Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum

M E M OI R S

OF THE

CA RN E GI E MU SE U M .

l Vo . . VI No . 5 .

T G THE H THE CA ALO OF FOSSIL FIS ES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

T T T THE T PAR II . SUPPLEMEN O CA ALOG OF FISHES FROM THE R T UPPE EOCENE OF MON E BOLCA .

BY . C . R EASTMAN .

— (Plates XLIII XLVIIA) .

When of 1 1 , in the spring the year 9 0, a systematic investigation of the fossil fishes in the Carnegie Museum was undertaken by the present writer on the in i i i l t at ve of . . . H the Director , Dr W J o land, attention was first directed to the e r markably fine series of specimens from the Upper Eocene of Monte Bolca, near u Verona, in northern Italy . What was then s pposed to be the entire suite of

’ to material belonging the Museum passed through the writer s hands , for the f r o xh . T s pu pose being identiﬁed, labeled , cataloged, and in part e ibited hi done , n l f f an accou t of the co lection o Bolca ﬁshes , illustrated by a number o plates , was 1 published in the Fourth Volume of the Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum . Subsequently it was fortunately discovered that the paleichthyological

f The s resources o the Museum were greater than had been supposed . di covery

s r e- of aleonto was made by Mr . O . A . Peter on , who in arranging a large quantity p ” logical material in storage , came across a case of fossils marked Bayet Collection . Thi s box was found to contain a number of unusually well preserved specimens of

f ur l fishes from Monte Bolca , some o them having already serve d the p pose of il us tr tin a g the Veronese fauna in an earlier publication , and therefore ranking as 2 h ot fi ffi u yp yp es . It can be con dently a rmed witho t exaggeration that in point

“ 1 M Eo of a a o of ssi is in a us um a 1 . is s m C t l g Fo l F hes the C rnegie e , P rt F he fro the Upper cene ” M m i i M m l 1 M Bo a. o s Ca us u Vo . I 191 No . 7 . onte lc e r rneg e e , V, ,

2 ‘ T r su ori i a x m a s am Am histium a adoxum E hi us r hombeus and Rhombus h ee ch g n l e e pl r , n ely, p p r , p pp ,

M l n in hi M m i i imen Pkoto r a hicumAnimalium i mus ﬁ ur A . B mi n d b . assa o o s o d S e , were g e y g e r ent tle p c g p

’

m ssil A 1 . uor und am Plantar u ue Fo zum i Ver onensi s etc . o a 859 q q gr , , Ver n , 3 15 316 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

s h ot es u as . 5305 of excellence of , pre ervation , one of these yp yp , that catalog ed No , is unsurpassed by any fossil ﬁsh from this locality which has thus far been brought

Th s su o f f ss to light . e following page are pplementary to Part I the Catalog o Fo il

Fishes from Monte Bolca in the Carnegie Museum .

Subclass ELASMOBRANCHII .

T Y I Family R GON DzE .

Tr . 1 . ygon muricata (Volta)

(Plate XLIII) .

' i Itt oli . B r n ﬁ 1 mum a ta . . o 796 . Ra a c G t e ese . 37 . s . 1 2 . j S Volta , , p , pl ix , g ,

’

1 1 T i ul ar i H D . u D Hi 8 8 . r onobat s v s . No v . . d st . . xx n yg g de Blainville , ict Nat , v ,

6 . p . 33

1 hr 2 835 . Tr on azz olw . ss u a b . . 47 . yg g L Aga iz , Ne es J , p 1 l Tr on azz ol P i . s o . . 2 . 84 . V 3 oe . o ss 38 yg g L Agassiz , Fos , III , p

1 2 . Ale a r i z r 8 x n i . 6 d num s . R t un sbe . . s . p Molin , S g Akad Wis Wien , Vol . XLII , p .

579 . 1 4 ' 87 . Alexandrinum olimi Zi . I i m . n 2 o R . st t . . . 89 A de g , Mem Veneto , Vol XVIII , p ,

PI. XII .

1 Tr l . Zi n l 874 . on azz o 1 w o . c . . 80 yg g A de g , , p

1894 . Tr on Toemur r i k l i a mu cata . ae e D e eocanen om M yg ( ) O J , Selachier v onte ”

142 . ﬁ . 2 3 . Bolca, p , pl iv, g .

1 4 r 90 . T on mur i catu s . R . s u . Mu . . Z . . 23 . yg C Ea tman , B ll s Comp ool , Vol XLVI , p .

1 Tr on mur i' a u 905 . t R . s . . c s . G . . o . 4 yg C Ea tman , Mem Soc eol France , Vol XIII , N 3 ,

p . 8 .

Tr on muri c t 191 1 . M a a . R . . . l o . . 2 . s o . 7 yg C Eastman , Mem Carnegie u , V IV, N , p 35 — T e. u u u H yp Nearly complete skeleton ; Paris M se m of Nat ral istory . Tw o well-preserved examples of this species are ﬁgured by Jaek el in his mono

on s graph Eocene Selachian from Monte Bolca, one of which had previously been

' us - l made the typ e of a separate gen and species , the so cal ed Alexandr inum molim Zi ’ . Th l of Baron A de gno . e second of J aek e s originals was erroneously stated by

u b s i 1 that a thor to have een the identical pecimen which is shown n Plate IX, Fig . ,

’ ’ f - . o of Volta s work In point fact , however , Volta s type specimens are preserved

s us um t H s u in the Pari M e of Na ural i tory, and were there st died by the present writer some ten years ago .

The sole character bywhich the genus Alexandr inum is said to be distinguished : or EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EO CENE MONTE BOLCA . 317

Tr on s to s u s from yg relate the more di tal position of the ca dal pine , which arises di b u u u i at a stance behind the pelvic arch a o t eq al to the maxim m w dth of the disc . Jaek el in his memoir above referred to rightly holds that this does not constitute

f for a valid di ferential character , examination of a number of specimens shows that

s u the relative position of the caudal ting is abo t the same in all . Tw o examples of this Eocene ray are contained in the Bayet Collection of the

u u s u Carnegie M se m , one small and pre erved in co nterpart , the other a beautiful

specimen , larger than the type , and Showing many structural details in great per

f i n T t o . h m 4 2 ec e u No . 5 1 small, evidently i mat re individual , is cataloged as

452 1a 4 4 . An us + , and the larger adult specimen bears the Catalog No . 30 ill

tr ation of l the the latter is Shown in P ate XLIII . In this various cartilages of the

u head, especially those abo t the mouth and scapular arch, and of those forming the

b of l of axes of the pectoral ﬁns , are clearly visible , and a num er sma l teeth, the

Tr on- - characteristic yg typ e , are also seen to be attached to the palato quadrate

- f cartilage . An impression is preserved of the body walls o the trunk on either side

“ of The the vertebral columns as far as the point of insertion of the caudal spine .

s s u s of latter displays a median dor al groove , bear a do ble serie strong posterior

has u denticles , and a total length of abo t 9 cm .

u s T T S bcla s ELEOS EI .

Order SOLENICHTHYES .

T . en r i coi nl T D r . R C t s ds his ordinal term , ﬁrst proposed by . C egan for the o y , and afterwards (in 1909) extended so far asto include the Aulostomids and Lopho

- u branchs , marks the present day conception of the evol tionary history of that h b group of physoclistous ﬁshes with abdominal ventrals , of w ich the stickle acks

- - form the well kn own ground type . The Gaster osteids and their immediate allies were ﬁrst united by Cope in 1887

f H of sub under the comprehensive designation o emibranchii , and the limits this

in 190 1 u Lo ho order were enlarged by A . Smith Woodward to incl de also the p

u Kner Steindachner 1863 branchs of Cuvier , purs ant to the view of and ( ) that these

ll s s are only extremely specialized sticklebacks w ith tufted gi s . For thi same as oci ation of Lophobranchs and Hemibr anchs the new name of Thoracostei w as proposed

n 1 2 of Pthinobr anchii w as s . . by Swi nerton in 90 , and that sugge ted for it by O P

B ulen er 1904 s u . o Hay at abo t the same time g , in , having attempted to how that

i Hemibr anchs sub the Lampr id dae are related to the , deﬁned the enlarged order

f s us which he called Catosteomi as consisting o the form j t named, together r or E I 318 ME Mo Rs THE CARN G E MUSEUM .

f m with the Lophobranchs o Cuvier, and the fa ily Pegasidae, whose position in the u system was admitted to be still somewhat do btful .

3 of In 1903 appeared an important paper by C . E . Starks on the Osteology the

s u i Hemibranchiate Fishes, in which he di c ssed the arrangement of families belong ng

s l l s to this divi ion in the sense original y proposed by Cope , and ca l attention to the

G out - fact that D r . ill has pointed how the tube mouthed forms have descended in an unbroken line from Gaster osteus through Spinachi a and the family Aulorhyn Th chidm s u Gaster ostoidea l. c . . e , the e constit ting the superfamily ( , p

b s 1 a hi H . . un er sen Danish writer . F E J g pu li hed in 908 a valu ble memoir, in w ch it

Aulostomid r i i hi was Shown that the features of the s , Cent sco ds , and Lophobranc i are such as to compel us to regard these divisions as constitutin g a natural group . This V iew was supported by Regan in two papers published by him during the

1 1 1 n of li years 909 and 9 0 , the ﬁ al arrangement fami es advocated by him being as follows

Order THORACOSTEI Sw innerton . h The order Thoracostei comprises the Gastr osteidae and Aulor ynchi dae. 4 Swinnerton has shown that the dermal plate which appears as part of the coracoid ’ n n r n is in reality a disti ct element . I ca not accept Junge se s view that these ﬁshes

ae Aul mid belong to the Scorp noidea , although I readily admit that the osto s are T ” 5 more distinct from the horacostei than I recently considered them to be .

Order SOLENICHTHYE S Regan .

R Aulostomids Centr iscoids Under this caption are included by egan the , , and u Lophobranchs , whose features show that they form a natural gro p . f T A few words may be said regarding the constitution o these orders , horacostei

ﬁr st- R nl and Solenichthyes . Under the named are now placed by egan o y the

Aul rh n hidae in Gasterosteidae and the o y c , which procedur e he follows the example

G s f of ill and Stark in their earlier arrangement of modern genera o sticklebacks . As early as 1871 the former of these writers had associated the families Aulorhyn c hi dae and Gasterosteidae in a Single division contrasting with the Aulostomids and

Centr i coids i b f 1 s , and n a su sequent review o the forms of the order in 884 he “ remarks pointedly as follows z Far from being able to see any close afﬁnity between

3 The ou — i and a a is i O Sh lder G rdle Ch r cter t c steology of the Hemi branchi ate Fishes . Proc . U . S . Nat .

M s . l. XX 1 u . Vo V, p 6 9 .

4 ' Mi . ci . 1 ua . J ou . I & rt rn cr S , XL X , 905, p . 363 .

