Designing the Sustainable Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage to Enhance the Local Context

Article Designing the Sustainable Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage to Enhance the Local Context

Stefania De Gregorio 1, Mariangela De Vita 2,* , Pierluigi De Berardinis 1, Luis Palmero 3 and Alessandra Risdonne 1

1 Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; [email protected] (S.D.G.); [email protected] (P.D.B.); [email protected] (A.R.) 2 Construction Technologies Institute CNR, Via G. Carducci 32 C, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy 3 Department of Architectural Constructions, Universitat Politècnica de València, 42022 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]

Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 28 October 2020; Published: 30 October 2020

Abstract: Since the European Year of Cultural Heritage, adaptive reuse is considered a strategy for intervention on historical buildings and territories to preserve and enhance artifacts, cities, and communities. Adaptive reuse can also generate social and economic benefits. This work looks at adaptive reuse in the context of industrial heritage, which represents an excellent test benchmark because of its intrinsic architectural characteristics and its localization in the city suburbs. The paper puts forward a methodological approach, verified through the application to a case study, which analyzes both the local context and the building. This study concludes using the data obtained to define an adaptive reuse project with positive repercussions for the community, the environment, and the local economy.

Keywords: adaptive reuse; circular economy; local supply chain; sustainability; industrial heritage; Valencia; Fábrica de Hielo

1. Introduction The focus of the architectural heritage sector today no longer rests solely on preservation and protection issues: it has become increasingly important to find new uses for historical buildings and landscapes [1]. In this scenario, adaptive reuse, defined as “any building work and intervention aimed at changing its capacity, function, or performance to adjust, re-use, or upgrade a building to suit new conditions or requirements” [2], is becoming more and more relevant. According to Renzo Carlucci, adaptive reuse of discarded, unused, or poorly used historic buildings has a huge economic impact on the territory as well as on social dynamism for cities, while reducing urban sprawl [3]. In fact, adaptive reuse of cultural heritage is one of the most effective and environmentally friendly tools of modern urban development in a circular economy and in terms of sustainability [1]. “Traditional” reuse, as commonly interpreted by research and professional practice in past years, refers to a change in the way a disused structure is used. More recently, however, adaptive reuse has come to indicate the possibility for designers and users to modify the functions and the use of a building over time. The goal of adaptive reuse is therefore the redevelopment of a disused building through the definition of a space with variable configurations according to future and as of yet unpredicted needs. Due to its potential and the implications for the building sector, the theme of adaptive reuse was one of the main focuses of the European Year of Cultural Heritage. On this occasion, the Leeuwarden Declaration entitled “Adaptive re-use of the built heritage: preserving and enhancing the values of

Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059; doi:10.3390/su12219059 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 2 of 20 our built heritage for future generations” was undersigned [4]. This document represents the formal guidelines adopted by the Architects Council of Europe at the “Adaptive Re-Use and Transition of the Built Heritage” conference organized in Leeuwarden in November 2018. Wanting to extend the scope of this investigation to an “environmentally correct” approach, sustainable design of a historic building redevelopment, according to the principles of adaptive reuse, implies a synergistic control both of the historical–technological and economic dimensions of the buildings involved. Architectural technology is, in this case, one of the main tools for the realization and the finalization of an adaptive reuse project characterized by high quality, as the choice of materials and construction systems will inevitably condition compliance with the requirements of flexibility, reversibility, recycling, and dynamism that characterize it. The technical solutions that can adequately meet the project requirements placed are dry, prefabricated systems, the lightness and flexibility of which must be guaranteed by reversible assembly modes [5]. The industrial heritage case study used in the application of the principles outlined above was the “Fabrica de Hielo” located in Valencia. This work aims to gather together the needs of local development as well as those of the local community and to present and discuss a method for defining a consistent and sustainable adaptive reuse intervention.

2. Adaptive Reuse Applied to Industrial Heritage Industrial architecture has only been recognized as a “heritage to protect” since the 1970s, thanks to the positions taken by UNESCO, ICOMOS, and TICCIH (The International Committee For The Conservation Of The Industrial Heritage) on such thorny topic. These positions have been reinforced in documents that represent the theoretical foundation of conservation and enhancement of industrial heritage: the Nizhny Tagil Charter For The Industrial Heritage of 2003, the “Dublin Principles”—adopted at the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly in Paris in 2011, and the Taipei Declaration for Asian Industrial Heritage in 2012. According to Parisi [6], these principles state that the enhancement of historical tangible and intangible heritage transcends a mere recovery and is founded, instead, in the reuse of the artifact according to compatibility issues. Unfortunately, the activities related to the conservation and protection of this important slice of cultural heritage have long remained confined within the scope of cataloguing—think of the birth of East German industriekultur linked for decades from the 1950s to the inventories of sites and monuments [7], and functional recovery, which counts numerous interventions, the success of which lies with the sensitivity of the designer [8,9]. Only in the last five years has there been international focus on the new fruition of decommissioned industrial artifacts. Several pieces of research have been published demonstrating design methodologies that not only exceed the mere demands of conservation, but also offer models of sustainability—both environmental and economic—of the industrial heritage [10–12]. Meanwhile, international literature has been enriched with contributions ranging from the search for conservative approaches to the methodologies of enhancement [11,13], to the development of life cycle models [14]. Finally, interest in the issues of cultural and urban regeneration pursued through the protection and enhancement of industrial heritage is particularly evident in the countries of Eastern Europe [12,15], as well as some European countries [16].

