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Structural Failures of Single Wall Construction in a Western Mining Town: Bodie, California

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Structural Failures of Single Wall Construction in a Western Mining Town: Bodie, California University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1998 Structural Failures of Single Wall Construction in a Western Mining Town: Bodie, California Andrea Sue Morrison University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Morrison, Andrea Sue, "Structural Failures of Single Wall Construction in a Western Mining Town: Bodie, California" (1998). Theses (Historic Preservation). 454. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/454 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Morrison, Andrea Sue (1998). Structural Failures of Single Wall Construction in a Western Mining Town: Bodie, California. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/454 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Structural Failures of Single Wall Construction in a Western Mining Town: Bodie, California Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Morrison, Andrea Sue (1998). Structural Failures of Single Wall Construction in a Western Mining Town: Bodie, California. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/454 UNiYERsmry PENNSYLV^NIA. UBRARIE5 STRUCTURAL FAILURES OF SINGLE WALL CONSTRUCTION IN A WESTERN MINING TOWN: BODIE, CALIFORNIA Andrea Sue Morrison A THESIS Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 1999 Supervisor Reader Samuel Y. Harris Peter D. Schulz, PhD Adjunct Professor Senior State Archeologist California Department of Parks & Recreation iragjiate Group Acting Chair David De Long Professor of Architecture i Of ^ /flENNSYLVANJA % LIBRARIES ^ FOR Pete There was a time when a man with a few drinks under his belt who wished to impress people would proclaim himself a "Badman from Bodie!" Bodie, California, was a rich camp, and a tough one. On one day in 1880 they had three shootings and two stage holdups, and the town was just getting warmed up. Another man noted six shootings in one week and made no mention of various knifings, cuttings, or other passages of arms. In approximately three years, from 1879 to 1881, miners took something over $30 million in gold from the mines of Bodie. Laundrymen were getting rich panning out the dirt they washed from miners' clothing. It is reported that Rough-and Tumble Jack, Bodie's first badman, was explaining how tough he was when someone saw fit to challenge him. He and his antagonist went outside and opened fire on each other at point-blank range. Rough-and Tumble Jack staggered back into the saloon, but his opponent, with one arm broken, reloaded his gun by holding it between his knees and then went back into the saloon and finished the job. Jack became one of the first to bed down in Bodie's Boot Hill. Much of the town still remains, although a fire in 1932 swept away many of its buildings. Louis L' amour Law of the Desert Bom CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi PREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x ABSTRACT xii Chapter L INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of Thesis Justification of the Study Research Methods and Fieldwork 2. GENERAL BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW 4 Significance As A National Historic Landmark Brief History of Bodie as a Mining Town, its Discovery and Growth The Rapid Erection of Buildings Single Wall Construction Techniques Park Objectives and Maintenance Philosophy 3. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURES 41 Structure as a System Structural Failures Due to Soil Settlement Related Problems (Vertical Sinking, Tilt, Slumping) Soil Movements (Erosion Build up. Heaving) Structural Failures Due to Stresses Induced by Loads Vertical Loads: Roof Collapse (Snow & Rain) Lateral Loads: Racking/ Shearing (Wind) Combination Loads: Wall Collapse (Buckling) Failures of Building Material Physical Failures of Materials (Bowing & Fracturing) Chemical Failures of Materials (Discoloration, Rot & Weathering) 4. INTERVENTION STRATEGIES 76 Rates of Continued Decay Prioritization of Structural Failures Intervention Strategies Horizontal Closure Vertical Closure Structural System Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY 100 INDEX 106 1 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 5 2 . Map Of California Showing Location Of Bodie 6 2 . 2 Topographic Map Of Bodie Historic District And Surrounding Region 2.3 Map Of Bodie Townsite From Current Bodie State Historic Park Brochure 8 2.4a Recent Photograph Of Bodie Looking South-West 15 2.4b Historic Photograph Of Bodie Looking South-West 15 2.5a Diagram Of Typical Hall/Parlor Style House 20 2.5b Photograph Of North-East Elevation Of Kelley Building Along Green Street 21 2.6 Diagram Of All Buildings In Bodie Showing Predominance Of Hall/Parlor Plan 21 2.7 Diagram Of All Bodie Buildings Showing Construction Materials 22 2.8 Typical Single-Wall Construction Techniques & Roof-Wall Connections 25 2.9 Diagram Of Typical Single-Wall Construction Techniques 26 2 . 