5 Ma . a . is . 1 l III Ann . N t 909 Vo . . 4 . g H t , , p 8 “ T mu ua a io s of i . N . O mib a i G ll , , n the t l rel t n the He r nch F shes . Proc . Ac ad . Nat . Sci . Phila .,

1884 . 1 55 . , p : E E EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EO C N OF MONTE BOLCA . 319

Aulor h nchi dae ae the y and Aulostomid , I am unable to appreciate any very distinctive

ff s G a di erence from the asterosteid e, and the clear afﬁnity between Aulor hynchus and Spi nachi a is such that I regard the family Aulor hynchida simply as a conven ient one at the most, and as expressing the culmination in one direction Of the I of . ul s ss tendency characteristic the order _ sho d be scarcely di inclined to di ent from any one w ho should combine the Gasterosteidae and Aulorhyn chidae in one ” family .

’ Starks views on the same subj ect are thus stated Gasterosteus and closely related genera are the most generalized of the

Hemibr n h T nl a c s . hey are the o y ones in the group having the following typical characters : Anterior vertebrae unmodiﬁed ; suspensorium and mouth normal ; ribs

- i al typical ; post temporal approach ng the normally forked condition , and pariet s present (the last a superfamily character) .

out ho - Dr . Gill has pointed w the tube mouthed forms have descended in an

a ter s i nachi a Aulor h n chidae unbroken line from G s o teus through Sp and the family y ,

r these constituting the superfamily Gaste ostoidea . The Gasterosteidae and Aulorhynchidae should perhaps be regarded as a Single

f ar e family, but following the lead o the above authority , they here kept separate , though the latter family is regarded simply as a convenient one at the most

l. c . ( , p .

Boulen r on r H ge , in the Volume Fishes in the Cambridge Natu al istory H subscribes to a similar opinion . e writes

T li one he genera Aulor hynchus and Au scus, each with species from the North

i na hi a an Paciﬁc , much resemble Sp c in outward form and in the equal size of the ter ior a& u u ub ﬁn s vertebr , b t the snout is still more prod ced, t iform , and the ventral

The ff are formed of one spine and four soft rays . di erence which justiﬁes their

of separation as a distinct family resides in the disposition the ribs , which are ﬂat tened and anchylosed to the lateral bony shields (p .

Pr otaulo si s Accordi ng to the w riter just quoted the extinct genus p , from the

b to u b s Upper Eocene of Monte Bolca, does not properly elong the gro p of stickle ack ,

but ss o as suggested by A . Smith Woodward, should be a ociated with the S om

u Pr otos n nathus s - T br esocida . Another fossil gen s , y g , from the fre h water ertiary

' Boulen er of Padang, Sumatra, is made by g the type of a new family, and regarded as intermedi ate in position between sticklebacks and the Aulostomid division of

s u Solenichthyes . It agrees with the former group , writes thi a thor, in possessing

b s a slender, free ri s , and with the latter in having the ﬁr t vertebr e elongate , though ” to a less degree than in Aulostoma . R 320 MEMOIRS OF THE CA NEGIE MUSEUM .

s s is b R As for the constitution of the order Solenichthye , thi made y egan in

A stomids Centriscoids his later publications to comprise the ulo , , and the Old Cu “ ” vier ian u b s u . gro p of Lopho ranchii , or pecialized sticklebacks with t fted gills The family Pegasida is admitted by Boulenger into the same association with the b R r u foregoing , but is excluded from this order y egan and placed in a g o p by them

s H elves (order ypostomides) .

of s We have now to consider the position two fossil form , concerning which

T Ur os hen Rhom there is some difference of opinion . hese are the genera p and T hosus s of . b p of Agas iz , both from the Eocene Monte Bolca hey were oth referred

' - D r G ll ﬂut i r ii r GiInther but b . to the e mouths (F stula da ) by D . , , as recognized y i ,

and following him A . Smith Woodward , one of them is more nearly related to the

Macr or ham h i a r i u - mi p os d and Gaste oste da . For the one in q estion the new fa ly

Rham hosida r os hen w as s p was established by Gill to contain it , and U p al o made

The t o G ll in the type of an independent family . w new families proposed by i _ 1884 are thus deﬁned by him

UROSPE EN IDE .

Hemibranchs w a u ith the ﬁrst four vertebr m ch elongated , a moderately

b u & s un elongated ody, a long t biform mouth (ventrals abdominal , dor al known) ,

un and a very large c eiform caudal .

RH AMPH OSID ZE .

Hemibr anchs b a with the anterior verte r normal (not elongated) and separate ,

- b u t u a about twenty two (eight a dominal and fo r een ca dal) vertebr in all , plates

’ ul s nl ub b on the nape and sho der o y, with a t iform mouth, su thoracic vent'rals , a

s s b u a s al dor al pine ehind the n ch l armature , and the econd dors and anal far behind

and opposite .

' R Ur os hen l egarding p , it may be recal ed that Agassiz himself r ecogmz ed its

s b A mi i intermediate po ition etween the ulosto ds and Fistulari ds . Unlike the

Ur os hen is s s former , p caleless , and small teeth are pre ent in the j aws . From Fi stular i a it is distingui shed chieﬂy by the form of the very large cuneiform caudal

but s s u ﬁn , in other respect approaches very clo ely to that gen s . In grouping it

l ﬂute- u provisiona ly with recent mo ths, A . Smith Woodward gives the following tabulation : Y P S N O SIS OF GEN ERA .

N 0 o sa s i s au a ﬁn o k i o a m i a a s no s a s free d r l p ne ; c d l f r ed , w th el ng ted ed n r y ; c le Fi stulari a .

“ A s i s of o sa s i s au a ﬁn ombi i er e free d r l p ne ; c d l rh c , w thout elongated r ay ; small ctenoid sc ales present

Im k o but all au a ﬁn- a s mu o a n perfectly n wn, c d l r y ch el ng ted ; o scales . : OF EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EO CENE MONTE BOLCA . 32 1

T to be s us Rham hosus here remains con idered the gen p , which is placed by

. Centr iscida A Smith Woodward among the , and made by Gill the type of an inde l . n tw o m R . r astr u bi se pendent family O y Species are known , (Volta) and R . r r atus n Bassani , both from the Eocene of Mo te Bolca and both very rare . Nearly all writers w ho have noticed thi s genus have recogni zed its close agreement in the

Centri scus Am hi si le majority of structural characters with the modern and p , as

s not the e terms are commonly used ( , however in the sense employed by Jordan and

G b . M 1 . 88 . T . . us h . e il ert , Proc U S Nat , 3, Vol V . , p differences which it

n out presents were poi ted in the ﬁrst instance by Agassiz , with the exception of one He i very important feature . fa led to emphasize the fact that in the fossil f o s . form the mouth is not borne at the end an elongate , tubiform nout And yet ,

’ at the very close of his diagnosis of the genus he writes : Les machoires s ouvr ent

’ eu et l r i p sont placées immédiatement au dessous de o b te .

T u u his Obser vation of Agassiz , which is ndo btedly correct , appears to have

“ ll s to Rham hosus been overlooked by subsequent writers , a of whom a cribed p , either

or directly by implication , a character which it does not possess , namely , that of ”

u ub s h u . having a sno t produced in a long t e , with mall , terminal , toot less mo th In reality the condition is very different from that which is common throughout t e -ﬁshes h order , and resembles that occurring in modern sword and sail , or in the

As i or mi r nc u B l iu . s extinct p d hynchus, He hy h s, och s, &c , where the nout is produced

- T in a sharp , spear like rostrum . hese are all forms in which a prominent beak

ul u res ts from a forward extension of the pper j aw only , but a parallel modiﬁcation

- ir m h nl is found in the Half Beaks or Hem a p s, in which it is the lower j aw o y ff that is produced . A still di erent modiﬁcation is that observed in the African

M r m r i - family of o y ds, where the pore like mouth is at the extremity of a long , taper

Boulen er is ing proboscis . Regarding the latter group the following remark by g of interest to us in the present connection Some Species of Mormyr ops Show how a form like Gymnar chus may have

- evolved out of a more typically formed ﬁsh . Nothing is more striking than the

s s variation in the Shape of the snout within one and the ame genus , and the name

ovi s caballus ele has tamandua numenius i bi s given to some of the species ( , , p , , , ) are ” b suggestive of resemblance with the heads of various animals . (Cam ridge

u u Nat ral History, Fishes , p . Similar modiﬁcations of the sno t are to be observed in the fami ly Gymnotida . Just as a series of stages in the formation of a tubiform snout can be traced in

' the sticklebacks leading from Gaster osteus through Aulor hynchus up to the ﬂute

u s is - mo ths , o in the same manner a series traceable from the non elongate snout of 322 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNE GIE MUSEUM .

of Wi tho r chus u Morm rus u Gymna , thro gh y , p to the extremely specialized organ P r in scombr oi nemus . rogressive stages in the elongation of the rost um ﬁshes

The u a zended have been poin ted out by Regan . str ctural changes which have the formation of a beak are illustrated in the following diagrams :

m a Hi sti o ho s b FIG . 1 . Diagram sh owing the structure of the rostrum in Acanthocybiu ( ) , p ( ) ,

m maxillar m xi na asa eth ethn: d r i hi as and Xi hior h nchus d . x r a mac a a X p (c) , p y ( ) p , p y ; , ll ry ; , n l ; , ; f ,

Ma . . i a Ann . N s T . at . 8 Vol. 1 . o a . A C . III fr nt l ( fter Reg n, g H t ( ) , 909, p

so as : J n No attempt has ever been made , far the present writer is aware , to e ai by what means or processes the gradual formation of a rostral beak has been br Ight

”

b . n o a out An interesti g theory , however , has been advanced by Dr . Greg r to — explain the progressive elongation of the pre orbital region in the Syngnathi c e to

wi The folDW S Z form a tubiform snout th terminal j aws . explanation given is as A : N EASTM N FISHES FROM UPPER EO CE E OF MONTE BOLCA . 323

“ The taste for mi nute prey to be sought by poking about in odd corners may

s of u a - have determined ome the pec li r specialization of the Sea horse order . We may imagine these to have continually sought smaller and smaller food until the u tiny particles came to be s cked up by the elongate muzzle . After probably

s S n nathus - pas ing through a stage somewhat like y g , but less eel like , the ancestral Sea-horse did not need the quick-darting form of the body to capture its food or to

- u Hi ocam us escape enemies ; hence the fan like tail was s ppressed (in pp p ) , and the

l to u - rapid y vibrating pectoral and dorsal ﬁns enabled the ﬁsh poise , h mming bird

ul b . Y fashion , while sucking food through the tub ar eak Ann . N . . Acad . Sci . ( _ ,

1 7 . Vol . XVII , 90 , p

u of Without proceeding f rther into the question origins , we wish to lay stress on the fact that among sticklebacks two di stinct lines of specialization are traceable nf h as regards the co ormation of t eregion between the orbit and the mouth . Pr o gr essive modiﬁcation in one direction leads to the pushing forward of thi s whole region , the jaw parts being carried along in this facial elongation and the mouth

i Gaster osteifor mes retain ng its terminal position . An evolutionary series of ,

n to showi g gradual transformation with respect these characters , was ﬁrst worked T out by Dr . heodore N . Gill . And it is to be noted that at the same time that the snout was becoming elongated into a slender tube , scales over the body were

The becoming progressively superseded by dermal armor . armament is ﬁrst

al indicated in the form of bony scutes arranged in rows ong the back and ﬂanks ,

m hi sile nl and ﬁnally culminates in the cuirass of A p , which is fused with the e arged

c G l. c . . ribs and other portions of the endoskeleton ( f . regory, , p The second line of progressive modiﬁcation culminates in the formation of a

iif r m Hi sti o horus Blochius rostral beak recalli ng that found in certain Xi ph o es ( p , ,

though the mouth is situated ventrally and but little in advance of the orbits . This series may also be supposed to begin with Gaster osteus or its immediate pro tot e h yp , and leads t rough stages which are not recorded in paleontology up to the longirostrate type of whi ch Rhamphosus is the only known example . Now the interesting thing to note is that this second evolutionary series is

- m but not only specialized in the direction of acqui ring a sword like rostru , it also exhibits the unfolding of characters which are progressively displayed in the parallel

1 the u evolutionary series . For convenience we may distinguish these as ( ) t be

u Gaster osteus sno t , and the rostrate series , both having as a common starting point .