2.1. The Reasons for the Reuse of Industrial Heritage in the City of Valencia The great urban expansion that characterized historic Spanish cities from the second half of the twentieth century caused major fractures in urban fabrics, conﬁning historic centers physically, socially, and economically from new and massive urbanization zones. This phenomenon is one of the main causes of the deep economic crisis that has aﬀected the whole of Spain in recent decades, as the construction sector has struggled to identify valuable resources in the reuse of architectural heritage. In fact, as Martinez Pino noted [17], many of Spain’s cities have a dual function: (i) as tourist destinations, with regard to the historic center, which is enriched by numerous historical architectures to protect; Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20

architectures to protect; and (ii) as economically developing cities, with regard to the urbanized suburbs. Furthermore, there have been no conscious and compatible reuse projects for the architectural heritage within these split contexts. They have been disconnected for years from their real potential that can only be achieved through restoration that is inclusive of the local socio- economic needs for development [5,16]. The city of Valencia, however, does not fall within this category owing to the morphological characteristics of its landscape. In fact, its physical expansion has always been limited by Sustainabilitygeographical2020 ,boundaries:12, 9059 the Mediterranean to the east and the Sierra de la Calderona to the north.3 of 20 Its varying industrial realities, once outside the city, have over time been incorporated into the expansion of the urban plot. Thus, old factories located in the suburbs have been redeveloped and andrenewed (ii) as architecturally economically developing and functionally cities, to with meet regard the new to the socio-economic urbanized suburbs. and functional Furthermore, needs thereof the havecity. beenThese no spontaneous conscious and manifestations compatible reuseof adaptive projects reuse for theappeared architectural several heritage years before within the these latter split was contexts.universally They defined, have been recognized, disconnected and codified. for years However, from their the real industrial potential thatarchitecture can only of be the achieved city of throughValencia restoration has lost its that local is character inclusive over of the time local and socio-economic has enveloped needs and forinfluenced development ever larger [5,16]. portions of theThe city, city directly of Valencia, affecting, however, for better does or notfor worse, fall within the whole this category community owing [18,19]. to the morphological characteristicsThe rapid of and its landscape. unconscious In fact,process its physical that has expansion led to the has conversion always been of the limited ancient by geographicalfactories into boundaries:buildings subject the Mediterranean to disparate reuse to the settings east and has the not Sierra allowed de la Calderonathe definition to the of north.a structured Its varying reuse industrialmethodology realities, and onceresulted outside in heterogeneous the city, have overinterventions time been ranging incorporated from the into imaginative the expansion to the of theilluminating urban plot. but Thus,also to old destructive factories designing. located in Wo therking suburbs on local have urban been transformations redeveloped and according renewed to architecturallythe dictates of and adaptive functionally reuse resilience to meet the isnew theref socio-economicore a strategy andthat functional aims to restore needs ofsynergy the city. between These spontaneousterritory and manifestations buildings, and of between adaptive functional reuse appeared and socio-cultural several years economic before the aspects. latter was universally defined, recognized, and codified. However, the industrial architecture of the city of Valencia has lost its2.2. local The characterCase Study over of the time Fábrica and hasde Hielo enveloped and influenced ever larger portions of the city, directly affecting, for better or for worse, the whole community [18,19]. The case study on which an application of the methodology is presented in this work is located The rapid and unconscious process that has led to the conversion of the ancient factories into in a district of the Valencia city built in the 15th century as an independent fishing village, the buildings subject to disparate reuse settings has not allowed the definition of a structured reuse Cabanyal (Figure 1). Today, this district is a coveted tourist destination as a result of having preserved methodology and resulted in heterogeneous interventions ranging from the imaginative to the its original buildings—barracas or cabañas with interesting ceramic and/or liberty finishes—and for illuminating but also to destructive designing. Working on local urban transformations according to its location near the sea. In recent years, the Cabanyal has been enriched with contemporary the dictates of adaptive reuse resilience is therefore a strategy that aims to restore synergy between architecture contrasting with the popular dimension of the barrio (neighborhood) framed by territory and buildings, and between functional and socio-cultural economic aspects. industrial architecture of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 2.2. TheThe Case Fábrica Study de of Hielo the Fá bricais one de of Hielo Cabanyal’s industrial buildings and underwent a “spontaneous” adaptive reuse project in 2014 as a pub and leisure center. Built in 1925, by the Auxiliante Marina in 1925The in front case studyof the onCasa which dels anBous, application a shelter of for the oxen methodology used for a is particular presented type in this of fishing, work is locatedit featured in arefrigerated district of the rooms. Valencia The city original built building in the 15th was century U-shap ased an but independent has been modified fishing village, with the the addition Cabanyal of (Figurea roof over1). Today, the central this districtpatio, resulting is a coveted in the tourist facade destinationof three naves as aside result by side, of having as shown preserved in Figure its 2. originalIts current buildings—barracas reuse only involves or two cabañas of the with three interesting naves and ceramicwas achieved and/or through liberty finishes—andthe insertion of for naval its locationcontainers near within the sea. the In large recent open years, space. the Cabanyal The 2014 has reuse been project enriched preserved with contemporary all the elements architecture of the contrastingoriginal building, with the even popular those dimension that had of fallen the barrio into (neighborhood)a state of disrepair, framed which by industrial were highlighted architecture by ofdifferent the eighteenth surfaces and treatm nineteenthents (Figure centuries. 3) [16].

FigureFigure 1. 1.Location Location ofof thethe FFábricaábrica dede hielo,hielo, Valencia.Valencia.

The Fábrica de Hielo is one of Cabanyal’s industrial buildings and underwent a “spontaneous” adaptive reuse project in 2014 as a pub and leisure center. Built in 1925, by the Auxiliante Marina in 1925 in front of the Casa dels Bous, a shelter for oxen used for a particular type of fishing, it featured refrigerated rooms. The original building was U-shaped but has been modified with the addition of a roof over the central patio, resulting in the facade of three naves side by side, as shown in Figure2. Its current reuse only involves two of the three naves and was achieved through the insertion of naval containers within the large open space. The 2014 reuse project preserved all the elements of the original Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 4 of 20 building, even those that had fallen into a state of disrepair, which were highlighted by different Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 20 Sustainabilitysurfaces treatments 2020, 12, x FOR (Figure PEER3 REVIEW)[16]. 4 of 20

Figure 2. The Fábrica de Hielo, Valencia. Carpentry plan, sections. FigureFigure 2. 2. TheThe Fábrica Fábrica de de Hielo, Hielo, Valencia. Valencia. Carpentry Carpentry plan, plan, sections. sections.

