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IJBCP International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Analysis Of Print ISSN: 2319-2003 | Online ISSN: 2279-0780 IJBCP International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20172235 Original Research Article Analysis of lead and arsenic in cosmetics and assessment of students awareness about cosmetic toxicity Rehna Saidalavi1, Hashim A.2*, Kishor Kumar B.2, Leena Pramod K.2, Prabhakar Adake3 1Department of Emergency Medicine, 2Department of ABSTRACT Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 3Department of Background: Many people believe that all cosmetics are safe but there are Pharmacology, Yenepoya number of studies proving that majority of the cosmetics contains heavy metals or other chemicals. In this study we selected two heavy metals arsenic and lead Medical College, Yenepoya University, Karnataka, because as per the Indian scenario is concerned most of the Hindu and Muslim Mangalore, India females uses lead/arsenic based cosmetics. Methods: For the qualitative/quantitative estimation to detect heavy metals Received: 28 March 2017 such as arsenic and lead in cosmetics, 20 different types of cosmetics were purchased from local market, labelled and analysed by qualitative test for heavy Accepted: 27 April 2017 metals method and ICP-AES Analysis of cosmetics method. *Correspondence to: Results: A questionnaire was framed out in English and analysis showed that Mr. Hashim A., students had an adverse effect while using cosmetic products. Preliminary Email: [email protected] analysis of some samples gave positive results and for confirmation these samples were sent to IIT Bombay for ICP-AES analysis. Some of the samples Copyright: © the author(s), showed variable level of heavy metals such as lead and arsenic. Highest publisher and licensee Medip concentration of lead and arsenic was found in Surma followed by Sindoor, lip Academy. This is an open- balm and Kajal. access article distributed under Conclusions: Heavy metals are one of the major contaminant in our eco the terms of the Creative system. Apart from this a number of cosmetic products also contain the same. Commons Attribution Non- Chronic use of this kind of cosmetic products will leads heavy metal toxicity. Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non- Keywords: Cosmetic toxicity, Cosmetic products, Heavy metals, Surma, commercial use, distribution, Sindoor and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION hair sprays and gels, deodorants, shampoos and many other types of products. Cosmetics (colloquially known as makeup or make-up) are care substances used to enhance the appearance or People who use and work with cosmetics are in danger. odour of the human body. They are generally mixtures of Topical application of these is absorbed to some degree. chemical compounds, some being derived from natural Application of cosmetics over a period of time causes sources, many being synthetic. Cosmetics ingredients low-grade toxicity. Most have been scarcely tested, and come from a variety of sources but, unlike the ingredients only a few have had extensive toxicity testing. Allergic of food, are often not considered by most consumers. responses are very common with the use of cosmetic. Some of the cosmetic ingredients are made from crushed Some of the ingredients in cosmetics and personal care insects. products are toxic chemicals that may be hazardous to our health. Heavy metals like lead, arsenic and cadmium Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, sound more like a chemical-laden concoction rather than perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and ingredients found in popular cosmetics. The heavy metals facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, hair colours, found in the products tested are considered as unintentional contaminants or intentionally added to get www.ijbcp.com International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology | June 2017 | Vol 6 | Issue 6 Page 1426 Saidalavi R et al. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Jun;6(6):1426-1430 desirable effect. These heavy metals are added to the various reasons such as traditional, artistic or aesthetic cosmetics for colour, odour and increase surface adhesion purposes.4 or for biological response.1 Table 1: Coding of samples for preliminary analysis. Most of these heavy metals are highly poisonous to human body; The effects of poisons, which are absorbed Sample No. Name of the Products through the skin, causes a lot of health problems, Sample 1 Skin foundation including hormone imbalance, cancer, neurological Sample 2 Cream bleach problems, memory loss, mood swings, reproductive and Sample 3 Powder developmental disorders, kidney problems, headaches, Sample 4 Skin whitening cream dermatitis and hair loss etc. Sample 5 Hair color Sample 6 Facial Foundation Lead and Arsenic are major contaminant in our Sample 7 whitening