The evolutionary changes that have taken place appear to have proceeded in ” ’ or the following manner . A generalized synthetic type , to use Agassiz s phrase , 322 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

r hus Morm rus of Gnatho Gymna c , through y , up to the extremely specialized organ

of nemus . Progressive stages in the elongation the rostrum in scombroid ﬁshes

Th s u u have been pointed out by Regan . e tr ct ral changes which have attended the formation of a beak are illustrated in the following diagrams :

1 m o i s f m t i m a Hi sti o ho us b FIG . . Diagra sh w ng the tructure o the rostru in Acan hocyb u ( ) , p r ( ) ,

i mx r a maxillar m a asa eth moi r hi as n i or h nchus d . m X p (c) , a d Xiph y ( ) p , p y ; x, axillary ; n , n l ; , eth d ; f ,

Ann . Ma . Nat . is . l 1 o a . A C T a Vo . III 909 . fr nt l ( fter . . Reg n, g H t , , p

No attempt has ever been made , so far as the present wr iter is aware , to explain by what means or processes the gradual formation of a rostral beak has been brought

t o u An . G abo t . interesting theory, however , has been advanced by Dr regory — explain the progressive elongation of thepre orbital region in the Syngnathida to

u u Th : form a t biform sno t with terminal jaws . e explanation given is as follows : EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EOCENE OF MONTE BOLCA . 323

The taste for minute prey to be sought by poking about in odd corners may

ul s - have determined some of the pec iar pecialization of the Sea horse order . We may imagine these to have continually sought smaller and smaller food until the

to f tiny particles came be sucked up by the elongate muzzle . A ter probably

S n na thus - passing through a stage somewhat like y g , but less eel like , the ancestral Sea-horse di d not need the quick-darting form of the body to captur e its food or to

mi - i Hi ocam us escape ene es ; hence the fan l ke tail was suppressed (in pp p ) , and the

b - rapidly vibrating pectoral and dorsal ﬁns ena led the ﬁsh to poise , humming bird

Y. . . fashion , while sucking food through the tubular beak . (Ann . N . Acad Sci ,

ol 1 V . XVII , 907 , p .

r s of i s to Without proceeding fu ther into the que tion orig n , we wish lay stress on the fact that among sticklebacks two distinct lines of specialization are traceable

Pr o as regards the conformation of theregion between the orbit and the mouth . gressive modiﬁcation in one direction leads to the pushing forward of thi s whole re gion , the j aw parts being carried along in this facial elongation and the mouth

ni ster ost ifor mes retai ng its terminal position . An evolutionary series of Ga e ,

s to showing gr adual transformation with re pect these characters , was ﬁrst worked

ill to a out by Dr . Theodore N . G . And it is be noted that at the s me time that the

' u sno t was becoming elongated into a slender tube , scales over the body were

The becoming progressively superseded by dermal armor . armament is ﬁrst

ks indi cated in the form of bony scutes arranged in rows along the back and ﬂan ,

l in f Am hi si le hi u i nl and ﬁnal y culminates the cuirass o p , w ch is f sed w th the e arged

c . l. c . . ribs and other portions of the endoskeleton ( f Gregory, , p The second li ne of progressive modiﬁcation culminates in the formation of a

Hi i' o homs Blochius rostral beak recalling that found in certain Xiphiiformes ( st p , ,

though the mouth is situated ventrally and but little in advance of the orbits . This series may also be supposed to begin with Gaster osteus or its immediate pro tot n u yp e, and leads through stages which are not recorded i paleontology p to the

' longirostrate typ e of which Rhamphosus is the only known example . Now the interesting thing to note is that this second evolutionary series is — u but not only specialized in the di rection of acquir ing a sword like rostr m , it also exhibits the unfolding of characters which are progressively displayed in the parallel di 1 u evolutionary series . For convenience we may stinguish these as ( ) the t be

b Gaster osteus snout, and the rostrate series , oth having as a common starting point . The evolutionary changes that have taken place appear to have proceeded in ” ’ to ss r the following mann er . A generalized or synthetic type , use Aga iz s ph ase , 324 OF THE MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

s i s u . s contain within itself certain potentialitie of contin ous variation It charged , so to s se i peak , with a complex of latent characteristics . One t of these s that which

ub u o terminates in an elongated t iform sno t , the ther in the development of a

u i u s ﬁn- pec l ar kind of dermal armor , incl ding a long and lender dorsal spine . In the tube-snout evolutionary series the gradual elaboration Of these two sets of

su s to aster osteus s characters , which may be ppo ed be resident potentially in G , goe hand in hand ; and thus we ﬁnd that Centri scus has both a tubular snout and is

r - — provided with de mal armor and a well developed dorsal ﬁn spine . But in the

s s of s s of u ul u ro trate serie one the e ets characters is suppressed , no t b ar sno t being Th developed . e second group of characters which was potentially present in

Gaster osteus s n r i i is developed in preci ely the same fashion as in the Ce t sco ds, with

su Rhain hosus — l entri scus the re lt that in p we ﬁnd a body armor paral eling that in C ,

a b s s ﬁn- Th i in and remarka ly imilar dor al spine . e d vergence forms with reference to the splitting up of the Original complex of characters might be illustrated by the follow rng scheme

Rhamphosus

Gaster osteus

HAMPH I Family R OS DJE Gill (emend) .

Solenichthyes with Gaster osteus-like form of body the anterior vertebra ‘ ,

s not b u - u di crete and elongated , a o t twenty two (eight abdominal and eighteen ca dal)

b a all S ul - r verte r in ; dermal plates on the nape and ho der egion only ; a single , elongate

s s of u dor al pine arising from the hinder end the nuchal armature . Mo th small ,

Gaster osteus but u u and placed as in , the pper portion of the head prod ced in an

u ﬁn . s su elongate rostr m Ventral bthoracic , the second dorsal and anal remote and opposite . Rh 2 . am hosus p rastrum (Volta) .

. 1 (Pl XLIV , Figs . 1 796 . Ur anosco us r astr um G . . I i t tt oli . 4 t s . 22 . . . p S Vol a , Verone e , p , pl V , ﬁg 1 796 . Centri scus . b G . i i d . . 1 er r or e S Volta , , pl LXXV, ﬁg . ( ) . : EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EO CENE OF MONTE BOLCA . 325

’ i scu a ul a t 1818 . Centr s c e us H . . D ouv . i . d H st. . D de Blainville , N ict Nat , Vol .

39 . XXVII , p . 3 1 835 . Rham hosus a ulea u c t s . s u s hr 2 1 a b . . 9 p L Agas iz , Ne e J , p (name only) .

— Rham ho u a a tu 183 2 . s 9 4 s cule s . s i Po s . s . . 27 . 0 . X p L Agas iz , , Foss Vol IV , p , pl XX II ,

7 . ﬁg . 1 888 . Rham hosus aculeatus . Ex T éd . . et T p L Vaillant , p Scient ravailleur alisman ,

39 . Poissons , p . 3

18 : ham hosus aculeatus P 98 R . al nto r . ol a V . . 2 8 . p F Bassani , g Italica , III , p ; pl IX ,

4 . ﬁg .

1 1 . ham hosus aculeatus . 90 R . . . s Mu p A S Woodward , Cat Foss Fi hes Brit . s , Part

78 . IV, p . 3

1 . ham hosus r a trum . 905 R s . R . . G . . 4 3 . 2 . p C Eastman , Mem Soc eol France , No , p 0 1 m 1 1 . Rha hosus aculeatus . R . . 9 . . . 7 . 2 p C Eastman , Mem Car Mus , Vol IV, No . , p 36 . — T e. u H yp Nearly complete skeleton ; Paris Museum of Nat ral istory .

Th u 1 u e genotype , which attains a length of abo t 4 cm . Maxim m depth of b body occurring in a out the region of the pectoral arch , behind which the trunk is

s lender and gradually tapering . Distance between the orbit and extremity of the elongated rostrum equal to that between the orbit and origin Of the second dorsal h ﬁ u of . T e n, and eq alling also the length the single dorsal Spine latter is slender, T u . he ac minate , nearly rectilinear, and posteriorly denticulated beak also bears

of . s u a series minute denticles Dor al and anal ﬁns eq al and directly opposed ,

w u . e each ith nine rays , and ca dal with Sixteen rays S ales very minute , having

r u s a the fo m of dermal gran lation or papill .

‘ T nl his is an extremely rare form , o y two examples being found in the Paris

u Museum and a small imperfect one in the British Museum . One f lly grown and

m of three im ature individuals are contained in the collection the Carnegie Museum,

42 1 2 1 T o l 1 a 12 3 4 a . being cataloged as follows : 5328 , 53 0 + 53 0 , 53 , and + 3 w

of these are ﬁgured in the accompanying plates .

Family UROSPH EN IDJE Gill .

Solenichthyes with the ﬁrst four vertebra much elongate , a moderately ub u u elongated and , slender body , a long t iform sno t with terminal mo th, second

n a dorsal and a al remote , similar and opposite , caudal ﬁn relatively large , vertebr between ﬁfty and sixty in number ; scales absent .

Genus UROSPHEN Agassiz .

s of s No new characters can be added to the generic diagnosi this genu , but a further study of one nearly complete skeleton in the collection warrants the estab

lishm nt Of . e of a new species , the description which immediately follows F THE E MEMOIRS O CARNEGI MUSEUM .

h n . Ur os e a u s . 3 . p tten ata p nov l 1 1 1 . r os he 7 1 9 U n dubia . Vo . . p Eastman , Mem Carnegie Museum , IV, No , p . 36 , PI 2 . . XCVI , ﬁg .