Figure 3. The Fábrica de Hielo, Valencia. Internal views. Figure 3. The Fábrica de Hielo, Valencia. Internal views. Figure 3. The Fábrica de Hielo, Valencia. Internal views. 3. Method for the Adaptive Sustainable Reuse Project in a Local Context 3. Method for the Adaptive Sustainable Reuse Project in a Local Context 3. MethodAdaptive for the reuse Adaptive has been Sustainable defined as Reuse finding Project new in uses a Local suitable Context for a place that respects form, Adaptive reuse has been defined as finding new uses suitable for a place that respects form, character,Adaptive structure, reuse andhas been historical defined integrity as finding and oftennew requiresuses suitable some for careful a place changes that respects to a place form, [20]. character, structure, and historical integrity and often requires some careful changes to a place [20]. character,Attention structure, to the place and is nothistorical limited integrity to the perimeter and often of requires the building, some careful but affects changes the whole to a place territorial [20]. Attention to the place is not limited to the perimeter of the building, but affects the whole territorial Attentioncontext in to which the place it is located.is not limited Each territoryto the perimete is characterizedr of the building, by its material but affects and immaterialthe whole territorial resources, context in which it is located. Each territory is characterized by its material and immaterial resources, contextwhich delineatein which itsit is identity located. and, Each at territory the same is time, characterized permeate by everything its material in itand with immaterial a common resources, root [21]. which delineate its identity and, at the same time, permeate everything in it with a common root [21]. whichBuilding delineate is also its a reflectionidentity and, of history, at the same of the time,modus permeate vivendi everythingof the society in it and with of a itscommon transformations root [21]. Building is also a reflection of history, of the modus vivendi of the society and of its transformations Buildingand evolutions, is also a of reflec traditionaltion of buildinghistory, of cultures the modus and vivendi techniques, of the and society of local and materials. of its transformations What are the and evolutions, of traditional building cultures and techniques, and of local materials. What are the and evolutions, of traditional building cultures and techniques, and of local materials. What are the starting and finishing points of the project? Paradoxically, they coincide in the territory, that in nuce starting and finishing points of the project? Paradoxically, they coincide in the territory, that in nuce has placed its genetic matrix in the building and that, at the same time, is influenced by the building has placed its genetic matrix in the building and that, at the same time, is influenced by the building organism, its use, the flow of people moving around it and using it, its construction equipment that organism, its use, the flow of people moving around it and using it, its construction equipment that affects both professional skills, and the industry or craftsmanship of construction and materials. affects both professional skills, and the industry or craftsmanship of construction and materials. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 5 of 20 starting and finishing points of the project? Paradoxically, they coincide in the territory, that in nuce has placed its genetic matrix in the building and that, at the same time, is influenced by the building organism, its use, the flow of people moving around it and using it, its construction equipment that affects both professional skills, and the industry or craftsmanship of construction and materials. Adaptive reuse therefore requires a methodological approach that works in parallel on the context and the building. Only in this way is it possible to identify intervention strategies that are truly compatible with the territory and that are able to implement existing local economies and promote new ones [22]. The project is not the result of arbitrary choices, but the result of a process of analysis that makes it possible to define, from a sustainability point of view, how the building can be reused, for which use, which parts can be varied and which parts have a historical–artistic or simply cultural value, how the space can be transformed in the light of the requirements that have arisen, and which construction systems are compatible with the territory and the building [23].

3.1. Method for Context Analysis The analysis of the context takes place on several scales: the local territorial context, the neighborhood, and the area of intervention. The local territorial context is circumscribed according to the “Itaca Protocol” [24], within a radius of 100 km from the intervention building. The analysis of this area is aimed at mapping both material and immaterial resources. In particular, the analysis focuses both on potential resources, i.e., those that could be transformed into products/components through appropriate processing and, therefore, develop new local economies, and on resources already available as products and processing waste of companies already rooted in the territory [25]. In the first case, the territorial compatibility must be analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively, i.e., it is necessary to verify if the available resource (e.g., wood) meets the necessary requirements for transformation (e.g., wood species and consequent characteristics) and if there is a sufficient quantity in the territory not to decompensate the input and output flows of the system in case of use (e.g., quantity of woods present and cubic meters of wood that can be obtained by controlled cutting). The use of a resource must necessarily keep the environmental system in equilibrium, otherwise the exploitation of the resource produces an environmental imbalance with economic and social consequences for society [26]. The result of the analysis of the local territorial context is a harvest map, from which it is possible to identify the resources compatible with the development of new economies and to draw for the regeneration of the building organism. The analysis of the neighborhood of which the building organization is a part involves numerous aspects including history, polarities, roads, and functions. Reconstructing the historical evolution of the neighborhood (Figure4) makes it possible to understand how over time the neighborhood has been experienced and how it has transformed, to identify the correlation between its main function (residential, industrial, etc.), the prevailing social class (working class, artisan, manager, etc.), and the development of the building, road network, and main services. It also makes it possible to frame the construction of the building in a historical period and to compare it with buildings of the same period and type of construction, also evaluating its location within the neighborhood. Thanks to the analysis of the polarities of the neighborhood (places of interest) together with the analysis of the road network (Figure5), it is feasible to understand the prevailing flows of people and to evaluate the position of the building with respect to them. The analysis of the prevailing functions makes it possible to identify which services are necessary and currently missing in the neighborhood (Figure5). On the basis of these, it is possible to identify potential uses whose compatibility must be verified with respect to the building’s characteristics. Identifying a function that is useful to meeting the needs of the neighborhood is a prerequisite to ensure that the building being redeveloped is actually used and can be actively preserved through use. Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 20

Adaptive reuse therefore requires a methodological approach that works in parallel on the context and the building. Only in this way is it possible to identify intervention strategies that are truly compatible with the territory and that are able to implement existing local economies and promote new ones [22]. The project is not the result of arbitrary choices, but the result of a process of analysis that makes it possible to define, from a sustainability point of view, how the building can be reused, for which use, which parts can be varied and which parts have a historical–artistic or simply cultural value, how the space can be transformed in the light of the requirements that have arisen, and which construction systems are compatible with the territory and the building [23].

