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The Effect of Waste Vegetable Oil Addition on Pelletability and Physical Quality of Wood Pellets

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The Effect of Waste Vegetable Oil Addition on Pelletability and Physical Quality of Wood Pellets ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 22, 2014 The Effect of Waste Vegetable Oil Addition on Pelletability and Physical Quality of Wood Pellets Nevena Mišljenovi1, John Mosbye1, Reidar Barfod Schüller2, Odd-Ivar Lekang1 and Carlos Salas-Bringas1 1 Dep. Of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway 2 Dep. Of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway ABSTRACT a global level. Alternative feedstock of The aim of this study is to produce particular interest are residues and side alternative wood pellets with addition of products from agriculture and food/feed waste vegetable oil and to examine how the processing2. Market integration of oil affects pelletability and pellet’s physical alternative and mixed pellets still meets properties. The oil addition was 2.2% and various constrains, but recent study showed 5.8% on dry solids. The results show that oil importance of this sector because it helps addition significantly increases energy sustainable rural development and add value content in wood pellets (p<0.05). Energy on locally available cheap raw materials3. content was increased from 19.69 MJ/kg Alternative biofuel pellets are typically (control) to 20.05 MJ/kg (2.2% of oil) and produced from sawdust, which can be 20.64 MJ/kg (5.8% of oil). Strength of considered as a carrier, and additional non- pellets and the pressure required to initiate woody biomass in smaller amounts4. The pellet discharge from the die were reduced amount of alternative raw material depends by oil addition. on process and product quality limitations. Apart from other fibrous materials like INTRODUCTION straw, hay and grass, usage of starch and The EU is currently a leader in world lignin based materials is very common pellets market. Demands for pellets in because those materials help binding Europe have already exceeded production particles together5-7. Vegetable oils are capacities, thus significant amounts of mentioned in literature as an additive which pellets have been imported mainly from US. reduce die wall friction and reduce energy Moreover, European Commission predicts consumption for pelleting process due to that pelleted solid biofuels will play lubricating effect7, but there is no systematic important role in meeting renewable energy study about the influence of oil on targets in Europe1. All this indicate further pelletability and physical quality of pellets. growth in pellet production and necessity In this study waste vegetable oil (WVO) for utilization of new, cheap, alternative raw was selected as a raw material for materials especially because woody biomass production of alternative biofuel pellets. is almost exclusively used as a feedstock for WVO is discarded by restaurants, food pellets production which makes it scarce on manufacturers (potato chips, breaded fish 211 sticks, doughnuts, etc.) and other facilities (Brabender, Duisburg, Germany) with (schools, hospitals, households, etc.) screen opening size of 1.5 mm. because it cannot be further used in human Adopting literature recommendation for or animal nutrition. Inappropriate disposal pelleting process11, the wood powder was of WVO can be environmentally hazardous; moisturized to 10 ± 1% moisture content by therefore its further utilization is preferable. spraying water in an intensive laboratory WVO has a considerable potential as a mixer (Diosna P1/6, Germany). The final component of pelleted biofuels, because it is moisture content in spruce powder was non-fossil oil, has high calorific value and 10.81±0.34% (Table 2.). This material does not require any pretreatment. Oil served as control sample and as a base raw addition can improve wood fuel properties, material for the mixtures with oil. The but densification of wood with added oil can moisturized powder was stored in vacuum be more challenging. Application of oil can packed plastic bags at ambient conditions reduce dust formation during pelleting and until further usage (1 – 2 weeks). later during pellet handling. Availability of The WVO was obtained from WVO is not a limitation since large amounts McDonald’s restaurant in Vestby, Norway. are available from restaurants, food Before spaying, the WVO was filtrated processing industry and households8. Price trough filter paper. Basic physicochemical of WVO oil is 2.5 – 3 times lower than properties of the WVO are presented in virgin vegetable oil9. Costs of handling Table 1. WVO before usage include just transportation, storage, and costs of Table 1. Properties of waste vegetable oil. mechanical cleaning (filtration), which is Property Value usually done at production place10. HHV, MJ/kg 37.60±0.07 The main purpose of this article is to Density*, kg/m3 910.7 produce alternative wood pellets with Dynamic viscosity12, 0.117 (at 20°C) addition of WVO and