T e — . NO . yp Nearly complete ﬁsh ; Carnegie Museum (Cat . 2 b A small species attaining a length of about 0 cm . having a out the same pro u f portions as the type of U. d bi a , b i t more vertically compressed , and di fering nf T in the co ormation of the caudal ﬁn . his is intermediate in character between

of dubi of l in the caudal ﬁn U. a , which is cuneiform with all the rays gradual y

in i m i n r ds Fistu creasing elongation above and below ax ally, or ed a w a , and that of l r ii a a ds . The in which two axial rays are excessively elongated . neural and h mal Spines of the last vertebral centrum are expanded into fan-shaped lamina medially

N 44 9 . 2 i att M. a . oss . is s o . 9 FIG . . Ta l of Ur osphen enuata Eastman . x C . C t F F he ,

7 r in contact and together forming a u ostyle , which supports in all six slender, greatly u e iaxial elongated and closely apposed ca dal ﬁn rays, half the number being p and half hypaxial (see Fig . l In addition , a series of ten Short rays , increasing gradua ly in length from the anter iormost u u ﬁ of onwards ntil abo t the fth , after which all are uniform length, of arise from the dorsal and ventral margins at the posterior extremity the body,

The being supported by the neural and ha mal spines of the last ﬁve vertebra .

s ﬁns s dor al and anal are remote , similar, and Oppo ite , the former with eighteen

s Th u ray , and the latter with twenty . e tr nk and head are vertically much com

s . pressed, and the mall , terminal mouth is provided with minute conical teeth In the type-specimen the undigested skeletal remains of a small teleost are seen in the

The l ur forward part of the intestinal tract . holotype has a ready been ﬁg ed in

191 1 u f ubi a the Memoirs ( ) nder the name O U . d .

7 ma m . c . Vol. 72 B 1 909 Reference y be ade here t o the writings of R . H . Whitehouse (Proc . Roy So , ,

- i s . M . 1 a ﬁn of u o nd . T . a n N 1 au n. . is 8 L 19 0 . 53 on C A a at . C p a Reg n ( g H t , ( ) VO V, , p ) the c d l l pe d , an T d the eleostean urostyle .

Th as - m e a au o ma k I. . l t n ed th r re r s ( c , p . 533) “ A c omparative study leaves no room for doubt that in many cases the urostyle is merely the

su of a osis of ur oneur als an k r m i and I do not re lt nchyl the d that centra ta e little o no p art in its for at on ,

' think that there ar e any ﬁshes in which a urostyle has been formed simply by anchylosis of posteri or ” a but a is a ma i i centr ; th t tter wh ch req u res further investigation . A : OF EASTM N FISHES FROM UPPER EO CENE MONTE BOLCA . 327

Y Order BER COMORPHI .

The view is commonly entertained that the ﬁshes belonging to this order are u very generalized, as is shown by s ch characters as the large number of pelvic

ﬁn— of m rays , and the persistence the pneu atic duct in certain genera , as well as the

u of so a o u widespread distrib tion and importance the group long g as the Cretaceo s . The family Berycida is represented in the Upper Eocene fauna of Monte Bolca by

’ tw o Holocentr um M m ri’ sti s genera , and y p , remains of which are not uncommon . Th e typical species of these genera, which are represented in the collections of the e Museum , have already been consid red in the Catalog of Fossil Fishes published

of in Volume IV of the Memoirs this institution .

H Order ETEROSOMATA . Physoclistic Teleosts with asymmetrical cranium and strongly compressed

al di h ‘ l i body, the precaud region short ; pelvic bones rectly attached to t e c e thr a

(clavicles) ﬁns w ithout spines .

The H -ﬁshes to eterosomata , or Flat , are be regarded as aberrant , strongly

or s m compressed Perciformes a derivative from that tock, instead of being asy T ff metrical Gadoids , as was formerly supposed . hey di er from all other ﬁshes in

one u having an asymmetrical cranium ; both eyes are on side in the ad lt , this side u l being uppermost and pigmented, whilst the lower or eyeless side is us al y devoid of pigment . Boulenger has expressed the view that the Upper Eocene genus Amphi sti' um

l -ﬁshes is al ied to the symmetrical ancestor of the ﬂat , and this Opinion is also shared

‘ Am hi stium by Regan , who , however , regards p as a Percoid not far removed from

Psetta s a a . Pl t x, and approaching in some respects to the existing As true Soles

Am hi tium s accompany p s in the Upper Eocene , the ance tral form from which ﬂat

fishes are derived must have been evolved at a still earlier period . Valuable de 8 scr iptions and figures of the crania in flat-fishes were published by Traquair in

1 classiﬁcator s for u 865, and var ious y schemes have been propo ed the gro p by recent 9 wr iters . r E T IDEA Suborde PL U RONE C O .

Dorsal ﬁn extending forward on the head at least to above the eye ; all the ﬁn

No u x b or . rays articulated, each pelvic ﬁn of six fewer rays s prama illary one ; no palatine teeth ; lower edge of ur ohyal deeply emarginate , so that the bone appears

3 2 —2 6 T a s . i . oc . l. 1865 . 63 9 . r n L nn S , Vo XXV, , pp

9 — — B len er . A . l 1 00 . 335 368 . ou K . M. . is i s Boa S o a Vo . III 9 , yle, H , Rept F her e rd c tl nd , XV , , pp g , G

- O i i and Evo u io of T os a is s Camb i Na u a is o is s 1 904 . a C . T . r dge t r l H t ry, F he , Reg n , , r g n l t n the ele te n F he — l 1 10 . 484 496 . m . i . Vo . 9 of the order Heteroso ata . Ann . Mag Nat . H st , VI , , pp 328 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

tcleithr m s os u . forked . On each ide is a single p or none Vertebra never fewer than twenty-eight (9 +

Ever mann A s s Jordan and , in their Catalogue of North merican Fi he , recognize Pleur onectida Soleida but only the two families , and , in the more recent scheme of

i sub s R s b u . ol egan there considera le f rther divi ion Among fossil forms , S ea proper ” s ss ﬁrst appears in the Lower Miocene , and a pecies commonly a igned to Rhombus T (in the Cuvierian sense) is present already in the Upper Eocene . he term Rhombus

1800 to Butter ﬁshes s was , however , applied in by Lacepede a genus of , or even years before its employment by Cuvier for the turbot ; hence modern usage requires

ﬂat-ﬁshes b Bothus 1 it to be replaced among y the term , proposed in 18 0 by

Raﬁnesq ue . Not all of the characters pertaining to the recent Bothus can be observed in

u a the Eocene forms , and in partic lar , fewer vertebr are present in the latter , the H number being not more than nine abdominal and nineteen caudal . ence it is “ desirable to designate the fossil Species commonly referred to Rhombus by a

The Eobothus be new generic name . term may conveniently employed for this purpose . E B TH S O O U , nom . nov .

Bothus but not i In general like the existing , with more than nine abdom nal

u a u and nineteen ca dal vertebr . Mo th wide , the j aws and dentition being nearly

on u on equally developed both sides ; a narrow band of min te , conical teeth the

b b a e s s s and margin of the j aws . A dominal verte r with broad transv r e proce se

bs b u s very small, delicate ri ; epi and hypaxial spines at ase of ca dal ﬁn omewhat

ﬁns but u . expanded, not f sed together into laminar plates Both pairs of present ;

s s . dorsal ari ing ju t over the eye ; caudal ﬁns separate , rounded behind Scales

s s u small and thin , howing under the len very ﬁne parallel , more or less longit dinal or obliquely directed stria .

E both s s A . 4 . o u minimu ( gassiz)

s . 1 (Pl . XLV , Fig i li I I o . s . 260 . Pleur onectes uadr atulus G . . tt t 1796 . q S Volta, Verone e , p , pl LX II ,

err or e . ﬁg . 3 ( )

hr 1 n hombus minimus . u s J a b . . 30 . 1835 . R L Agassiz , Ne e , p (name o ly) — i . 2 X 2 i P . Rhombus m nimus . ss o ss ss . . 89 1839 4 . L Aga iz , Fo , Vol IV, p , pl XX IV, 1 ﬁg . .

hombu mi nimu M l n Ph to . n m. ss . . 1 . assa o o o r 859 R s s A . B . g , Specimen g A i Fo Agr

1 . Veron . , p . 36 , pl . XIII , ﬁg .

3 0 U 3 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSE M .

PER OM PHI Order C OR .

Physoclistic Teleosts with symmetrical cranium ; pelvic bones directly attached to the cleithra ; each pelvic ﬁn composed of one spinous and ﬁve soft rays or still

u no b — f rther reduced ; or itosphenoid, and no bony stay for the pre operculum . Under thi s order are comprised in the more recent classiﬁcations of Regan the

six ub s : Per coidei Scombr odei Kur todei G Blenni i i following s order , , , obioidei , o de ,

r i i and Sco pa no de . PER IDE I Suborder CO .

A I Family C RAN G DZE .

Genus AMPHISTIUM Agassiz .

T u u s u a r nk m ch deepened, and head hort and deep , with rather large s pr

of u of u occipital crest . Eye large ; cleft mo th moderate size and directed pward ;

u l i s teeth min te or absent . Paired ﬁns smal , the pelv c pair in erted in advance of pectorals ; dorsal ﬁn not much elevated , extending along the greater part of the

h or u b m back, w ith t ree fo r fee le anterior spines ; anal ﬁn al ost or quite as much

w r or u . extended as the dorsal , ith th ee four feeble anterior spines ; caudal ﬁn ro nded

Scales very small , none e nlarged or thickened .

i i Am h st um d xum s . 5 . p para o Agas iz

I i li . 1 PI. . 1 17 . Pl ur nectes latessa . . tt o t . 79 96 e o p G S Volta, Veronese , p , XLIV, ﬁg

err or e ( ) .