3.1. Method for Context Analysis The analysis of the context takes place on several scales: the local territorial context, the neighborhood, and the area of intervention. The local territorial context is circumscribed according to the “Itaca Protocol” [24], within a radius of 100 km from the intervention building. The analysis of this area is aimed at mapping both material and immaterial resources. In particular, the analysis focuses both on potential resources, i.e., those that could be transformed into products/components through appropriate processing and, therefore, develop new local economies, and on resources already available as products and processing waste of companies already rooted in the territory [25]. In the first case, the territorial compatibility must be analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively, i.e., it is necessary to verify if the available resource (e.g., wood) meets the necessary requirements for transformation (e.g., wood species and consequent characteristics) and if there is a sufficient quantity in the territory not to decompensate the input and output flows of the system in case of use (e.g., quantity of woods present and cubic meters of wood that can be obtained by controlled cutting). The use of a resource must necessarily keep the environmental system in equilibrium, otherwise the exploitation of the resource produces an environmental imbalance with economic and social consequences for society [26]. The result of the analysis of the local territorial context is a harvest map, from which it is possible to identify the resources compatible with the development of new economies and to draw for the regeneration of the building organism. The analysis of the neighborhood of which the building organization is a part involves numerous aspects including history, polarities, roads, and functions. Reconstructing the historical evolution of the neighborhood (Figure 4) makes it possible to understand how over time the neighborhood has been experienced and how it has transformed, to identify the correlation between its main function (residential, industrial, etc.), the prevailing social class (working class, artisan, manager, etc.), and the development of the building, road network, and main services. It also makes it possible to frame the construction of the building in a historical period andSustainability to compare2020, 12 it, 9059 with buildings of the same period and type of construction, also evaluating6 of its 20 location within the neighborhood.

Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 20

Thanks to the analysis of the polarities of the neighborhood (places of interest) together with the analysis of the road network (Figure 5), it is feasible to understand the prevailing flows of people and to evaluate the position of the building with respect to them. The analysis of the prevailing functions makes it possible to identify which services are necessary and currently missing in the neighborhood (Figure 5). On the basis of these, it is possible to identify potential uses whose compatibility must be verified with respect to the building’s characteristics. Identifying a function that is useful to meeting Figure 4. Historical evolution of the neighborhood and the residential buildings of Cabañal the needsFigure of 4. Historicalthe neighborhood evolution of is the a neighborhoodprerequisite andto ensure the residential that the buildings building of Cabañalbeing redeveloped (Valencia), is (Valencia), where the Fábrica de Hielo is located. The historical reconstruction has been elaborated on actuallywhere used the Fandábrica can de be Hielo actively is located. preserved The historical through reconstruction use. has been elaborated on the basis of thearchival basis sources of archival found sources in the Hist foundórico in Municipal the Hist Archiveórico Municipal of Valencia Archive and through of Valencia bibliography and through [27,28]. bibliography [27,28].

Figure 5. Analysis of the perimeter, road network, and functions of the Cabañal neighborhood. The analysisFigure 5. was Analysis carried of out the by perimeter, processing road the network, information and foundfunctions at the of municipalitythe Cabañal neighborhood. of Valencia and The by on-siteanalysis visits. was carried out by processing the information found at the municipality of Valencia and by on-site visits. The analysis of the intervention area aims to define the climatic peculiarities of the area and how itsThe microclimate analysis of the is ableintervention to influence area theaims environmental to define the climatic comfort peculiarities of the building of the and area the and spaces how immediatelyits microclimate adjacent is able to it.to Ininfluence particular, the itenviro is fundamentalnmental comfort to analyze of the the building sunshine and (Figure the6 spaces) and ventilationimmediately (Figure adjacent7) of to the it. site In particular, in summer it and is fundamental winter, also considering to analyze the influencesunshine of(Figure the context 6) and (neighboringventilation (Figure buildings, 7) of greenthe site areas, in summer areas with and the wi presencenter, also ofconsidering water, etc.). the influence of the context (neighboring buildings, green areas, areas with the presence of water, etc.). 3.2. Method for Building Analysis The analysis of the building has the purpose of allowing a thorough knowledge of it, such as to identify the strengths to be exploited and the critical points to be solved [29]. The historical analysis makes it possible to retrace all the transformations that the building has undergone from the moment of its construction to the moment in which the analysis is carried out. Knowing the transformations allows, in fact, the identification of the values, the authentic parts, and the incongruous parts. This knowledge will generate a cascade of design choices aimed at respecting the values and authentic parts and transforming the incongruous parts.

Figure 6. Sunshine analysis of the intervention area adjacent to Fábrica de Hielo. The analysis was carried out using the Revit software, reconstructing in three-dimensional form the building and its context and evaluating the incident solar radiation in the solstices (summer and winter) and in the equinoxes at the following times: 10 a.m., 12 a.m., 4 p.m., and 6 p.m., significant of the annual sun trend. Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 20

Figure 5. Analysis of the perimeter, road network, and functions of the Cabañal neighborhood. The analysis was carried out by processing the information found at the municipality of Valencia and by on-site visits.