cream environment and it is present almost everywhere. In this Sample 8 baby powder study we have selected lead/Arsenic based cosmetics Sample 9 Sindoor such as suruma and sindoor which are commonly used in Sample 10 Hair gel day today life. Lead is a neurotoxin that is known to Sample 11 Surma accumulate over time. It can cause neuronal damage and Sample 12 Surma developmental delays even at extremely low Sample 13 Lip balm concentrations. It can also cause learning, language and Sample 14 Kajal behavioural problems.2,3 Sample 15 Nail Polish Sample 16 Nail Polish The present study is designed to look for the students awareness about harmful effect of cosmetics and Sample 17 Hair removing cream qualitative analysis of heavy metals from different types Sample 18 Hair removing cream of cosmetics used on regular basis by students. Sample 19 Cleansing milk Sample 20 Powder METHODS Questionnaire analysis of the boys and girls with respect This study was conducted in Yenepoya University, to use of cosmetics (Figure 1) showed that the use of Mangalore, Karnataka from February 2014 to November cosmetics for scalp and hair was more in boys when 2014. compared to the girls whereas the cosmetics for the eyes were used more by the girls. For the qualitative/quantitative estimation to detect heavy metals such as arsenic and lead in cosmetics, a Boys Girls questionnaire form was framed out in English with seven 45 multiple choice questions and one descriptive type 40 35 question. The forms were distributed to 150 students (of 30 both the genders) of Yenepoya University. 25 20 A survey was conducted to find out the popular cosmetic 15 brand used by the students of Yenepoya University and 10 depending on the popularity 20 different cosmetics were of Number students 5 purchased from local market. These cosmetics were 0 categorized under Eye, Lips, Scalp and Hair, Nail and Scalp Eyes Lips Face Nail Skin Skin. It was a single blind study and samples were coded and Hair Types of cosmetics (Table 1). Preliminary analysis was carried out in Department of Figure 1: Types of cosmetics used by the students of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Research lab, Yenepoya University. Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka. by Copper wire method and Dithizone method after that the samples Questionnaire analysis also showed that adverse effect of were digested using conc. HNO3. The coded samples cosmetics (Figure 2) were more in girls when compared were sent to IIT Bombay for ICP-AES analysis. to boys. RESULTS Preliminary analysis of cosmetics The use of cosmetics by humans started from an ancient All the reagents used in the study were of analytical grade time. They have been used by many different cultures for and were purchased from Durga Laboratory Mangalore. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology | June 2017 | Vol 6 | Issue 6 Page 1427 Saidalavi R et al. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Jun;6(6):1426-1430 Boys Girls Table 3: Qualitative test for Lead (Dithizone method). 20 18 Sample No. Presence / Absence Lead 16 14 1 - 12 2 - 10 3 - 8 6 4 - 4 5 Number of Number students 2 6 - 0 Scalp Eyes Lips Face Nail Skin 7 - and 8 - \Hair Adverse effect of cosmetics 9 + 10 - 11 + Figure 2: Adverse effect of cosmetics. 12 + Preliminary analysis was done by Copper wire and 13 + Dithizone methods and some of the samples have given 14 + positive results. Results are given in Table 2 and Table 3. 15 + 16 + Table 2: Qualitative test for Arsenic 17 - (copper wire method). 18 - 19 - Sample No. Presence / Absence Arsenic 20 - 1 - - = Absent 2 - + = Present 3 - 4 - Table 4: ICP-AES analysis of cosmetic products. 5 + Concentration of the 6 - Name of the products heavy metal (µg/g) 7 - Lead Arsenic 8 - Skin foundation 0.49 0.40 9 ++ Cream bleach ND ND 10 - Powder ND ND 11 + Skin whitening cream 0.74 0.39 12 + Hair color 0.93 0.31 13 ++ Facial Foundation ND ND 14 - Whitening cream ND ND 15 - Powder ND ND 16 - Sindoor 644.86 6.40 17 - Hair gel ND ND 18 - Surma 1.23 3.18 19 - Surma 1437.50 3.48 20 - Lip balm 456.69 19.55 - = Absent + = Present in small quantity Kajal 137.54 ND ++ = Present in moderate quantity Nail Polish 2.96 ND +++ = Present in large quantity Nail Polish 12.39 ND Hair removing cream ND ND For the confirmation of the confirmation of results, the Hair removing cream 0.061 ND samples were sent to IIT Mumbai through courier for Cleansing milk 0.70 ND ICP-AES analysis and it was found that some of the Powder ND ND products have shown variable levels of heavy metals such as lead and arsenic. Results are given in Table 4. DISCUSSION The levels of lead and arsenic found in twenty different The usage of cosmetics for skin comprised mainly of cosmetics selected for the studies are given in Table 4. It creams, oils, and lotions which were found to be used was found that some of the products have shown variable equally by the both genders.
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