to examine how the Pa s 0.026 (at 60°C) oil addition affects pelletability and pellet’s 0.007 (at 120°C) physical properties. Oil has been added in Ash content9, % 0.006 two different amounts (2.2 and 5.8% on dry *Measured at room temperature solids). Mixed and control pellets (no oil addition) were produced by single pellet The WVO at two different levels (L1 and press method at 120°C under four different L2) was added to the powder by spraying in compacting pressures (75, 150, 275 and 300 a high shear mixer having three impellers MPa). and a tulip-form chopper (Diosna P1/6, Germany). Intensive mixing (mixer 250 MATERIAL AND METHODS rpm; chopper 500 rpm), manipulating oil Preparation of the raw materials drop size in the spraying lance (Düsen- Spruce stumps (Picea abies) were Schlick GmbH, Germany, Model 970) and selected as raw material and cut from a local preheating of the WVO to 60ºC were used forest in Ås, Norway in December 2012. In to facilitate an even distribution of the oil in order to preserve woods physicochemical sawdust. Final content of oil in sawdust was properties the stumps were stored in a calculated from difference in the higher freezer until further usage. Prior to the heating value (HHV) of control powder and pelleting the wood was defrosted, the bark powder with oil. Powders L1 and L2 was removed, stumps were cut in smaller contained 2.2% and 5.8% of WVO on dry pieces, pre-dried and grinded in a grinder solids, respectively. The materials were pelletized at least 48 hours after the mixing 212 in order to allow WVO to penetrate from required to initiate pellet discharge from the fiber surface into pores. die i.e. the pressure at incipient flow (Pmax) was recorded to determine differences in Characterization of the raw materials friction generated on ‘die – pellet’ contact Following analyses on raw materials area among the materials. were performed: The particle size distribution of spruce Testing the pellets sawdust was measured by Mastersizer 3000 The produced pellets were stored in optical unit combined with Aero S dry sealed plastic bags at ambient conditions dispersion unit (Malvern Instruments, U.K.). until further testing. The strength of pellets The bulk density was determined by was measured 48 hours after production. measuring the mass of a known volume of Before the strength measurement, material that has been loosely poured into a dimensions (length and diameter) and mass graduated cylinder. The density of oil was of each pellet were measured to calculate determined by measuring the mass of know pellet density. The strength measurement volume of oil in a graduate cylinder (±0.2 was performed by a diametric compression ml) on analytical balance (±0.0001 g) test using a 60mm diameter probe connected The water activity value (aw) was to Lloyd LR 5K texture analyzer (Lloyd measured by a Rotronic HygroLab C1 Instruments, U.K.). Maximum normal force (Switzerland) instrument. Average during the pellet breakage was recorded. temperature during the aw measurements Compression test was performed with speed was 20.16±0.10ºC. of 1 mm/min. The moisture content was determined by overnight drying in an oven (Termaks, Data analysis Norway) at 105°C. Experiment was designed around two The content of ash and volatile matters factors; oil content at three levels (C – was determined in a muffle furnace control; L1 – 2.2%; L2 – 5.8%) and (Nabertherm D-2804, Germany) according compressing pressure at five levels (0, 75, to EN 14775 and EN 15148 standard 150, 225 and 300MPa). Minimum 3 procedure, respectively. replicates were tested per each combination of the factors. Results were analyzed using The fixed carbon (%d.b) was calculated by difference between 100 and the sum of ANOVA – General Linear Model for the volatile matter and ash content. unbalanced data (p<0.05). Tukey’s tests were employed to determine which groups The HHV was calorimetrically determined (Parr 1341 Oxygen Bomb differed (95% confidence interval). Calorimeter, Moline IL) following the EN 14918 standard procedure. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The addition of WVO caused changes in Pellet production the spruce sawdust properties. Small Pellets were produced in a single pellet changes in the powders appearance were press following the same procedure as observed. The powders with oil were less described in Mišljenovi et al.13 Detailed dusty, slightly darker and less flowable description of the pelleting unit was during handling and filling of the die channel. The changes in powder flow are previousely presented by Salas–Bringas et 14 particularly important for potential al. The pellets were produced at 120 ºC industrial application of the oily raw under four different compacting pressures - materials. 75, 150, 225 and 300 MPa. The pressure 213 Table 2. Raw material properties. Parameter Control L1 L2 Bulk density, kg/m3 119.44±1.54a 119.35±1.95a 122.05±1.81a a a b aw value 0.517±0.009 0.540±0.007 0.461±0.018 Proximate analysis Moisture content, % 10.81±0.34 10.60* 10.24* a a a Ash, %d.b.
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