The analysis of the intervention area aims to define the climatic peculiarities of the area and how its microclimate is able to influence the environmental comfort of the building and the spaces immediately adjacent to it. In particular, it is fundamental to analyze the sunshine (Figure 6) and Sustainabilityventilation2020 (Figure, 12, 9059 7) of the site in summer and winter, also considering the influence of the context7 of 20 (neighboring buildings, green areas, areas with the presence of water, etc.).

FigureFigure 6.6. SunshineSunshine analysis of thethe interventionintervention areaarea adjacentadjacent toto FFábricaábrica dede Hielo.Hielo. TheThe analysisanalysis waswas carriedcarried outout usingusing thethe RevitRevit software,software, reconstructingreconstructing inin three-dimensionalthree-dimensional formform thethe buildingbuilding andand itsits contextcontext andand evaluatingevaluating thethe incidentincident solarsolar radiationradiation inin thethe solsticessolstices (summer(summer andand winter)winter) andand inin thethe Sustainabilityequinoxesequinoxes 2020, at at12 the , thex FOR following following PEER REVIEW times: times: 10 10 a.m., a.m., 12 12 a.m., a.m. 4 p.m.,, 4 p.m., and and 6 p.m., 6 p.m., signiﬁcant significant of the of annual the annual sun trend. sun7 of 20 trend.

FigureFigure 7. NaturalNatural ventilationventilation analysis analysis of theof the intervention intervention area area adjacent adjacent to Fá bricato Fábrica de Hielo. de TheHielo. analysis The analysiswas carried was carried out using out theusing Design the Design Builder Builder software, software, reconstructing reconstructing the buildingthe building and and its its context context in inthree-dimensional three-dimensional form form and and verifying verifying the the incidence incidence of wind. of wind. The The ventilation ventilation data data was obtainedwas obtained from fromthe weather the weather station station located located in Valencia, in Valencia, which which made made it possible it possible to identify to identify the direction,the direction, speed, speed, and andpressure pressure of the of windsthe winds in summer in summer and and winter. winter.

3.2. MethodAt the for same Building time, Analysis identifying the historical evolution of the architectural organism makes it possible to deﬁne the construction techniques and materials used with respect to each era. From 1900 The analysis of the building has the purpose of allowing a thorough knowledge of it, such as to onwards, a comparison between the regulations in force at the time of construction/transformation of identify the strengths to be exploited and the critical points to be solved [29]. the building and the construction system used permits to identify the minimum performance to which The historical analysis makes it possible to retrace all the transformations that the building has the system and/or the materials that make it up had to respond. It also allows us to identify, by analogy, undergone from the moment of its construction to the moment in which the analysis is carried out. the performance of materials/components made in the same period also belonging to buildings located Knowing the transformations allows, in fact, the identification of the values, the authentic parts, and in the same territorial context. The analysis of the context, therefore, makes it possible to draw the the incongruous parts. This knowledge will generate a cascade of design choices aimed at respecting missing information for the building in question from other buildings with the same characteristics the values and authentic parts and transforming the incongruous parts. according to a criterion of analogy, increasing the information available. At the same time, identifying the historical evolution of the architectural organism makes it The analysis of the current situation of the building is from its photograph, which mainly concerns possible to define the construction techniques and materials used with respect to each era. From 1900 three areas of investigation: onwards, a comparison between the regulations in force at the time of construction/transformation of theThe building analysis and of the the construction spatial and distributionsystem used system permits identiﬁes to identify the the main minimum and secondary performance accesses to • whichand the routes system and and/or makes the it possiblematerials to that assess make the it compatibility up had to respond. with the It destinations also allows ofus use to identify, resulting by analogy,from the the analysis performance of the neighborhood; of materials/components made in the same period also belonging to buildings located in the same territorial context. The analysis of the context, therefore, makes it possible to draw the missing information for the building in question from other buildings with the same characteristics according to a criterion of analogy, increasing the information available. The analysis of the current situation of the building is from its photograph, which mainly concerns three areas of investigation: • The analysis of the spatial and distribution system identifies the main and secondary accesses and routes and makes it possible to assess the compatibility with the destinations of use resulting from the analysis of the neighborhood; • the analysis of the state of maintenance and degradation (physical, chemical, and biological) verifies the level of conservation of the building organism and, starting from the visible effects, investigates the causes to propose solutions to eliminate them; • the analysis of environmental comfort verifies the level of well-being from a thermal, light, and acoustic point of view, making it possible to identify whether the building organism reaches the minimum performance levels provided for by the regulations in force at the time of reuse of the building and whether these levels are compatible with the intended use; this analysis involves both the information obtained from the climatic analysis of the area and the information obtained from the historical analysis that have made it possible to understand how the building is made in its various parts and its construction equipment. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 8 of 20