’

D i . l D . i ou . . d H st . Vo . 1 1 Pleur o ctes la te a H . v 8 8 . ne p ss de Bla nville , N ict Nat ,

357 err or e . XXVII , p . ( )

hr . . 2 4 nl . 18 . Am hi stium ar adoxum . a b 9 35 p p L Agassiz , Neues J , p (name o y) — 1 . 44 . P i . . 1 4 44 Am hi stiu ar adoxum . o ss . . 83 . p mp L Agassiz , FOSS , Vol V , Pt , p , Pl

XIII .

m . . 4 A m hi stium ar ado um . . Me . . G NO 3 1 . x 905 p p C R Eastman, Soc eol France , ,

24 . p . — T u u u H s . ype. Nearly complete ﬁsh ; M se m of Nat ral i tory , Paris

The 20 . genotype , attaining a length of about cm Length of head with u Opercular apparatus somewhat exceedi ng half the maxim m depth of the trunk, which is contained twice or Slightly less in the total length Of the base of the caudal

ﬁn u s b al u a . Vertebral col mn compo ed of nine a domin and ﬁfteen ca dal vertebr ,

s u all abbreviate and massive . Dor al and anal ﬁns gently ro nded and equally

- — u u elevated, each with from twenty one to twenty three sto t , artic lated, and

s divided ray . This rare and interesting species is considered by B oulenger to realize in : E EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EOCEN OF MONTE BOLCA . 331 every respect the prototype of the Pleur onectida before they had assumed the ” s u u asymmetry which characterize them as a gro p . By the a thor j ust named this

s - ﬁsh is s Z a supposed ance tral ﬂat placed in clo e association with the eid , from which

iff of b a family it d ers , however, in the smaller number verte r , and in having the

s n dor al and anal spines more reduced , ad ate , and continuous with the series of soft ’ Boulen er s s rays . A copy of g restoration of thi Species is given in ﬁgur e 3 . It

m st iz E B A h m a adoxum A ass . o Mo o a al k . 3 . i iu I S FIG p p r g Upper cene, nte lc , t y . eleton as

B l n r - al a a siz M m M s m l b ou e e abou one u . C . e . a i s o C u u Vo . I . re t red y g , t h f the n t r l e ( f rneg e e , V, p

IS based upon two nearly complete Specimens preserved in theBritish Museum of

Natural History and these two specimens afterwards furnished Dr . Regan the basis for the following statement “ ’ I much more readily subscribe to Boulenger s view that the Upper Eocene

i ti um is l to ﬂat-ﬁshes Amph s al ied the symmetrical ancestor of the , for in my opinion

u r i i this ﬁsh is a Percoid , which Sho ld probably be placed in the family Sco p d da

Platax T s Psettus or . near the exi ting , may perhaps be related to hanks to the b b of . . courtesy Dr A Smith Woodward , I have een a le to examine the two examples

The u of Amphi stium paradoxum in the British Museum . ca dal ﬁn has seventeen

s : 8 principal rays above and below (Agassiz gives the formula for thi ﬁn 6 . I . ;

7 . I . the pelvic ﬁn , preserved only in the Monte Bolca specimen , is formed of a

n b s Spi e , and , in my opinion , ﬁve soft rays , for I cannot see a greater num er in erted

u s on the pelvic bone which lies ppermo t , the outlines of which are fairly distinct .

“ ’ Boulenger s restoration Shows several features of Psettodes or Z eus which I am unable to see in the fossils ; thus he shows the lower j aw nearly as long as the — u head and the pre operculum vertical and scarcely c rved , whereas the lower jaw

l - appears to be only a little more than ha f the length of the head, and the pre oper culum to have a d istinct lower limb ; also the origin Of the anal ﬁn is not so far THE E 332 MEMOIRS OF CARN GIE MUSEUM .

e . . . H u s s . forw ard in the act al fos il as it is in the r storation (Ann Mag Nat ist . ,

1 1 . . 9 0 (8) Vol VI , p

s is u u u This specie not represented in the collection of the Carnegie M se m , b t there has sometimes been included under it a closely allied form which is here

s ll considered as Speciﬁcally di tinct , and the discussion of which immediately fo ows .

hi i oz z i m M l n 6 Am st um b anu assa o o . . p g

(Plate XLV, Fig .

M l n b z i anum . . a sa o o . Ph o r i stium oz s ot . . ss . Am h . 1859 . p A B g , Spec g Anim Fo Agr 2 37 . . . Veron . , p . , pl XIII , ﬁg Zi n I i . R . st t . l X . um bozzi anum o . o 14 Am hi sti V . . 1887 . p A de g , Mem Veneto , X III , p

“ ’ i anum . . . . M 1 Am hi stium bozz . us 190 . p A S Woodward, Cat Foss Fishes Brit ,

435 . IV . Vol . , p

— Type Nearly complete ﬁsh ; Carnegie Museum . (Cat . No . nl This Species appears to be known o y by the original holotype , which is now

u . t s n the property of the Carnegie Muse m I is of relatively small ize , measur i g

in mi to s only about 5 cm . length from the extre ty of the snout the ba e of the caudal m u A . ar adoxum ﬁn . By Belotti it was regarded as an im at re example Of p Agassiz , but its claims to recognition as a distinct Species were r e-aﬂi r med in 1879 by Baron

’ Z u his u b de ig o , and views are f lly conﬁrmed y the present writer s examination

of the holotype .

A arad u . ox m This latter has a less deep body than p , the vertebral column and

a i s u u its neural and h mal arches are more del cately con tr cted, the ca dal ﬁn is

relatively smaller and the dorsal and anal more elevated , and the number of dorsal

— - - A . ar ﬁn rays is greater (twenty eight as compared with twenty three) . than in p a

is b u dowum. It to be noted that the paired ﬁns and ones of the head are m ch more

’ M l n arad clearly displayed in assa o go s holotype than in the original of A . p oxum i ﬁgured by Agass z .

Genus DUCTOR Agassiz .

D le to m so us . 7 . uctor p Agassiz I i li 140 . X mu vestence . . t t o t . s . 2 Calli ony s G S Volta, Verone e , p , pl X XII , ﬁg .

r (err o e) .

m r n s . . i bid . 241 PI. . 2 err or s Gobius s y e si G S Volta, , p . , LVIII , ﬁg ( ) .

’

l Hi . t H . st mus ves inee . . Nouv . d . . Calli ony D de Blainvil e, Dict Nat , Vol

XXVII , p . 359 .

l . b u m r ensi s H . . i bid . . 358 Go i s s y D de Blainvil e , , p

h n Ver a dl . Ge . . Mus . . 66 D r l tosomus . s s ucto ep L Agas iz , vaterland Bohmen , p

(name only) . : F EASTMAN ISHES FROM UPPER EOCENE OF MONTE BOLCA . 333

1 D 835 . uctor le to o mus . hr s b . 2 a . 93 nl p L Agassiz , Neues J , p (name o y) . 1 — 4 D 834 4 . uctor le tosomus . Poiss . s 1 . . 5 p L Agassiz , Fos , Vol V, Pt , p . 3, pl . XII .

1 Ductor l - 876 . e tosomus . T . . . ol p F Bassani , Atti Soc Veneto rent Sci . Nat . , V . III , 1 4 p . 8 . 1 1 90 . Ductor le tosom us . . . . M s s us . p A S Woodward , Cat Foss Fi he Brit . , Pt IV,

448 . p . 1 1 1 9 . Ductor le t o u . m s . R . . M os us . NO . 7 . . p C Eastman , Mem Car , Vol IV, , p 369

T e — u m of H yp . Imperfect ﬁsh ; M seu Natural istory, Paris . Besides the examples of this Species already cataloged as part of the Bayet u u Collection in the Carnegie M se m , an additional specimen , preserved in counter

part, is contained in the material upon which report is now being made . It is 1 1 O 53 5 53 5a . cataloged as N . +

Z Genus AN CLU S Cuvier and Valenciennes .

Z n l r vir tr i 8 . a c us b e os s Agassiz . 1 7 ha t d n nes n I i li . r 96 . C o o ca ce s G . . tt o t . . 2 err o e S Volta, Veronese , Pl XXVI , ﬁg ( ) .

1 42 Z r i l 8 . anclus brevi ostri s . Po s . . o . . 2 . XXX I L Agassiz , s FOSS , V IV, p 36 , pl V V. 1 ' 1 1 Z an lu br vir o m . . M 2 . us . No . 7 . 37 . 9 c s e st s C . R . Eastman , Mem Car , Vol IV, , p — T e. H . yp Nearly complete ﬁsh ; Museum of Natural istory, Paris Among the additional suite of specimens that has recently come to light is an

306 . excellently preser ved representative of this species , cataloged as No . 5 It

- proves to be the left hand counterpart of the example already cataloged as No .

T . 441 . 5 his specimen bears two original MS labels in an unknown hand , reading

1 e 18 Nr . 888 x G as follows : Dono di Eugenio Sardagna, Venezia, ( alleria Man

i l. Tav . 26 . Cha todon canescens Volta, Itt o Veron ; , ﬁg

Family CHE TODONTIDE .

Genus PYGJEU S Agassiz .

P a us coleanus . 9 . yg Agassiz

— - i 1 256 . 1 Po s . . 6 834 42 . Pyga us coleanus L . Agassiz , ss . Fos , Vol IV, pp , Pl XLIV,

fig . 5 . — ’ 25 r . 42 P i bid . . 7 1838 . yga us eger tom L . Agassiz , , p (impe fect fish, British Museum) — d 2 di . 1 42 . P a us i bbus . i bi . . 57 838 yg g L Agassiz , , p ( storted fish, British Museum)

P a u l ...... yg s co eanus A . S . Woodward, Cat Foss Fishes Brit Mus , Pt IV, p

557 . T — m. ype. Imperfect ﬁsh ; British Museu h n of This is an imperfectly known small C a todo t , of which nearly all the 334 E M MOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

so u specimens , far bro ght to light , have been more or less distorted . One such , u 5 17 1 No . a preserved in co nterpart and cataloged as 3 + 53 7 , is contained in the lot l Of material from Monte Bolca , which original y formed part of the Bayet Col

. Tw o l 22 lection others, sma ler, but better preserved, are cataloged as Nos . 53 2 T and 53 3 . here are also preserved in the same collection tw o or thr ee examples of l hi n i C avo V centin . an al ied form from the Lower Miocene of , , in northern Italy

EPHIPP Genus U S Cuvier . 1 E hi h 0 . s p ppu r ombus (Blainville) .

Fi . (Plate XLVI , g

17 . 96 C a todon mesoleu s . i li Itt o t . . 41 . . 1 eu G . V h S Volta, eronese , p , Pl X, ﬁg

er r or e ( ) . 7 1 . ha 96 C todon hir ur us . . d I c G i bi . . 177 P . err or e g S Volta , , p , XLIII ( ) .

’

18 1 . 8 Cha todon c i rur u H D l. s il u D . Hi t . . Vo h . . v d g de Blain le , No v . ict s Nat ,

353 . XXVII , p .

1 1 ha todon r hom u H D 8 8 . C b s i i bi d . . . . . de Bla nville , , p 353 1 2 8 3 . ha todon r omboides C h . . Kr ii er e h. II . 71 . J F g , G sc Urwelt, Pt . , p 6

’ — E hi u lon i e i I 1842 44 . m s n s . Po . 1 225 P . . p pp g p L Agassiz , ss Foss , Vol . IV, pp 5, , XL

1 . E i u o i e 859 h s l n nms . . Ma al n . Ph n . . . s r . p pp g p A B s o go, Spec otog A im Foss Agr

4 . . Veron . , p . 3 , Pl IX

1 E i - l h us lon i enni s . s T . . o . 876 . Nat V p pp g p F Bas ani , Att . Soc . Veneto rent . Sci , III ,

179 . p .

