Development of a Water Availability & Simulation Model
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Holistic Evaluation of a Representative Link – Development of a Water Availability & Simulation Model National Institute of Hydrology Jalvigyan Bhawan Roorkee - 247667 Holistic Evaluation of a Representative Link – Development of a Water Availability & Simulation Model National Institute of Hydrology Jalvigyan Bhawan Roorkee - 247667 November, 2008 Director: Sh. R. D. Singh Divisional Head: Dr. Sharad K. Jain, Scientist “F” Study Team: Dr. M. K. Goel, Scientist “E1” Dr. Sharad K. Jain, Scientist “F” Dr. Vijay Kumar, Scientist “E1” Dr. Anupama Sharma, Scientist “C” Mr. P. K. Agarwal, Principal Research Assistant Contents Page No. Preface Abstract Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1 1.2 Need of a Distributed Basin Scale Model 2 1.2.1 Use of remote sensing data with GIS platform 3 1.3 Objectives and Scope of the Study 4 Chapter-2 MODEL DESCRIPTION 2.1 General 6 2.2 Review of some IRBPM Models 7 2.2.1 MODSIM DSS 7 2.2.2 TERRA DSS 8 2.2.3 RIVER WARE 9 2.2.4 AQUATOOL 10 2.2.5 WATER WARE 10 2.2.6 BHIWA 11 2.2.7 RIBASIM 13 2.2.8 MIKE BASIN 14 2.2.9 SWAT 16 2.3 Description of the Developed Model 18 2.3.1 Model Methodology 18 2.3.2 Input Data Requirement 21 2.3.3 Various Modules 25 2.3.4 Linkage with Groundwater Flow del 42 2.3.5 Various Interlinking Sub-models 45 2.3.5 Computational Steps of Model 48 2.3.5 Output of the Model 51 Chapter-3 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT FOR TAPI BASIN 3.1 General 53 3.2 The Tapi River Basin 54 3.2.1 Main Tributaries of Tapi River 54 3.2.2 Topography, Geology, and Soils of Tapi Basin 56 3.2.3 Rainfall and Climate of Tapi Basin 56 3.2.4 Land Use, Agriculture, and Pop. in Tapi Basin 57 3.2.5 Water Resources Development in Tapi Basin 58 3.3 Database Development for Basin Simulation Model 60 3.3.1 Spatial Data 61 3.3.2 Attribute Data 83 3.3.3 Dynamic Data 94 Chapter-4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 General 97 4.2 Sample Output of Basin Simulation Model 98 4.3 Checking of Model Computations 113 4.4 Model Application for Tapi Basin 114 4.5 Limitations of the Present Study 129 Chapter-5 CONCLUSION 131 REFERENCES List of Figures Page No. Chapter-2 2.1: Logical sequence of BHIWA model 13 2.2: Schematic sketch of soil water balance Components 29 2.3: A grid representing soil reservoir 30 2.4: Variation of actual crop evapo-transpiration 32 with soil water content 2.5: Definition sketch of specific equivalent water depths 32 2.6: Standard linear operating policy 38 Chapter-3 3.1: Index map of Tapi River Basin 55 3.2: Major tributaries of Tapi river 55 3.3: Shadow map of Tapi showing topography & drainage 57 3.4: Tapi River basin up to Ukai dam obtained from GIS 62 3.5: Digital elevation map of Tapi basin (obtained from SRTM) 62 3.6: Slope map of Tapi River basin obtained from GIS 63 3.7: River network in Tapi River basin obtained from GIS 63 3.8: Sub-basin boundaries in Tapi basin obtained from GIS 63 3.9: Flow direction map of Tapi obtained from GIS 64 3.10: Thiessen polygon of rainfall stations in Tapi Basin 64 3.11: Thiessen polygon map of ET stations in Tapi basin 65 3.12: District boundary map of the Tapi River basin 66 3.13: Map showing layout of different cities in Tapi basin 67 3.14: Hydrological soil map of Tapi River basin 68 3.15: Composite Landsat TM image of Tapi River 69 basin showing basin boundary main 3.16: Location of different reservoirs in the Tapi River basin 70 3.17: Water bodies[Blue] obtained by digital 71 analysis superimposed on RS image 3.18: USGS landuse/land cover map for Eurasia overlaid 72 with Tapi Basin 3.19: Landuse map of the Tapi River basin 74 3.20: NOAA-AVHRR color composites (1,2,2) 76 of Tapi basin for different months 3.21: NOAA-AVHRR color composite (1,2,2) 77 for Tapi basin in different months 3.22: Kharif crop map for the Tapi River basin 79 3.23: Rabi crop map for the Tapi River basin 79 3.23: Command area boundaries of projects 81 overlaid on remote sensing images 3.24: Different projects and layout of their command areas 82 3.25: Groundwater depth map for Tapi basin in May, 1992 83 Chapter-4 4.1: Image showing monthly GW pumping/recharge 98 4.2: Final soil moisture status map of basin at month end 99 4.3: Actual ET map of Tapi basin at end of a month 99 4.4: Observed and simulated monthly flows in MCM 125 (June 1992 – May 1993) at different gauging sites 4.5: Observed and simulated monthly flows in MCM 126 (June 1993 – May 1994) at different gauging sites 4.6: Observed and simulated