the analysis of the state of maintenance and degradation (physical, chemical, and biological) • verifies the level of conservation of the building organism and, starting from the visible effects, investigates the causes to propose solutions to eliminate them; the analysis of environmental comfort verifies the level of well-being from a thermal, light, and • acoustic point of view, making it possible to identify whether the building organism reaches the minimum performance levels provided for by the regulations in force at the time of reuse of the Sustainabilitybuilding 2020 and, 12, x whether FOR PEER these REVIEW levels are compatible with the intended use; this analysis involves8 of 20 both the information obtained from the climatic analysis of the area and the information obtained fromFor the the analysis historical of analysisenvironmental that have degradation made it possible and comfort to understand when the how information the building derived is made from in the historical and visual analysis is not sufficient, further analysis must be carried out on the building. Sustainabilityits various 2020, 12 parts, x FOR and PEER its REVIEW construction equipment. 8 of 20 It is preferable to use non-destructive techniques in order to safeguard the building, especially in the valuableForFor the theparts. analysis analysis of of environmental environmental degradation degradation and and comfort comfort when when the the information information derived derived from from thethe historical historical and and visual visual analysis analysis is is not not sufficient, sufficient, further further analysis analysis must must be be carried carried out out on on the the building. building. It3.2.1.It is is preferable preferable The Historical to to use use Analysis non-destructive non-destructive of Fábrica techniques techniques de Hielo in in order order to to safeguard safeguard the the building, building, especially especially in in the the valuable parts. valuableThe parts.Fábrica de Hielo was built in 1925 by the Auxiliante Marina. It was used for the production of3.2.1. the Theice needed Historical to preserve Analysis fish of F caughtábrica dein Hielothe neighboring port (Figure 8). 3.2.1. TheThe factoryHistorical initially Analysis consisted of Fábrica of twode Hielo naves joined by a patio. In the left aisle, there was a The Fábrica de Hielo was built in 1925 by the Auxiliante Marina. It was used for the production refrigerationThe Fábrica chamber de Hielo and was a machine built in that 1925 was by theused Auxiliante to grind the Marina. ice, while It was the used right for aisle the wasproduction used as of the ice needed to preserve fish caught in the neighboring port (Figure8). ofa warehouse.the ice needed to preserve fish caught in the neighboring port (Figure 8). The factory initially consisted of two naves joined by a patio. In the left aisle, there was a refrigeration chamber and a machine that was used to grind the ice, while the right aisle was used as a warehouse.

(a) (b)

Figure 8. Photo of the Fábrica Fábrica de Hielo: ( (aa)) Historical Historical photo photo taken taken between between 1931 1931 and and 1950 1950 [27,28]; [27,28]; ( (bb))

current photo 2019. (a) (b) The factory initially consisted of two naves joined by a patio. In the left aisle, there was a FigureIn 1931, 8. Photoa refrigeration of the Fábrica chamber de Hielo: was (a )added, Historical and photo in 1939 taken the between roof of 1931 the and right 1950 aisle [27,28]; was (rebuilt,b) refrigeration chamber and a machine that was used to grind the ice, while the right aisle was used as and currentpart of photothe masonry 2019. was destroyed by bombing (Figure 9). a warehouse. InIn 1931, 1931, a refrigeration chamberchamber was was added, added, and and in in 1939 1939 the the roof roof of theof the right right aisle aisle was was rebuilt, rebuilt, and andpart part of the of masonrythe masonry was was destroyed destroyed by bombing by bombing (Figure (Figure9). 9).

(a) (b)

Figure 9. Historical documents: (a) Interventions made in 1931; (b) interventions made in 1939.

In 1950, the patio(a) and the right aisle were rented by the construction(b) company Taller Sandol S.L., which made numerous modifications (Figure 10). The patio was covered by a metal structure and FigureFigure 9. 9. HistoricalHistorical documents: documents: (a (a) )Interventions Interventions made made in in 1931; 1931; ( (bb)) interventions interventions made made in in 1939. 1939. joined to the nave, so that the wall of the eastern aisle bordering the patio was demolished and replacedIn 1950, by reticularthe patio pillars. and the At right the aisleright wereaisle, rented the covering by the ofconstruction the roof was company reworked, Taller consisting Sandol S.L.,only whichof trapezoidal made numerous sheet metal, modificati and a loftons was(Figure built 10). in whichThe patio the officeswas co veredof the bycompany a metal were structure placed. and In joinedcorrespondence to the nave, with so this that new the construction,wall of the ea thestern hole aisles in borderingthe east elevation the patio were was modified demolished so much and replacedthat it is currentlyby reticular impossible pillars. At to th recognizee right aisle, the the original covering ones. of the roof was reworked, consisting only of trapezoidal sheet metal, and a loft was built in which the offices of the company were placed. In correspondence with this new construction, the holes in the east elevation were modified so much that it is currently impossible to recognize the original ones. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 9 of 20

In 1950, the patio and the right aisle were rented by the construction company Taller Sandol S.L., which made numerous modifications (Figure 10). The patio was covered by a metal structure and joined to the nave, so that the wall of the eastern aisle bordering the patio was demolished and replaced by reticular pillars. At the right aisle, the covering of the roof was reworked, consisting only of trapezoidal sheet metal, and a loft was built in which the offices of the company were placed. In correspondence with this new construction, the holes in the east elevation were modified so much that it is currently impossible to recognize the original ones. SustainabilitySustainability 2020 2020, 12, 12, x, x FOR FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 9 9of of 20 20

(a(a) ) (b(b) )

FigureFigure 10. 10. Photos Photos from from 1950: 1950: ( (a(aa)) )Right RightRight and and and central central central aisles; aisles; aisles; ( ( b(b)) )left left left aisle. aisle. aisle.

InIn 2009, 2009,2009, thanks thanksthanks to to itsto its historicalits historicalhistorical value, value,value, part part ofpart the ofof F á thebricathe FábricaFábrica de Hielo dede was HieloHielo converted waswas convertedconverted into an exhibition intointo anan exhibitionhall.exhibition Nowadays hall. hall. Nowadays Nowadays the right aisle the the right andright theaisle aisle patio and and are the the used pati patio aso are are pubs, used used while as as pubs, pubs, the leftwhile while aisle the the is left inleft a aisle precariousaisle is is in in a a precarioussituation,precarious because situation, situation, in 1989,because because it was in in 1989, 1989, abandoned it it was was abandoned andabandoned was no and longerand was was used. no no longer longer used. used. TheThe historical historical analysis analysis of of the the building building has has consisted consisted in in identifyingidentifying the the authentic authentic parts parts and and the the congruouscongruous transformations transformations with with historical historical value value that that must must be be safeguarded safeguarded and and also also in in identifying identifying the the incongruousincongruous transformations transformations that that can can instead instead be be selectively selectively selectively demolished demolished in in the the the adaptive adaptive adaptive reuse reuse reuse project project project (Figure(Figure 1111). 11).).