' 1 E - hi us lon i enms . z n h mi r z r . Ak . 886 . P a dz . p pp g p W S j oc a, a et . Wy matem p ad

mi . K Pl U ejet rakow, Vol . XII , p . 108 , s . II , III .

1 1 . E hi us r hombu . s . s . s . . . 90 p pp A S Woodward, Cat . Fo s Fi hes Brit Mus , Pt III ,

p . 559 .

E hi u r 1 1 1 . h m u R . . . M . ol. O . 7 . 380 9 s o b s . u p pp C Eastman, Mem Car s , V IV, N , p ,

PI. . 2 XCII , fig . — T e. of H yp Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum Nat . istory . One is certainly safe in saying that no more perfectly preserved fish from the Monte Bolca locality has yet been made kn own than the splendi d example figured

Massalon o i 1 The by g in Plate IX Of his work publ shed in 859 . identical specimen

us now forms part of the Bayet Collection in the Carnegie M eum , and is cataloged

N o . . as 5305 It bears an original MS . label in an unknown hand reading : E

’ l esem lar ﬁ l n e ur Ph o Massa o o . ato . . r p g nella tav IX dello Specimen ot g . di g : OF EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EO CENE MONTE BOLCA . 335

D Family SPARI JE .

G SPARN ODUS enus Agassiz .

S arnodus vul ari 1 1 . s p g (Blainville) .

The not b i synonymy of this species is very long, and need e g ven here , as no particularly noteworthy example has been added to the collection since the Catalog of u u Monte Bolca Fishes in the Carnegie M se m was published two years ago .

H r owever, among the material recently brought to light is one very cu ious Specimen f f which is clearly o composite nature , being made up o por tions of various indivi

ls u u not dua artf lly pieced together, tho gh in accordance with the teachings of comparative anatomy . It is catalogued as No . 5330 , and is worthy of preservation u in its present state as a c riosity , or monstrosity .

LAB ID Family R JE (Wrasses) . i Narial Opening double on each side . Marginal teeth prehens le ; vomer and palatines toothless ; lower pharyngeal bones (rarely also upper pharyngeals) fused together . Spinous portion of dorsal ﬁn at least as much extended as articulated

i bi n r portion ; anal ﬁn w th two to six spines , nearly equal to , and opposite, the de ll dorsal ﬁn . Scales usua y cycloid, rarely feebly ctenoid .

xi i E sting Wrasses are brilliantly colored marine ﬁshes with thick l ps , strong

on or ul ls . pointed teeth the j aws , and conical tuberc ar teeth on the pharyngea An

R of able discussion of the group is that by Dr D . S . Jordan , entitled A eview the

f . o to R . Labroid Fishes America and Europe , be found in the eport of the U S Fish m 1 — 87 . Com ission for 8 pp 559 699 .

In the paper of D r . Jordan just referred to the procedure was adopted of uniting

' the genus Cr emlabms of Cuvier and Valenciennes wi th the earlier described Sym u f phod s o Raﬁnesq ue . u At a later period, however, the disting ished ichthyologist in question found

' for ni for Cr emlabrus S m hodus reason changing his Opi on , and maintaining and y p

T Sci ence for u u 19 1904 as distinct genera . hus, in a note published in A g st , ,

l. (Vo XX, p . he writes as follows

' S m hodus I should now separate Cr emla brus C . and V . as a valid genus from y p

m ho us sci 1 1 . S d na i . 89 R f. or s u a C ou C V . ) with which I nited it in y p has

’ h - t e general characters of Cr emlabr us, the serrated pre opercle and other features , l but it has the snout strongly produced, giving a concave proﬁ e , a matter probably

r i l rus S m hodus or wor thy of generic distinction . C en ab like y p has thirteen ﬁfteen

- - 0 . on to a . dorsal spines , and thirty e thirty three vertebr I do not see how sza nochce s wi j can be properly placed in it, as these numbers are fairly con tant thin ” sza nochw r of e . the same genus . C. j should fo m the type a new g nus 336 ME MOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

E LAB OIDE S . O R gen . nov

Labrus r emlabr us m hodus . An extinct genus allied to the existing , C , Sy p , etc ,

w as l s and known thus far only by the type Species , which original y de cribed under

Zi n u Dr . . . the name Of Cr emlabrus sz ajnochae g o . Adopting the s ggestion of D S

s for Jordan , it may be more properly con idered as the typ e of a distinct genus , which the new name of Eolabr oides is proposed at the suggestion of the veteran

D r T . G naturalist and supreme authority in American ichthyology, . heodore N ill of Washington .

Di i — An n u agnos s . extinct genus , k own only by the type species , m ch resembling

L r a the existing ab us, but w ith fewer vertebr , and an extended dorsal ﬁn with more

not the than twice as many soft rays as in the living genus . Scales extending over opercular apparatus and cheeks .

Zi 12 E l r i z nocha . no . . o ab o des s aj (A de g ) 2 (Pl . XLVI , Figs . ' I I it. . r i . . 1 r emlab us sza nochaa . Z o R st 887 . C j A de gn , Mem Veneto , Vol XXII ,

17 . 3 . p. , ﬁg

Z . . m du a Mu . . . S ho s sz nochce . . u l . s 1904 . y p j C R Eastman , B l Comp ool Vol XLVI , I 1 . 2 . . . . no . , p 9 , Pl , ﬁg 5

l 24 . XX . . 5 1 4 . r emlabrus sza nochaz D . . n . s . Vo . 90 C j S Jordan , Science , , p

of . A Species attaining a total length of about 12 cm . to the base the caudal ﬁn

Snout not produced and but little pointed ; trunk oblong and laterally compressed .

- ﬁn a u . Vertebr about twenty eight in number , of which sixteen are ca dal Dorsal ﬁn much extended, with thi rteen spines and eighteen soft rays ; anal with three

s u x stout spines and eight articulated ray ; caudal ﬁn ro nded, with si teen principal

r rays preceded by several shorter ones above and below, which are suppo ted by the epi and hypaxial processes of the three hindermost vertebra . Scales of

ut . u u moderate size , ﬁnely striated, b not posteriorly serrated Operc l m and pre ulu u operc m with dentic lated posterior margin . Marginal teeth conical , slightly

r v recu ved ; pharyngeal dentition not Obser ed . — T e. yp Imperfect ﬁsh ; present location unknown .

one Besides the type , which is small and imperfectly preser ved, but other

s hi T example of thi species has therto been made known . his second Specimen is

f Z l s now the property of the Museum o Comparative oO ogy at Cambridge, Mas , 1 and , like the holotype , is of small size , having a total length of 0 cm . to the base of

u . to be s u the ca dal ﬁn In point of preservation it leaves much de ired, and altho gh

s u m u h Dr . as ociated with the gen s Sy phod s by the present writer , in t e Opinion of

338 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

Toxotes . (living) Toxotes antiquus Ag . f Body rhomboid . Body compressed, fusi orm .

to . u Back declivous from dorsal snout Back convex from dorsal to sno t . D orsal with 4 to 6 graduated stout D orsal with several weak spines fol

spines followed by shorter branched lowed by longer branched rays .

rays . 3 u Anal longer than dorsal , with sto t Anal much shorter than dorsal .

spines .

The distinctive characters are not patent in the fossil nor in the ﬁgure of

’ Toxotes n ou , so that I can ot give the systematic position of either the fossil y

. r f o- Toxotes anti u have sent me , o o the s called q us . Like so large a proportion ” u di of other fossil ﬁshes ncertainty must remain for the present . (Cf . Appen x, p . A E Family POM C NTRIDJE .

T of n i to of his is a family mari e ﬁshes , with skeleton closely sim lar that the

Chr mi a L r i a . Th n o d and ab d e narial Opening is single o each side , and the scales are usually ctenoid . ODON TEU S i Genus Agass z .

1 donteus s ar oid 3. O s p e Agassiz . L 1 (Plate X VII , ﬁg . )

Odonteus s ar oides . i I 18 9 . 17 P . 2 . 3 Po ss . p L Agassiz , Foss , Vol . IV, p 8 , . XXXIX, ﬁg

1 r 898 . Odonteus s a oides de r us l e al . 83 p var . p ss F . Bassani , Pa a ont . It , Vol . III , p ,

2 . Pl . VIII , ﬁg . 1 1 1 Odonteus s ar oi des . o . 9 . 7 p C . R . Eastman , Mem . Carnegie Museum , Vol IV, N , PI p . 379, . XCVII , ﬁg . 1 .

T e — H . yp . Imperfect ﬁsh ; Paris Museum Of Natural istory

T of n his is an extremely rare form , only a few specimens which are to be fou d

u u u . in E ropean M se ms, and tw o in the Carnegie Museum One of these has al b u is ready een ﬁg red in volume IV of the Memoirs , and the second example f l o 1 . shown the natural size in Plate XLVII , Fig . It bear s the cata og number 5307 , and is probably an immature individual .

FamilyPERCIDE .

T u of eeth small and conical , sually extending over inner bones the mouth ; — l pre opercu um serrated . Lower pharyngeal bones nearly always sep arate . Spinous portion of dorsal ﬁn usually as much extended as the articulated portion ; anal ﬁn

u one us ally with to three, rarely five to seven spines , nearly equal , and opposite : O EASTMAN FISHES FR M UPPER EO CENE OF MONTE BOLCA . 339 to hi Th the nder dorsal fin . e family comprises marine and freshwater fishes univer in t sally distributed emperate and tropical regions .

G u CYCLOPOMA en s Agassiz .

Thi u dl T hi s gen s , suppose y extinct , includes a few ertiary species , w ch strue tur all L y bear a considerable resemblance to the existing ates , and are actually

to . r . 187 . referred that genus by P Bleeker (A chiv Neerland, 6 , Vol XI , p .

to l We prefer fol ow the example of A . Smith Woodward, however, who agrees with u di it i the original a thor in regar ng as a dist nct genus .

14 . C clo oma micr acanthum y p (Agassiz) . 3 (Plate XLV, fig . , and Plate XLVII , fig . 1 796 . Holo centrus ma tu . I ti li cula s G . t o t . . 2 4 I S Volta, Veronese , p 3 , P . LVI , fig . 3

m or e ( ) .

17 Ami a i 96 . i nd ca G . . 1 . . 4 1 XX P . 4 S Volta , ibid , p 9, X V, ﬁg . 1 1 m i ’ 8 8 . A i a ndi a H c . . i i Nouv . d H st . D de Blainv lle, . Dict . Nat , Vol . XXVII , 47 p . 3

' 1 merdt 835 . S s mi cr acanthus P i . o ss . s . . 3 . L Agassiz , Fos , Vol IV, p 3, Pl . VIII , ﬁgs

1 , 2 . Dul m 1836 . es edius i bi d . 1 . 93 P . 4 . L Agassiz , , p , XIII , ﬁg . 1 m 901 . C clo o a f mi acanthu cr m . . M . us y p ( ) A S Woodward , Cat Foss . Fishes Brit . , 4 Pt . IV, p . 50 .

