Hearing Sound Localization Under Perturbed Binaural
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Representation of Sound Localization Cues in the Auditory Thalamus of the Barn Owl
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 10421–10425, September 1997 Neurobiology Representation of sound localization cues in the auditory thalamus of the barn owl LARRY PROCTOR* AND MASAKAZU KONISHI Division of Biology, MC 216–76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Contributed by Masakazu Konishi, July 14, 1997 ABSTRACT Barn owls can localize a sound source using responses of neurons throughout the N.Ov to binaural sound either the map of auditory space contained in the optic tectum localization cues to determine what, if any, transformations or the auditory forebrain. The auditory thalamus, nucleus occur in the representation of auditory information. ovoidalis (N.Ov), is situated between these two auditory areas, and its inactivation precludes the use of the auditory forebrain METHODS for sound localization. We examined the sources of inputs to the N.Ov as well as their patterns of termination within the Adult barn owls (Tyto alba), while under ketamineydiazepam nucleus. We also examined the response of single neurons anesthesia (Ketaset, Aveco, Chicago; 25 mgykg diazepam; 1 within the N.Ov to tonal stimuli and sound localization cues. mgykg intramuscular injection), were placed in a stereotaxic Afferents to the N.Ov originated with a diffuse population of device that held the head tilted downward at an angle of 30° neurons located bilaterally within the lateral shell, core, and from the horizontal plane. A stainless steel plate was attached medial shell subdivisions of the central nucleus of the inferior to the rostral cranium with dental cement, and a reference pin colliculus. Additional afferent input originated from the ip- was glued to the cranium on the midline in the plane between silateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. -
Master Project Interactive Media Design Master Program Södertörn Högskola
Master Project Interactive Media Design Master Program Södertörn Högskola Supervisor: Minna Räsänen External: Annika Waern (MobileLife Centre) Student: Syed Naseh Title: Mobile SoundAR: Your Phone on Your Head Table of Contents Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 3 Keywords.................................................................................................................................... 3 ACM Classification Keywords................................................................................................... 3 General Terms............................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction.................................................................................................................................4 Immersion issues without head-tracking.....................................................................................5 Front-back confusion.................................................................................................... 5 Interaural Time Difference ITD ................................................................................... 5 Interaural Intensity Difference IID .............................................................................. 6 Design Problem...........................................................................................................................7 Design Methodology...................................................................................................................7 -
Head-Related Transfer Functions and Virtual Auditory Display
Chapter 6 Head-Related Transfer Functions and Virtual Auditory Display Xiao-li Zhong and Bo-sun Xie Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56907 1. Introduction 1.1. Sound source localization and HRTFs In real environments, wave radiated by sound sources propagates to a listener by direct and reflected paths. The scattering, diffraction and reflection effect of the listener’s anatomical structures (such as head, torso and pinnae) further disturb the sound field and thereby modify the sound pressures received by the two ears. Human hearing comprehen‐ sively utilizes the information encoded in binaural pressures and then forms various spatial auditory experiences, such as sound source localization and subjective perceptions of environmental reflections. Psychoacoustic experiments have proved that the following cues encoded in the binaural pressures contribute to directional localization [1]: 1. The interaural time difference (ITD), i.e., the arrival time difference between the sound waves at left and right ears, is the dominant directional localization cue for frequencies approximately below 1.5 kHz. 2. The interaural level difference (ILD), i.e., the pressure level difference between left and right ears caused by scattering and diffraction of head etc., is the important directional localization cue for frequencies approximately above 1.5 kHz. 3. The spectral cues encoded in the pressure spectra at ears, which are caused by the scattering, diffraction, and reflection of anatomical structures. In particular, the pinna- caused high-frequency spectral cue above 5 to 6 kHz is crucial to front-back disambiguity and vertical localization. © 2014 The Author(s). -
Discrimination of Sound Source Positions Following Auditory Spatial