FigureFigure 11. 11. AnalysisAnalysis Analysis of of transformability transformability in in elevation elevation and and section. section.

3.2.2.3.2.2. The TheThe Thermographic ThermographicThermographic Campaign Campaign on on the the Fábrica FFábricaábrica de de Hielo Hielo TheThe thermographic thermographic campaign campaign conducted conductedconducted on onon the thethe Fá FFáábricabricabrica de dede Hielo Hielo was was carried carried out out on on 2 2 January January 20202020 using using the the FLIR FLIR e75 e75 thermal thermal imaging imaging camera. camera. FollowingFollowing the the analysis analysis of of the the degradation, degradation, in in wh whichich the the presence presence of of sub-efflorescence sub-efflorescence was was found, found, itit was was decided decided to to conduct conduct a a thermographic thermographic analysis analysis to to verify verify the the extent extent of of the the damage damage caused caused by by the the capillarycapillary rise rise of of the the water water and and to to observe observe whether whether the the building building possessed possessed other other pathologies pathologies not not visible visible toto the the naked naked eye. eye. AfterAfter studyingstudying thethe pathpath ofof thethe sunsun andand thethe prpresenceesence ofof anyany shadowsshadows onon thethe facadesfacades ofof thethe buildingbuilding caused caused by by the the surrounding surrounding buildings, buildings, it it was was decided decided to to start start photographing photographing the the three three visible visible elevationselevations of of the the Fábrica Fábrica de de Hielo Hielo at at 9:00 9:00 a.m. a.m. and and to to continue continue the the thermography thermography campaign campaign at at regular regular intervalsintervals until until 6:00 6:00 p.m p.m (Table (Table 1). 1). This This approach approach allowed allowed the the observation observation of of the the building building both both when when itit was was in in the the first first and and second second heating heating and and in in the the cooling cooling phase. phase. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 10 of 20

Following the analysis of the degradation, in which the presence of sub-eﬄorescence was found, it was decided to conduct a thermographic analysis to verify the extent of the damage caused by the capillary rise of the water and to observe whether the building possessed other pathologies not visible to the naked eye. After studying the path of the sun and the presence of any shadows on the facades of the building caused by the surrounding buildings, it was decided to start photographing the three visible elevations of the Fábrica de Hielo at 9:00 a.m. and to continue the thermography campaign at regular intervals until 6:00 p.m (Table1). This approach allowed the observation of the building both when it was in the ﬁrst and second heating and in the cooling phase.

Table 1. Expected results of the thermographic campaign.

Hour Azimuth Altitude Elevations Test Mode Phase Objective 9:00 116.2 4.5 East Passive - Capillary rise ◦ − ◦ 9:00 116.2 4.5 South Passive - Capillary rise ◦ − ◦ 9:00 116.2 4.5 West Passive - Capillary rise ◦ − ◦ 12:00 149.2◦ 21.1◦ East Active 1◦ heating External detachments 12:00 149.2◦ 21.1◦ South Passive - Thermal bridge 12:00 149.2◦ 21.1◦ West Passive - Thermal bridge

15:00 194.1◦ 26.3◦ East Active 2◦ heating External detachments 15:00 194.1◦ 26.3◦ South Active–Passive 1◦ heating Inﬁltration 15:00 194.1◦ 26.3◦ West Active 1◦ heating Inﬁltration

17:00 221.3◦ 15.4◦ East Active Cooling Masonry weaving 17:00 221.3◦ 15.4◦ South Active 2◦ heating External detachments 17:00 221.3◦ 15.4◦ West Active 2◦ heating Masonry weaving

18:00 232.5◦ 7.0◦ South Active Cooling Masonry weaving 18:00 232.5◦ 7.0◦ West Active Cooling Masonry weaving

From the thermographic test carried out on the east elevation at 9:00 a.m., when it was not yet in the ﬁrst heating phase because it was in the shade, it was possible to ﬁnd the capillary rising of the water in the lower part of the masonry and the presence of thermal bridges in correspondence with the windowsSustainability made 2020, 12 in, x 1950 FOR (FigurePEER REVIEW 12). 10 of 20

Figure 12. East elevation 9:00 a.m.

From the thermographicTable campaign 1. Expected carried results outof the on thermographic the west elevation campaign. at 9:00 a.m., it was possible to observe the capillary rise (Figure 13), at 12:00 noon to observe the heat loss under the roof (Figure 14), Hour Azimuth Altitude Elevations Test Mode Phase Objective and at 5:009:00 p.m.116.2° to observe −4.5° when theEast elevation was Passive in the second heating- and Capillary the type rise of masonry used in9:00 1950 to116.2° close the original−4.5° windowsSouth (Figure Passive15). - Capillary rise 9:00 116.2° −4.5° West Passive - Capillary rise 12:00 149.2° 21.1° East Active 1° heating External detachments 12:00 149.2° 21.1° South Passive - Thermal bridge 12:00 149.2° 21.1° West Passive - Thermal bridge 15:00 194.1° 26.3° East Active 2° heating External detachments 15:00 194.1° 26.3° South Active–Passive 1° heating Infiltration 15:00 194.1° 26.3° West Active 1° heating Infiltration 17:00 221.3° 15.4° East Active Cooling Masonry weaving 17:00 221.3° 15.4° South Active 2° heating External detachments 17:00 221.3° 15.4° West Active 2° heating Masonry weaving 18:00 232.5° 7.0° South Active Cooling Masonry weaving 18:00 232.5° 7.0° West Active Cooling Masonry weaving

From the thermographic test carried out on the east elevation at 9:00 a.m., when it was not yet in the first heating phase because it was in the shade, it was possible to find the capillary rising of the water in the lower part of the masonry and the presence of thermal bridges in correspondence with the windows made in 1950 (Figure 12).