1 lo 905 . C c oma f mi cr acanthum R . y p ( ) C . Eastman , Mem . Soc . Geol . France , Vol .

o 4 . 2 . XIII , N . 3 , p 5 1 1 1 l m 9 . C c o o a f mi cr acanthum . . O 7 y p ( ) C . R . Eastman , Mem Car . Mus . Vol IV, N . ,

75 . p . 3 — e lim H . T . o G yp Imperfect ﬁsh ; artman collection , oppingen

Thi l 1 . s is a very smal species , attaining a total length of about 0 cm Length of head with Opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the trunk — and slightly exceeding one third of the total length to the base of the caudal ﬁn .

An r or terio dorsal ﬁn with one Spine and eight nine articulated rays , its anterior originas far from the occiput as the termination from the caudal ﬁn ; the second to

‘ r one- of fourth spines about equal in size , thei length not exceeding half the depth

of . the trunk at their insertion , and scarcely exceeding that of some the divided rays

Anal ﬁn with three spines and six articulated rays , less than the posterior dorsal

n . in extent ; the second anal spi e stoutest, but not longer than the third Tw o small but excellently preserved examples of this species are contained 340 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

i among the Spec mens belonging to the Bayet Collection , and are shown in the 2 accompanying plates (Cat . Nos . 53 0 and Most of the structural details are displayed in the larger of these to better advantage than in any other specimen which has come under the observation of the writer .

Genus D ULES .

This recent genus is represented in the Upper Eocene ﬁsh-fauna of Monte

m terus f b D . te no o Bolca y a Single species , p Agassiz , which but few examples are

s um nl known . None are preserved in the British Mu e ; o y one (the original holo T but u . type) in the Paris Museum, and three in the Carnegie Muse m hese last 24 T 42 1 1 a . mentioned examples are cataloged as Nos . 97 , 53 6 + 63 5 and 53 hey

ll u s a t . are smaller than the holotype and are evidently immature , b well pre erved

’ 1 his e s m . 9 R Agas iz s description of this species is to be found in volu e IV, p , of 1 836 . cherches sur les Poissons Fossiles ,

Suborder SCOMBROIDEI .

n— Maxillaries more or less ﬁrmly attached to the no protractile premaxillaries , b which are typically produced and pointed anteriorly . Cranium with the or ito rostral portion elongate and the postorbital portion abbreviate ; parietals separated by the supra-occipital ; no orbitosphenoid ; basisphenoid present ; pro -otics giving

r rise to an osseous roof fo the myodome . Vertebral column of solid centra which

- i to u are co oss fied wi th the arches . Pectoral arch attached the crani m by a forked post-temporal ; no mesocoracoid ; pterygials more or less regularly hourglass i u to . shaped, four in n mber, three of them attached the scapula Pelv c fins of a u spine and five soft rays or variously red ced, thoracic or subthoracic in position , the pelvic bones attached to the clavicles .

IPH IIF E Division X ORM S .

H ﬁn— ypural nearly or quite hidden by the bases of the caudal rays . A long pointed rostrum , formed by the united premaxillaries and by the nasals , the latter u meeting in front of the ethmoid and then diverging and tapering forward . Mo th

- - with lateral cleft ; teeth small or absent . Epi Otics separated by the supra occipital .

Pectoral ﬁns placed low .

Family BLO CHIIDZE .

u n - Vertebral col m consisting of twenty four vertebra . Pelvic ﬁns absent .

a Neural and h mal Spines not expanded . Ribs apparently sessile . Body covered

b - u s with slightly im ricated , diamond shaped , bony sc tes ; two longitudinal serie of

on enlarged scutes each side . : EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EO CENE OF MONTE BOL CA . 341

— The above r e descriptions of the larger groups of Scombroid ﬁshes are taken ’ D r from . Regan s diagnoses as contained in his paper publi shed in the Annals and u H 1 Magazine of Nat ral istory for January, 909 . It is of interest to note that in

u Blochius this paper the gen s is removed from association with Blennoid ﬁshes , and assigned to a position intermediate between sail-ﬁshes ( Hi sti ophor us and

Tetra terus -ﬁshes Xi hii p ) and sword ( p da ) .

' B locht us , an extinct genus and the solitary representative of the family to s which it belong , has been regarded by paleichthyologists from Agassiz onward as

of u i u doubtf l systematic position . Certain cyl ndrical spines , fo nd always in the

s oelor' h n hus detached condition , and as igned to the provisional genus C y c , have

f Bl u been compared with the slender, elongate rostrum o ochi s, and a theoretical

association of these remains is perhaps permissible . But it is a matter of consider

’ able' inter est to note the resemblances to which Regan has called attention between

Blochius Xi hi as and p .

For l in o . R instance , the paper above referred t , Dr egan speaks as fol ows

The Xi hi a l u Blochi us u adult p s g adi s differs considerably from , but very yo ng

specimens clearly Show its relationship to the extinct genus . An example of nearly 2 ' 00 mm. Blochius lon i r ostms s in the British Museum is very similar to g , re embling it in the long Slender jaws , the elongate body with the greatest depth just behind

The the head , and the continuous dorsal ﬁn . body is covered with rough non

e on tw o imbricat d scales , with four longitudinal series of enlarged scales each side , correspondi ng in position to the lateral series in Blochius and the others running f ” at the base o the dorsal and anal ﬁns . f Concerning the osteology o Scombroid ﬁshes in general , reference may be made

o . u s at this point t the important papers of E . C Starks on this subj ect p bli hed in 77—79 the Journal of Morphology , Vol . XXI , pp. , and in the Leland Stanford

1 1 1 . Junior University Publications , University Series , NO . 5 , 9

u OB I OIDE S S border G .

s to baSIOc Pelvic ﬁns thoracic ; opisthotic enlarged, extending downward the i l c pita .

Family GOB IIDE .

T u his family comprises small ﬁshes , which are widely distrib ted on the coasts

of s u . temperate and tropical seas , ometimes also occ rring in fresh water With the

u i exception of the Single genus Eocott s, the precise systematic position of wh ch is

of s . doubtful , no satisfactorily preserved remains this family have been di covered

E ocottus in the In the Opinion of Dr . A . Smith Woodward should be placed family R i r nif rm Dr . Cott da among the Sco pa o es . More recently egan has expressed the 342 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

Eocottus G b Le idocottus opinion that the Eocene may be a o ioid, and p also may

” 1 1 belong to the same group .

Genus EO COTTU S A . S . Woodward . i 1 Eocot us ver onens s . 5 . t (Volta) 1 1 . 79 . Gobius bar batu I i li . 4 . 6 . 8 s G . S . Volta, tt o t . Veronese , p , Pl XI , ﬁg 1 79 . i . 6 Gob us ver n n i b d 1 . 2 o i i . . 5 . e s s G . S . Volta, , p , Pl XI , ﬁg

' 1 1 ’ X 8 8 . Gobius v r e D Hi tZ . . i . d s e n n ouv . o s s H . D . de Blainville, N ict Nat , Vol X VII;

. 358 p . 18 35 . Gobiu r 1 . s macr ou us . hr . . 29 L Agassiz , Neues Ja b , p (name only) 1 — 83 PI. 8 3 . 12 2 3 9 . 0 obius macrurus P i s . G L . Agassiz , o ss . Fos , Vol IV, pp , , XXXIV, 4 ﬁgs . 3, .

- 1 7 . 8 6 . . . Gobiu T . s macrurus . . F . Bassani , Atti Soc Veneto rent Sci Nat , Vol III ,

p . 180 . 1 90 1 . . Eo . . cottus ver onensi s . . . A . S Woodward, Cat Foss Fishes Brit Mus Pt IV , 1 p . 58 . 1 1 ’ ’ 5 9 1 o . 7 . 38 .Eo . . N cottus ver oneu . . szs C . R . Eastman , Mem Car Mus , Vol IV, , p , PI 1 u . . XCIX , fig . (fig re inverted) — Type Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History .

The b o to best preserved examples of this species , which have thus far een br ught T i u . light , are those contained in the British and C arnegie Muse ms hree spec mens u to are listed in the published catalog of the latter instit tion , and we have now record the accession of three additional specimens , smaller than the others , but

T : 5325 5326 fairly well preserved . hese have received the catalog numbers , ,

5327 .

Suborder BLENN OIDEI .

u o Pelvic ﬁns j gular or mental, each of one t four rays , the ﬁrst of which may be

' b u to spinous ; parasphenoid sending up a wing on each side , which is joined y sut re

the frontals .

L I DzE Family B EN N .

of Elongated ﬁshes with stout caudal pedicle ; snout not produced . Most the abdominal vertebra with downwardly directed transverse processes bearing the

u of u i small ribs . Dorsal ﬁn occ pying nearly the whole the back, Often s bdiv ded ;

or anal ﬁn also much extended ; caudal ﬁn rounded or tapering . Scales small

no s ut . absent , and bony c es

11 “ . The Os o o and assiﬁ a i o of Telostean is s of O o a C T . C S Reg n, te l gy l c t n the F he the rder cler M l ’ 1 1 1 1 Ann . a . Nat . is . Vo . I 9 3 . 8 . g H t , X , , p N : EASTMA FISHES FROM UPPER EO CENE OF MONTE BOLCA . 343

G u PTERYGO CE PHAL en s U S Agassiz . H ead short and orbit very large ; mouth small , with conical teeth . Vertebra b u b r u al . D a o t ten in the a dominal, fou teen in the ca d region orsal ﬁn very high , the foremost large spine displaced forwards above the head, but the ﬁn otherwise h continuous , each scale wit a longitudinal keel, and the keels forming regular lines along the trunk .

16 . Pter oce halus ar yg p p adoxus Agassiz .

(Pl . XLV, Fig

179 L brus m 6 . a l l a a terus G . . VOta I i li 2 PI 2 8 . . p S , tt o t Veronese , p . , LV, ﬁg 3

err r ( o e) .

’ 1 1 La 8 8 . brus mala terus H . D Hi t . . p D . de Blainville , Nouv . ict . d s Nat , Vol . 1 XXVII , p . 35 . 1 P 835 . ter oce halus ar adoxus hr . . 2 . yg p p L . Agassiz , Neues Ja b , p 95 (name only)

1839 . Pter oce halus ar adoxus l 1 1 PI . Poi . . o . . 9 . yg p p L Agassiz , ss Foss , V IV, p ,

XXXII , ﬁgs . 5 , 6 .