Discrimination of sound source positions following auditory spatial adaptation Stephan Getzmann Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Kognitions- & Umweltpsychologie; Email: [email protected] Abstract auditory contrast effect in sound localization increases with in- Based on current models of auditory spatial adaptation in human creasing adapter duration, indicating a time dependence in the sound localization, the present study evaluated whether auditory strength of adaptation. Analogously, improvements in spatial dis- discrimination of two sound sources in the median plane (MP) crimination should be stronger following a long adapter, and improves after presentation of an appropriate adapter sound. Fif- weaker following a short adapter. In order to test this assumption, teen subjects heard two successively presented target sounds (200- in a third condition a short adapter sound preceded the target ms white noise, 500 ms interstimulus interval), which differed sounds. Best performance was expected in the strong-adapter con- slightly in elevation. Subjects had to decide whether the first dition, followed by the weak- and the no-adapter condition. sound was emitted above or below the second. When a long adap- ter sound (3-s white noise emitted at the elevation of the first tar- 2. Method get sound) preceded the stimulus pair, performance improved in Fifteen normal hearing subjects (age range 19-52 years) volun- speed and accuracy. When a short adapter sound (500 ms) pre- teered as listeners in the experiment which was conducted in a ceded, performance improved only insignificantly in comparison dark, sound-proof, anechoic room. In the subjects' median plane, with a no-adapter control condition. These results may be linked 31 broad-band loudspeakers (Visaton SC 5.9, 5 x 9 cm) were to previous findings concerning sound localization after the pres- mounted ranging from -31° to +31° elevation. -
Signal Processing in High-End Hearing Aids: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2005:18, 2915–2929 c 2005 V. Hamacher et al. Signal Processing in High-End Hearing Aids: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends V. Hamacher, J. Chalupper, J. Eggers, E. Fischer, U. Kornagel, H. Puder, and U. Rass Siemens Audiological Engineering Group, Gebbertstrasse 125, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], eghart.fi[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received 30 April 2004; Revised 18 September 2004 The development of hearing aids incorporates two aspects, namely, the audiological and the technical point of view. The former focuses on items like the recruitment phenomenon, the speech intelligibility of hearing-impaired persons, or just on the question of hearing comfort. Concerning these subjects, different algorithms intending to improve the hearing ability are presented in this paper. These are automatic gain controls, directional microphones, and noise reduction algorithms. Besides the audiological point of view, there are several purely technical problems which have to be solved. An important one is the acoustic feedback. Another instance is the proper automatic control of all hearing aid components by means of a classification unit. In addition to an overview of state-of-the-art algorithms, this paper focuses on future trends. Keywords and phrases: digital hearing aid, directional microphone, noise reduction, acoustic feedback, classification, compres- sion. 1. INTRODUCTION being close to each other. Details regarding this problem and possible solutions are discussed in Section 5. Note that Driven by the continuous progress in the semiconductor feedback suppression can be applied at different stages of technology, today’s high-end digital hearing aids offer pow- the signal flow dependent on the chosen strategy. -
Bimodal Hearing Or Bilateral Cochlear Implants: a Review of the Research Literature
Bimodal Hearing or Bilateral Cochlear Implants: A Review of the Research Literature Carol A. Sammeth, Ph.D.,1,2 Sean M. Bundy,1 and Douglas A. Miller, M.S.E.E.3 ABSTRACT Over the past 10 years, there have been an increasing number of patients fitted with either bimodal hearing devices (unilateral cochlear implant [CI], and hearing aid on the other ear) or bilateral cochlear implants. Concurrently, there has been an increasing interest in and number of publications on these topics. This article reviews the now fairly voluminous research literature on bimodal hearing and bilateral cochlear implantation in both children and adults. The emphasis of this review is on more recent clinical studies that represent current technology and that evaluated speech recognition in quiet and noise, localization ability, and perceived benefit. A vast majority of bilaterally deaf subjects in these studies showed benefit in one or more areas from bilateral CIs compared with listening with only a unilateral CI. For patients who have sufficient residual low-frequency hearing sensitivity for the provision of amplification in the nonimplanted ear, bimodal hearing appears to provide a good nonsurgical alternative to bilateral CIs or to unilateral listening for many patients. KEYWORDS: Bimodal hearing, bimodal devices, bilateral cochlear Downloaded by: SASLHA. Copyrighted material. implants, binaural hearing Learning Outcomes: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to (1) compare possible benefits of bimodal hearing versus bilateral cochlear implantation based on current research, and (2) identify when to consider fitting of bimodal hearing devices or bilateral cochlear implants. Multichannel cochlear implants (CIs) tion for persons with hearing loss that is too have proven to be a highly successful interven- severe for good performance with conventional 1Cochlear Americas, Centennial, Colorado; 2Division of Centennial, CO 80111 (e-mail: [email protected]). -
Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper Presented at the 113Th Convention 2002 October 5–8 Los Angeles, CA, USA
ALGAZI ET AL. HAT MODELS FOR SYNTHESIS Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper Presented at the 113th Convention 2002 October 5{8 Los Angeles, CA, USA This convention paper has been reproduced from the author's advance manuscript, without editing, corrections, or consideration by the Review Board. The AES takes no responsibility for the contents. Additional papers may be obtained by sending request and remittance to Audio Engineering Society, 60 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10165-2520, USA; also see www.aes.org. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this paper, or any portion thereof, is not permitted without direct permission from the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. THE USE OF HEAD-AND-TORSO MODELS FOR IMPROVED SPATIAL SOUND SYNTHESIS V. Ralph Algazi1, Richard O. Duda1, and Dennis M. Thompson1 1CIPIC Interface Laboratory, University of California, Davis CA, 95616-8553, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Richard O. Duda ([email protected]) ABSTRACT This paper concerns the use of a simple head-and-torso model to correct de¯ciencies in the low-frequency behavior of experimentally measured head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). This so-called \snowman" model consists of a spherical head located above a spherical torso. In addition to providing improved low- frequency response for music reproduction, the model provides the major low-frequency localization cues, including cues for low-elevation as well as high-elevation sources. The model HRTF and the measured HRTF can be easily combined by using the phase response of the model at all frequencies and by \cross-fading" between the dB magnitude responses of the model and the measurements. -
Of Interaural Time Difference by Spiking Neural Networks Zihan Pan, Malu Zhang, Jibin Wu, and Haizhou Li, Fellow, IEEE
JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. 14, NO. 8, AUGUST 2015 1 Multi-Tones’ Phase Coding (MTPC) of Interaural Time Difference by Spiking Neural Networks Zihan Pan, Malu Zhang, Jibin Wu, and Haizhou Li, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—Inspired by the mammal’s auditory localization (in humans 20Hz to 2kHz) for MSO and high frequencies (in pathway, in this paper we propose a pure spiking neural humans >2kHz) for LSO [7]. From the information flow point network (SNN) based computational model for precised sound of view, the location-dependent information from the sounds, localization in the noisy real-world environment, and implement this algorithm in a real-time robotic system with microphone or aforementioned time or intensity differences, are encoded array. The key of this model relies on the MTPC scheme, which into spiking pulses in the MSO and LSO. After that, they are encodes the interaural time difference (ITD) cues into spike projected to the inferior colliculus (IC) in the mid-brain, where patterns. This scheme naturally follows the functional structures the IC integrates both cues for estimating the sound source of human auditory localization system, rather than artificially direction [8]. The most successful model for ITD encoding computing of time difference of arrival. Besides, it highlights the advantages of SNN, such as event-driven and power efficiency. in MSO and cortex decoding might be the “place theory” by The MTPC is pipeliend with two different SNN architectures, an American psychologist named Lloyd Jeffress [9], which is the convolutional SNN and recurrent SNN, by which it shows the also referred to as Jeffress model hereafter. -
Binaural Sound Localization
CHAPTER 5 BINAURAL SOUND LOCALIZATION 5.1 INTRODUCTION We listen to speech (as well as to other sounds) with two ears, and it is quite remarkable how well we can separate and selectively attend to individual sound sources in a cluttered acoustical environment. In fact, the familiar term ‘cocktail party processing’ was coined in an early study of how the binaural system enables us to selectively attend to individual con- versations when many are present, as in, of course, a cocktail party [23]. This phenomenon illustrates the important contributionthat binaural hearing makes to auditory scene analysis, byenablingusto localizeandseparatesoundsources. Inaddition, the binaural system plays a major role in improving speech intelligibility in noisy and reverberant environments. The primary goal of this chapter is to provide an understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying binaural localization of sound, along with an appreciation of how binaural pro- cessing by the auditory system enhances the intelligibility of speech in noisy acoustical environments, and in the presence of competing talkers. Like so many aspects of sensory processing, the binaural system offers an existence proof of the possibility of extraordinary performance in sound localization, and signal separation, but it does not yet providea very complete picture of how this level of performance can be achieved with the contemporary tools of computational auditory scene analysis (CASA). We first summarize in Sec. 5.2 the major physical factors that underly binaural percep- tion, and we briefly summarize some of the classical physiological findings that describe mechanisms that could support some aspects of binaural processing. In Sec. 5.3 we briefly review some of the basic psychoacoustical results which have motivated the development Computational Auditory Scene Analysis. -