monthly flows in MCM 127 (June 1994 – May 1995) at different gauging sites 4.7: Observed and simulated monthly flows in MCM 128 (June 1995 – May 1996) at different gauging sites * * * List of Tables Page No. Chapter-2 2.1: Pumping/recharge information for input to VMOD 48 Chapter-3 3.1: Major land uses in Tapi basin in the year 1995-96 3.2: Major/Medium existing projects in Tapi basin 59 3.3: Major/Medium/Minor on-going projects 60 3.4: Numeric identity of different rainfall stations in basin 65 3.5: Numeric identity of different cities in Tapi basin 67 3.6: Numeric identity of different reservoirs in Tapi basin 72 3.7: Acreage of different crops in Tapi basin up to Ukai dam 75 3.8: Acreage of crops as identified from remote sensing 79 3.9: Computed and actual CCA of command of projects 82 3.10: Characteristics of crops used in Tapi River basin 85 3.11: Soil properties used in the study 84 3.12: Domestic & industrial demand details of different 88 Districts used in the study 3.13: City attributes in the Tapi River basin 87 3.14: River network attributes for a few river segments 89 3.15: Details of various hydraulic structures used in study 91 3.16: Gauging sites attributes in the Tapi River Basin 93 3.17: District-wise groundwater development in Tapi Basin 93 3.18: Average monthly reference evapo-transpiration 94 depths at different stations 3.19: Annual rainfall at different raingauge stations used 95 Chapter-4 4.1: Sample monthly flow table 100 4.2: Sample output of monthly operation simulation 101 of a reservoir 4.3: Sample output of daily operation simulation 102 of a reservoir 4.4 A sample table showing hydrological details of different 103 Sub-basins 4.5 Annual values of hydrological variables for Dedtalai 115 Sub-basin 4.6 Annual values of hydrological variables for Burhanpur 116 Sub-basin 4.7 Annual values of hydrological variables for Lakhpuri 117 Sub-basin 4.8 Annual values of hydrological variables for Yerli 118 Sub-basin 4.9 Annual values of hydrological variables for Dapuri 119 Sub-basin 4.10 Annual values of hydrological variables for Savkheda 120 Sub-basin 4.11 Annual values of hydrological variables for Malkheda 121 Sub-basin 4.12 Annual values of hydrological variables for Morane 122 Sub-basin 4.13 Annual values of hydrological variables for Gidhade 123 Sub-basin 4.14 Annual values of hydrological variables for Sarangkheda 124 Sub-basin * * * ABSTRACT Any plan related to inter-basin transfer of water from a water-surplus basin to a water-deficit basin has to take into account the water availability and demands under the present and future scenarios of water use. Any water-related activity that takes place in one part of a river basin may have consequences in the other part. Therefore, effective management of water and related environment in a river basin requires an integrated and co- ordinated planning within the basin. In the present approach of water availability estimation in a river basin, it is very difficult to account for the effect of land use change and climate change on the water resources scenario. Water requirement for different purposes (nature, food, and people) is not precisely estimated. Discharge is considered as the basic unit for water availability estimations which may be affected by a number of basin parameters and variables such as population, industrialization, change in the irrigated areas, improvement in irrigation efficiencies, availability and development of groundwater, change in land use (increase/ decrease in forest area, urban land, barren land etc.), change in the climate of the region (increase/decrease in temperature, precipitation etc.), construction of hydraulic structures etc. Therefore, a need was felt to develop a detailed model to assess the available water resources in a river basin and to estimate the demands for various purposes. A conceptual spatially distributed water balance model has been developed to simulate various components of the hydrologic cycle at the scale of a river basin. Various types of spatial, attribute, and dynamic data are integrated by the model to perform the water balance analysis of a basin. Spatially distributed information include land-use map, crop map, soil map, Thiessen polygon map of rainfall and ET stations, district boundary map, map showing major cities in the basin, digital elevation map, slope map, flow direction map, groundwater depth map, river network map, storage/diversion structure map, irrigation source map, initial moisture map, and aquifer characteristics (storage coefficient and transmissivity) maps.