1 5 Cri sti ce s r 8 3 . M r a adoxus . 1 2 . p p J iille , Neues Jahrb . , p . 3

1 i i - 876 . Cr st ce s ar a u dox s . . T . . p p F Bassani , Atti Soc Veneto rent . Sci . Nat , Vol III , 1 p . 78 . 1 01 P 9 . ter o l ce ha us aradoxus . . yg p p A . S . Woodward , Cat . Foss . Fishes , Pt . IV, p 595 1 P 905 . ter o e lu 4 c ha s ar adoxus No . yg p p C . R . Eastman , Mem . Soc . Geol . France , 3 ,

p . 29 . 1 1 1 P 9 . ter l oce halus ar adoxus . o O . 7 yg p p C . R . Eastman , Mem . Car . Mus , V . IV, N , I 38 P . p . 8 , XCVI , ﬁg . 5 .

T e — yp Imperfect ﬁsh ; Paris Museum of Natural History .

T - - Cr isti ce s his, the type species , includes small sized ﬁshes allied to the existing p ,

al n the tot length ot much exceedi ng 5 cm . Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling maximum depth of trunk and somewhat less than one-third of the total

fin- i length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin . Separate dorsal sp ne about i u tw ce as long as the next , the length of which slightly exceeds depth of tr nk at its point of insertion ; continuous dorsal fin with nine spines and nine articulated rays ; anal fin with three spines and seven articulated rays . Tw o examples of thi s rare and interesting form are preserved in the Bayet

42 15 r ll of r one NO . Co ection the Ca negie Museum ; , cataloged as , which has al eady

r hi been ﬁgu ed, and another w ch is larger and more perfect , cataloged under the hi in u a . numbers 5309+ 5309 In this latter, w ch is co nterpart, all of the ﬁns , the

of b details of the squamation , and arrangement cranial plates are very favora ly displayed . 344 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

1 o i m 7 . G b us icrocephalus Agassiz .

(Plate XLV , Fig . 1 839 . obius mi cr o e lu P i . G c ha s . o ss s . 2 4 0 . X p L Agassiz , Fos , Vol IV, p . , Pl X XIV,

2 . ﬁg . 1 1 90 . obius mi o e lu G cr c ha s . . . ss . i p A S Woodward, Cat Fo F shes Brit . Mus . , Pt .

IV, p . 588 .

19 5 . obiu mi cr 0 G s oce halus M m . . . R . e . Soc G . p C Eastman , eol France , Vol XIII , 33 . 3 . p ; pl . II , ﬁg .

T e — u H yp Imperfect ﬁsh ; British Muse m of Natur al istory . The type and hitherto only known example of the Species which has been called by this name is a small ﬁsh doubtfully assigned to a position among the Gobies by

Agassiz , and considered by Woodward as probably a Blennoid though not satis factoril y determinable .

The i original author remarks that, without undertak ng to ﬁx deﬁnitely its

s out preci e systematic position , it is yet possible to point its leading speciﬁc char

’ acters u , and among these he notes the following : d ne part , la position tres

’ ’ l anale et u u e avancée de , de l a tre , la forme tres racco rcie de la t te ; caractere qui l i u mi cr oce ha lus . a valu de ma part le nom de G. p La colonne vertébrale est loin ’ d etre massive ; les cOteS sont longues et greles . La dorsale épineuse parait avoir été separee de la dorsale molle par une échancrure assez profonde ; ses rayons

’ ’ ss u l u u u ou ui vont en décroi ant dep is e premier j sq a septieme dernier , q n a pas

- au meme la moitié de la longuer des premiers rayons mous . Ceux ci sont nombre

’ ’ ’ L nale au i et uss . a de neuf, mo ns , vont a i en se raccourcissant d avant en arriere ’ i ix u . est composée d au moins s rayons , q sont assez allongés La caudale est tres '

u l. c . . ample , en égard ala taille d poisson ( , p

The us Of this species but few examples are kn own . British M eum possesses , l u only the holotype , which is a smal individ al , and its precise systematic position

to u is regarded as doubtful . None are be found in the Paris Muse m of Natural

H u i istory, and none in this co ntry , with the exception of two specimens belong ng

4 r to . 550 u . s e the Carnegie Muse m One of the e , cataloged as No , has al eady b en u ﬁgured in Vol . IV of the Memoirs of the Muse m, and the other , which is larger

1 . NO . 53 9 and more perfect , has recently come to light . It bears the Catalog

D APPEN IX .

&Since the foregoing pages were wri tten and after they had been put into

. u u type , the Editor received a req est from the A thor to incorporate in the body of the text a lengthy series of changes and additions . A careful examination of this

4 3 6 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

The only known example of this species is that which has already served for

of s b the original ﬁgures and de criptions y Volta and Agassiz . It would be super

ﬂuous to here enumerate the Speciﬁc characters , which have been noted in con

i r s de able detail by the latter author .

u Gen s MENE Lacepede .

of r &In Part I of the Catalog Fossil Fishes in the Carnegie Museum , Memoi s

3 6 . l Carnegie Museum , Vol . IV, p . 6 , Mr Eastman a luded to the fact that numerous

M e mbea no ﬁne examples of en r ho (Volta) are contained in the collection , but gave

fi ur e of -fi ur e C al _ g the species , except a reproduction of a text g , showing the rani ’ “ Mene r hombeus osteology, taken from Cramer s article entitled Ueber (Volta) 1 T G . . 906 . 181 Z i hr u . . (cf . e tsc . de tsch geol esell , Vol LVIII , , pp his omission the Editor supplies in Plate XLVIIA by a figure of one of the well-preserved speci ll mens belonging to the Bayet Co ection (No . showing the remarkable f Th development of the anterior rays o the pelvic fins . e introduction of this

ff Mene hombea plate is made in order to visualize the di erence between r (Volta) ,

l a c . . . Mene ob ong (Agassiz) ( f Eastman, Memoirs Carnegie Museum , Vol IV, Pl

b a XCII , ﬁg . and the species hereinafter descri ed by Eastm n as a new Species

- i T - eMe e nova hi s an cs c . ﬁ r 4 . . Holland . under the nam n p , f ext gu e . W J &

M -h a e a s ni s . nov . 19 . en nov i pa , p l l — T l s o . . Fish which we cal an O d wife . F . Byam, Philos . ran , V IX, p I 2 5 P . . 9 , IX

— of Type. Figure of a ﬁsh found in counterpart on the island Antigua , the location of the specimen not now being known .

M r mbea Closely resembling . ho , but the dorsal border less strongly arched, and n m trunk ot so deep as in that species . Maximu depth of trunk equalling its length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal ﬁn , and the latter appar

D r hombea ut no ently slightly excavated . orsal ﬁn located as in M . ; b giving evidence as to the extent of elongation of the anterior ray of the pelvic ﬁn .

3k 3k

n From the standpoint of paleogeographical distribution , a d also as a criterion for determining the age of the strata exposed at an elevation of about 900 feet

- of of s above sea level in the Island Antigua, it is a matter con iderable scientiﬁc

s n Mene intere t to be able to determi e positively the presence of a species of , hither T to unrecognized as such, and indeed unnamed , in the older ertiary rocks of the H i western hemisphere . istorical interest also attaches to the fact that the orig nal : EASTMAN FISHES FROM UPPER EOCENE OF MONTE BOLCA . 347

specimen to which attention is now directed formed the subject of the earliest publi shed contribution to the literature of paleichthyology emanating from the

New World .

The to in communication referred is the form of a letter written by the Rev . 31 17 Francis Byam under date of March , 55 , and read before the Royal Society of D London in ecember of that year . It is printed in Volume XLIX (page 295) of

' -h s w - . T . z FIG 4. Meneznovce i pam Eastman . ( ype ) Being a reproduction of about one half si e of the i i us a v in i oso i al T a sa i s l. I I 1 a ll t r tion g en the Ph l ph c r n ct on , Vo XL X, Plate X, 755 . (Photogr phed

by A . S . Coggeshall) .

i T of b the Ph losophical ransactions that body, accompanied y a steel engraving 4 hi i . T u . w ch portrays the orig nal specimen his engraving is reprod ced in ﬁg ,

- f lu which is a little more than one half the size o the original . As both the il stration and the published account of the fossil ﬁsh have been overlooked by modern

of to n : ichthyologists , it may be service quote the followi g passage

‘

T . F . u R S. O William Fa quier, Esq . . f As you have the honour to be a member o the Royal Society, I have

u ou to be sent yo , by Captain Barrett , in a box directed for y , what I esteem a great

u for u n curiosity . It is a stone , that was brought from a q arry, a b ildi g in the 34 THE 8 MEMOIRS OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM .

of is town : the quarry is in the side a mountain , and about three hundr ed yards

“ — b u tw o i s higher than high water mark , and a o t m le from the sea . When the

s mason struck it with his hammer , it plit in two , and discovered the exact por

’ r i r l t a tu e of a ﬁsh (on each stone) which we cal an old wife .

3k 3k 3k =l= T hat which is chieﬂy interesting to note in regard to this specimen , which

u r o clearly belongs to a new species , is that its position in the line of evol tionary p

i hombea r s on tw o ss M . r g es is intermediate between the other known fo il forms ,

M . oblon a Th b u and g . e fact that these two are oth from an pper Eocene horizon

T . u furnishes additional evidence in support of the view of D r . Wayland Va ghan u T In and others that the fossiliferous strata Of Antig a are of early ertiary age .

all of b i deed, the data that are now available favor a correlation these eds w th the

Upper Eocene . =l=

m in u Mr . East an also calls attention his man script to the fact that two other f species o fossil ﬁshes from the West Indies have been discovered, both of which

f T : appear to have eluded the notice o some recent writers and Catalogers . hey are n H l 1 1 Vo . 873 . 93 Aétobati s oe i Soc . . . . p y Castro , Anales Espa ist Nat , III , , p , from the Tertiary of Cuba ; and

1 7 . Z r o ani H s k f u . . . H . . 90 a u . eb as m de s a o , B ll Amer Mus Nat ist , Vol XXIII , , pp 2 — 1 5 6 .

The latter is the ﬁrst fossil species known to be referable to the genus Z ebr a ” H k f l ussa o . . o. soma Swainson, cf .

GENERA .

Odonteus . Amphi stium .

Pter oce halus Cyclopoma . yg p

Ductor Pyga us .

Rham hosus Dules . p m Eobothus nov Rho bus .

Eo t S arnodus cot us . p

Eolabr oides nov Symphodus . Ephippus Toxotes Gillidia nov Trygon Gobius Ur osphen Holocentrus Mene MOI S CA NEGIE M SE M VOl V R R U U , i . P AT L E XLlll.

N . 5305 . T . Z . . M . . . FIG hi us rhombus BLAINV ILL E . N A SI E C CAT FOSS FISHES , O . 1 . Ep pp

N O . 5303 . . F . T . Z . . M. FIG abr oides sz a nochee ZIGNO . N A SI E C CAT OSS FISHES , . 2 . Eol j

F No . 433l a . . M. . Fos s . T . . FIG abr oides sz a nochaaZIGN O . NA SI ZE C CAT ISHES , . 3 . Eol j

MEMOI S CA NE IE M SE M V OL. VI R R G U U , . P ATE XLVll L A.