1 Oa Diagram Of Technique For Connecting Metal Shingles Together 27 2.10b Photograph Showing Use Of Tin Can Shingles. SE Elevation Of Tin Cabin 27 2.11a Photo Of Interior Wall Showing Tops Untrimmed & Use Of Wallpaper 28 2.11b Photo Showing Insulation Techniques; Canvas, Muslin , And Newspaper 28 2. 12a Photo Showing Use Of Recycled Materials. Building O, Rm. 5, East Wall 30 2. 12b Photo Showing "California Addition" Selhom Building Over Rm. 2 30 2.13a Diagram Of Shed Addition 32 2. 1 3b Photo Of West Elevation Of Campana Showing Shed Additions 32 2. 14a Isometric Diagram Of Reddy Showing "Additive Vernacular" 33 2.14b Photograph Of Reddy Looking North-East 33 2. 15a Mcmillan West, Window 4, Exterior 40 2.15b Andrews, Window 6, Exterior 40 vi 2. 15c Dolan North, Rooms 1 & 2, East Gable With Nelson's Shoring 40 3.1 Diagram Showing The Structure As A System Made Up Of Subsystems 43 3 . 2 Diagram Of The Five Types Of Failures Due To Soil 46 3.3a Photolllustrating Vertical Sinking; SW Elevation Of Chinese House 47 3.3b Photo Illustrating Slumping. South Elevation Of Campana 47 3.4a Photo Ulustrating Tilt; Building O Privy 49 3.4b Photo Illustrating Heaving. Murphy, Rm. 4 49 3.5a Diagram Showing Three Types Of Failures Due To Loads 55 3.5b Diagram Comparing The Forces Of Load On Two Types Of Roof Systems 55 3.6a Diagram Of Failures Of Shed Roof; Material Failure 57 3.6b Diagram Of Failures Of Shed Roof; Connection Failure 57 3.7a Diagram Of Failures Due To Loads In Gable Roof; Rafters Act As An Arch 60 3.7b Photograph Illustrating Deformation Of Structure Into Trapezoid 60 3.8a Diagram Of Load Induced By Wind 62 3.8b Photograph Of Result Of Shear Stresses On Owen; South Elevation 62 3.9a Photograph Illustrating Deformation Of "L" Additions Due To Lateral Loads; 65 South-West Elevation, Building "D" 3.9b Photograph Illustrating Damage Due To Dynamic Wind Loads; 65 Uplifted Nails And Missing Sheathing/Shingles; S. Elevation Roof, Campana 3. lOa Diagram Of Buckling And Wall Collapse (Combination Of Loads) 66 3.10b Photograph Of Wall Collapse. SE Elevation Building "N" 66 3.11a Diagram Of Types Of Material FaUure (Physical) 69 3.11b Photograph Of S. Elevation Siding West Of Win. 3, Building "N" 69 3. 1 2a Photo Showing Chemical Failure Of Wood; Rm. 2, W. Wall, Selhom 74 3. 12b. Photograph Of "Weathering" Of Wood; East Elevation Of Mcdonald 74 3.13a The Weathered Appearance Of The Buildings Marks The Passage Of Time 75 3.13b The Weathered Appearance Of The Buildings Marks The Passage Of Time 75 vii 1 1 4. 1 a Harris Decay Curve Showing Incipient, Accelerating, And Decelerating Stages 79 4. b 3 Systems Showing Signs Of Deterioration In The Single Wall Buildings 79 4.2 Chart Outlining The Five Intervention Strategies 8 4.3a Photograph Showing Failure Of Connection. Bldg. "P" Rm. 1, NW Corner 83 4.3b Diagrams Of Intervention Strategies For Broken Joints Photograph Illustrating 83 4.4a Incompatible Additions And Area Of Increased Vulnerability To Vertical 85 Loads; North Elevation Of Metzger Photograph Of Andrews 4.4b Looking NW Showing Extreme Weather Conditions 85 4.5a Photograph Showing Shoring Technique For Deflected Roof Members 86 Andrews, Rm. 4- South Wall 4.5b Diagram Illustrating Intervention Strategies For Deflected Roof Members 86 And Roof Collapse 4.6a Recycled Tin Can Shingle W/ Trademark Blown Off Sheathing Above Door 4, 88 Exterior, Building "C" 4.6b Substitution Of Roof With New Material; W. Elevation, Building "El" 88 4.7a Building "N" Before Reconstruction Of Collapsed Wall 90 4.7b Building "N" During Reconstruction Of Collapsed Wall 90 4.8a Diagram Of Plates Used To Stiffen Joints 93 4. 8b Photograph Of Pole Propped Up Against Outside Swazey Hotel 93 4.9 Diagrams Showing Use Of Come-Along, And Cable & Tumbuckles 94 4. 1 Diagram Showing Method For Jacking Up A House 96 PREFACE I was first introduced to the structural problems with the single wall building technique in Bodie, California, while working for the CaUfomia Department of Parks and Recreation in 1996. I was employed to systematically measure the buildings and to record their present condition. While working under Senior State Archeologist, Peter D. Schulz, I photographed the structures and constructed HABS type measured drawings of each building using MiniCad 6.0. This effort was organized through a three-year (1996-1998) Bodie Stabilization project proposed to document the single-wall buildings before any stabilization or repairs were made on the buildings. Of 122 buildings in Bodie, we were able to survey 47 structures, 39 of which were single-wall construction.
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