael Schmidt2,3,4 1 Osaka University, Department of Manufacturing science, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Erlangen Graduate School of Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany 3Friedrich-Alexander-Universiät Erlangen Nürenberg, Paul-Gordan Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany 4 Bayerisches Laserzentum, Konrad-Zuse Str. 2-6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany Advances of laser welding technology of glass by continuous wave (CW), ns pulse, and ultrashort pulse (USP) lasers are overviewed in the past two decades from scientific and technological points of view. A novel thermal stress model shows that crack prevention in laser welding of glass depends on whether or not the molten pool has a free-surface. In glass/glass welding by CW laser, crack-free- welding is limited to glass having small coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) due to the shrinkage stress, since the molten pool has a free-surface. In glass/glass welding by USP laser, crack-free-weld- ing is available independently of glass’s CTE if the gap between glass substrates is small, since non- linear absorption process produces a molten pool having no free-surface so that the shrinkage stress is suppressed. Technical efforts to increase the bridgable gap without cracks using USP laser are demonstrated. In dissimilar welding of glass/metal (or glass/Si), successful weld joint can be obtained using ns and USP lasers by suppressing the melt splash of metal (or Si).
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Ball Published by the National Cambridge Collectors, Inc
    Cambridge Crystal Ball Published by the National Cambridge Collectors, Inc. as a resource which informs, invites and inspires people to encourage the continued preservation of the glass produced by the Cambridge Glass Company of Cambridge, Ohio for future generations. Issue No. 480 August 2014 2014 Phyllis Smith Award Each year, your Board of Directors selects a wor- thy candidate to receive the prestigious Phyllis Smith Award . Honoring one of the greatest volunteers that helped shape NCC into the top preservation organiza- tion it is today, this award is presented annually to rec- ognize great achievements or long-term contributions of a member in behalf of NCC . This year, we are honored to recognize two worthy members for their contributions . Joe Miller has been a member for nearly 20 years . Throughout this time, he has been extremely supportive NCC depends on the spirit of volunteerism, and of his wife Sharon’s involvement with NCC . Sharon’s acknowledges the work of all of our volunteers . This involvement rubbed off and led Joe to support NCC year we want to thank Joe Miller (left) and Mike Strebler in a variety of roles at the Museum . Joe helps with the (right) . annual winter cleaning of the glass and showcases, He also works year round on maintenance projects at both What’s Inside the museum and storage building . Joe is always ready to pitch in as needed . 2014 Phyllis Smith Award . 1 Presidents’s Message . 3 Mike Strebler has been a member for nearly 25 years . 2015 Auction Consignment Procedures . 4 He served on the Board of Directors for 12 years, and Convention 2014 Stems .
    [Show full text]
  • Care and Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware Care and Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware
    Care and Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware Care and Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware CONTENTS Glass: The Invisible Container . 1 Glass Technical Data . 2 PYREX ® Glassware . 2 PYREXPLUS ® Glassware . 2 PYREX Low Actinic Glassware . 2 VYCOR ® Glassware . 2 Suggestions for Safe Use of PYREX Glassware . 3 Safely Using Chemicals . 3 Safely Handling Glassware . 3 Heating and Cooling . 4 Autoclaving . 4 Mixing and Stirring . 5 Using Stopcocks . 5 Joining and Separating Glass Apparatus . 5 Using Rubber Stoppers . 6 Vacuum Applications . 6 Suggestions for Safe Use of PYREXPLUS Glassware . 6 Exposure to Heat . 7 Exposure to Cold . 7 Exposure to Chemicals . 7 Exposure to Ultraviolet . 7 Exposure to Microwave . 7 Exposure to Vacuum . 7 Autoclaving . 7 Labeling and Marking . 8 Suggestions for Safe Use of Fritted Glassware . 8 Selecting Fritted Glassware . 8 Proper Care of Fritted Ware . 8 Suggestions for Safe Use of Volumetric Glassware . 9 Types of Volumetric Glassware . 9 Calibrated Glassware Markings . 9 Reading Volumetric Glassware . 9 Suggestions for Cleaning and Storing Glassware . 10 Safety Considerations . 10 Cleaning PYREX Glassware . 10 Cleaning PYREXPLUS Glassware . 12 Cleaning Cell Culture Glassware . 12 Rinsing, Drying and Storing Glassware . 13 Glass Terminology . 13 Care and Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware GLASS: THE INVISIBLE MATERIAL Q PYREX glassware comes in a wide variety of laboratory shapes, sizes and degrees of accuracy — a design to meet From the 16th century to today, chemical researchers have used every experimental need. glass containers for a very basic reason: the glass container is transparent, almost invisible and so its contents and reactions While we feel PYREX laboratory glassware is the best all- within it are clearly visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Femtosecond Laser 3D Fabrication in Porous Glass for Micro- and Nanofluidic Applications
    Micromachines 2014, 5, 1106-1134; doi:10.3390/mi5041106 OPEN ACCESS micromachines ISSN 2072-666X www.mdpi.com/journal/micromachines Review Femtosecond Laser 3D Fabrication in Porous Glass for Micro- and Nanofluidic Applications Yang Liao and Ya Cheng * State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-211, Shanghai 201800, China; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-21-6991-8546; Fax: +86-21-6991-8021. External Editors: Maria Farsari and Costas Fotakis Received: 9 October 2014; in revised form: 22 October 2014 / Accepted: 22 October 2014 / Published: 17 November 2014 Abstract: The creation of complex three-dimensional (3D) fluidic systems composed of hollow micro- and nanostructures embedded in transparent substrates has attracted significant attention from both scientific and applied research communities. However, it is by now still a formidable challenge to build 3D micro- and nanofluidic structures with arbitrary configurations using conventional planar lithographic fabrication methods. As a direct and maskless fabrication technique, femtosecond laser micromachining provides a straightforward approach for high-precision, spatially-selective, modification inside transparent materials through nonlinear optical absorption. In this paper, we demonstrate rapid fabrication of high-aspect-ratio micro- and/or nanofluidic structures with various 3D configurations by femtosecond laser direct writing in porous glass substrates. Based on this approach, we demonstrate several functional micro- and nanofluidic devices including a 3D passive microfluidic mixer, a capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis chip, and an integrated micro-nanofluidic system for single DNA analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Flow Photochemistry: Old Light Through New Windows
    Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows Jonathan P. Knowles, Luke D. Elliott and Kevin I. Booker-Milburn* Review Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2025–2052. School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.229 BS8 1TS, UK. Received: 31 August 2012 Email: Accepted: 29 October 2012 Kevin I. Booker-Milburn* - [email protected] Published: 21 November 2012 * Corresponding author Associate Editor: C. Stephenson Keywords: © 2012 Knowles et al; licensee Beilstein-Institut. cycloaddition; flow chemistry; photocatalysis; photochemistry; License and terms: see end of document. photooxygenation Abstract Synthetic photochemistry carried out in classic batch reactors has, for over half a century, proved to be a powerful but under- utilised technique in general organic synthesis. Recent developments in flow photochemistry have the potential to allow this tech- nique to be applied in a more mainstream setting. This review highlights the use of flow reactors in organic photochemistry, allowing a comparison of the various reactor types to be made. Introduction The use of ultraviolet light to carry out bond-forming reactions the application of photochemistry in synthesis were reported. in synthetic organic chemistry has a long history dating back to Eaton's cubane synthesis [4], Corey's synthesis of carophyllene the mid-19th century. The observation by Trommsdorff [1] that alcohol [5,6] and Wender's synthesis of cedrene [7] are just crystals of the sesquiterpene santonin would literally burst open three outstanding examples to highlight. Photochemistry has upon exposure to sunlight can perhaps be considered as the also made the transition to industrial-scale synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Materials Compatability
    Materials Compatibility http://www.coleparmer.com/techinfo/ChemComp.asp http://www.catpumps.com/pdfs/Catalogs/CHEM-COMP-GUIDE.pdf http://www.mljco.com/reference_charts.pdf http://www.hargravesfluidics.com/chemical_compatibility.php http://siliconerubber.com/compchart.asp http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/chemical/resources_links/chemical_compatibility/compatinfo. htm http://www.grainger.com/tps/pumps_chemical_compatibility.pdf?cm_sp=Content-_- PDF-_-pumps_chemical_compatibility Where do I get this stuff? http://www.mcmaster.com/# Principle #1: Nothing is inert to everything. Choose Materials Appropriate to the task at hand. General types of materials found in a lab: Glass Soda-lime glass Most storage and container bottles, including vials, are made of soda-lime glass. These are readily attacked by concentrated hydroxide solutions. Due to the high coefficient of thermal expansion, molded glass objects of soda-lime glass shatter easily on heating. Borosilicate (Pyrex, Kimax, etc) The addition of borax to soda-lime glass makes it much more chemical resistant and relatively insensitive to thermal shattering. Most lab glassware is made of it. Popular trade names are Pyrex, Kimax, QVF, among others. Hot concentrated hydroxide solutions attack it, but it is resistant to all known acids, except hydrofluoric acid. Avoid acidic fluoride solutions in glass, as it will etch or completely dissolve away the glass. A fluoride reaction in a roundbottom flask will leave it thin as paper. Always use teflon sleeves with standard taper glassware when working with hydroxide solutions; it will permanently glue together all the wetted joints if not separated by teflon. Never heat crystallizing dishes, even of borosilicate glass, as the right angle of the wall with the bottom cannot tolerate even the small amount of differential expansion.
    [Show full text]
  • Trademark List
    INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK ASSOCIATION’S TRADEMARK CHECKLIST This Trademark Checklist has been compiled by the International Trademark Association (INTA) to assist authors, writers, journalists/editors, proofreaders and fact checkers with proper trademark usage. It includes listings for nearly 3,000 registered trademarks and service marks with their generic terms and indicates capitalization and punctuation. Due to space limitations, it was not possible to identify all of the products or services for which many of these registered trademarks are used. In some instances only the item or service for which the mark is most well known or a product category description has been provided. If a word is not listed, please contact INTA's Trademark Hotline by email [email protected], phone (212) 768-9886 or fax (212) 768-7796 - to access information with respect to spelling, style and generic terminology. INTA's Trademark Hotline, a free service for the media, is available weekdays (excluding holidays) between the hours of 2:00 and 5:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time. The Trademark Checklist is intended to serve as a general guide for proper trademark usage and is not an endorsement of any mark by INTA. It is NOT an all-inclusive listing of trademarks and service marks. INTA welcomes comments on the Trademark Checklist but disclaims responsibility for its accuracy or the non- inclusion of any trademark. While the Trademark Checklist exclusively lists trademarks federally registered in the United States, we hope it will serve as an indicator of proper trademark usage in other parts of the world. Additional resources include the print version of the Trademark Checklist.
    [Show full text]