Starkey Professional Training & Education Newsletter | Issue 3
Starkey Professional Training & Education Newsletter | Issue 3 Welcome to Starkey Hearing Technologies Welcome to issue 3 of our training newsletter. We have a 3D Ear Model - 3 times life size - worth £64 to give away to a lucky winner so Thank you to everyone who entered our be sure to click and enter for a chance to win. competition for the dementia lounge kit in the last issue. We are delighted to announce At Starkey Hearing Technologies we believe to Jane McCann from Salford Royal Audiology hear better is to live better and we are proud Department as the winner of the dementia kit. to offer you our Summit and Kinnect hearing Congratulations Jane! technology that connects and engages your patients into their world in more ways than In this issue we explore CROS and BICROS ever before. solutions. Starkey Hearing Technologies have a strong reputation for delivering exceptional We hope this information is useful and we look CROS and BICROS hearing solutions to support forward to supporting in clinic training. patients with single-sided hearing and unequal Best wishes, loss. In this issue our Education and Training The Starkey Team team look at this hearing technology in more detail alongside some of the benefits and challenges that are presented when fitting these types of solutions. STARKEY HEARING TECHNOLOGIES: SUMMIT CROS/BICROS SYSTEMS Introducing Summit CROS/BICROS Systems Starkey offer 3 Summit wireless CROS/ fitted to just the better hearing ear may be BICROS systems to our health service insufficient. The head shadow effect occurs customers, they allow a wide range of hearing when sound arriving on one side of the head is levels in the better ear to be appropriately physically obstructed by the head itself, which fitted whilst providing a robust connection for causes attenuation and filtering of sounds wireless transmission from an unaidable ear. -
Neuroethology in Neuroscience Why Study an Exotic Animal
Neuroethology in Neuroscience or Why study an exotic animal Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen for their discoveries concerning "organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns". Behaviour patterns become explicable when interpreted as the result of natural selection, analogous with anatomical and physiological characteristics. This year's prize winners hold a unique position in this field. They are the most eminent founders of a new science, called "the comparative study of behaviour" or "ethology" (from ethos = habit, manner). Their first discoveries were made on insects, fishes and birds, but the basal principles have proved to be applicable also on mammals, including man. Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen Ammophila the sand wasp Black headed gull Niko Tinbergen’s four questions? 1. How the behavior of the animal affects its survival and reproduction (function)? 2. By how the behavior is similar or different from behaviors in other species (phylogeny)? 3. How the behavior is shaped by the animal’s own experiences (ontogeny)? 4. How the behavior is manifested at the physiological level (mechanism)? Neuroethology as a sub-field in brain research • A large variety of research models and a tendency to focus on esoteric animals and systems (specialized behaviors). • Studying animals while ignoring the relevancy to humans. • Studying the brain in the context of the animal’s natural behavior. • Top-down approach. Archer fish Prof. Ronen Segev Ben-Gurion University Neuroethology as a sub-field in brain research • A large variety of research models and a tendency to focus on esoteric animals and systems (specialized behaviors). -
Neural Development of Binaural Tuning Through Hebbian Learning Predicts Frequency-Dependent Best Delays
11692 • The Journal of Neuroscience, August 10, 2011 • 31(32):11692–11696 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Neural Development of Binaural Tuning through Hebbian Learning Predicts Frequency-Dependent Best Delays Bertrand Fontaine1,2 and Romain Brette1,2 1Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS and Universite´ Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France, and 2Equipe Audition, De´partement d’Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supe´rieure, 75005 Paris, France Birds use microsecond differences in the arrival times of the sounds at the two ears to infer the location of a sound source in the horizontal plane. These interaural time differences (ITDs) are encoded by binaural neurons which fire more when the ITD matches their “best delay.” In the textbook model of sound localization, the best delays of binaural neurons reflect the differences in axonal delays of their monaural inputs, but recent observations have cast doubts on this classical view because best delays were found to depend on preferred frequency.Here,weshowthattheseobservationsareinfactconsistentwiththenotionthatbestdelaysarecreatedbydifferencesinaxonal delays, provided ITD tuning is created during development through spike-timing-dependent plasticity: basilar membrane filtering results in correlations between inputs to binaural neurons, which impact the selection of synapses during development, leading to the observed distribution of best delays. Introduction BD Ͻ 1/(2CF), solid curves). From a functional point of view, In many species, interaural time difference (ITD) is the main cue