Figure 13. West elevation 9:00 a.m.

Figure 14. West elevation 12:00 a.m. Sustainability 2020,, 12,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 10 10 of of 20 20

Figure 12. East elevation 9:00 a.m.

Table 1. Expected results of the thermographic campaign.

Hour AzimuthAzimuth AltitudeAltitude ElevationsElevations Test Test ModeMode Phase Phase Objective Objective 9:00 116.2° −4.5° East Passive - Capillary rise 9:00 116.2° −4.5° South Passive - Capillary rise 9:00 116.2° −4.5° West Passive - Capillary rise 12:00 149.2° 21.1° East Active 1° heating External detachments 12:00 149.2° 21.1° South Passive - Thermal bridge 12:00 149.2° 21.1° West Passive - Thermal bridge 15:00 194.1° 26.3° East Active 2° heating External detachments 15:00 194.1° 26.3° South Active–Passive 1° heating Infiltration 15:00 194.1° 26.3° West Active 1° heating Infiltration 17:00 221.3° 15.4° East Active Cooling Masonry weaving 17:00 221.3° 15.4° South Active 2° heatingheating External External detachmentsdetachments 17:00 221.3° 15.4° West Active 2° heating Masonry weaving 18:00 232.5° 7.0° South Active Cooling Masonry weaving 18:00 232.5° 7.0° West Active Cooling Masonry weaving

From the thermographic test carried out on the east elevation at 9:00 a.m., when it was not yet inin thethe firstfirst heatingheating phasephase becausebecause itit waswas inin thethe shade,shade, itit waswas possiblepossible toto findfind ththe capillary rising of the Sustainabilitywater in the2020 lower, 12, 9059 part of the masonry and the presence of thermal bridges in correspondence11 with of 20 thethe windowswindows mademade inin 19501950 (Figure(Figure 12).12).

Figure 13. West elevation 9:00 a.m.

SustainabilitySustainability 20202020,, 1212,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEWFigure 14. West elevation 12:00 a.m. 11 11 of of 20 20

FigureFigure 15. 15. WestWest elevationelevation 5:005:00 p.m.p.m.

InFromFrom the thethe south thermographicthermographic elevation at campaign 9:00campaign a.m., thecarriedcarried capillary outout onon rise thethe was westwest found elevationelevation (Figure atat 9:009:00 16). a.m.,a.m., At 3:00 itit waswas p.m., possiblepossible when thetoto observeobserve prospectus thethe capillarycapillary was in the riserise ﬁrst (Figure(Figure heating 13),13), phase, atat 12:0012:00 rainwater nnoonoon toto observeobserve inﬁltrations thethe heatheat were lossloss noted underunder in correspondencethethe roofroof (Figure(Figure with14),14), andand the atat roofs 5:005:00 of p.m.p.m. the toto side observeobserve aisles when while,when thethe at 5:00 elevationelevation p.m., duringwaswas inin the the secondsecond heating heating and phase,and thethe it typetype was ofof possible masonrymasonry to observeusedused inin 19501950 the detachment toto closeclose thethe of originaloriginal the plaster windowswindows in the (Figure(Figure left aisle 15).15). (Figures 17 and 18).

FigureFigure 16.16. SouthSouth elevation elevation 9:00 9:00 a.m. a.m.

FigureFigure 17.17. SouthSouth elevationelevation 3:003:00 p.m.p.m.

FigureFigure 18.18. SouthSouth elevationelevation 5:005:00 p.m.p.m.

InIn thethe southsouth elevationelevation atat 9:009:00 a.m.,a.m., thethe capillarycapillary riserise waswas foundfound (Figure(Figure 16).16). AtAt 3:003:00 p.m.,p.m., whenwhen thethe prospectusprospectus waswas inin thethe firstfirst heatingheating phase,phase, rarainwaterinwater infiltrationsinfiltrations werewere notednoted inin correspondencecorrespondence withwith thethe roofsroofs ofof thethe sideside aislesaisles while,while, atat 5:005:00 p.p.m.,m., duringduring thethe secondsecond heatingheating phase,phase, itit waswas possiblepossible toto observeobserve thethe detachmentdetachment ofof thethe plasterplaster inin thethe leftleft aisleaisle (Figures(Figures 1717 andand 18).18). Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20

Figure 15. West elevation 5:00 p.m.

From the thermographic campaign carried out on the west elevation at 9:00 a.m., it was possible to observe the capillary rise (Figure 13), at 12:00 noon to observe the heat loss under the roof (Figure 14), and at 5:00 p.m. to observe when the elevation was in the second heating and the type of masonry used in 1950 to close the original windows (Figure 15).

Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 12 of 20 Figure 16. South elevation 9:00 a.m.

Figure 17. SouthSouth elevation elevation 3:00 3:00 p.m. p.m.

Figure 18. South elevation 5:00 p.m. Figure 18. South elevation 5:00 p.m. 3.3. Adaptability of the Building to the Local Context In the south elevation at 9:00 a.m., the capillary rise was found (Figure 16). At 3:00 p.m., when the prospectusFrom a methodological was in the first point heating ofview, phase, after rainwater having infiltrations analysed the were context noted and in correspondence the building in withparallel, the itroofs is necessary of the side to systematizeaisles while, the at data5:00 p. usingm., during a compatibility the second matrix, heating which phase, makes it was it possible possible to toidentify observe which the detachment design choices of the are plaster consistent in the with left aisle both (Figures the architectural 17 and 18). organism and the territory. The project is the result, therefore, of a wide-ranging, interdisciplinary analysis and not of arbitrary choices [30]. What is the procedure for identifying the building organism’s adaptability to the local context? It is possible to identify the following phases:

1. The analysis of the neighborhood has made it possible to identify the prevailing flows and the currently missing uses. The choice between these potential functions is made by verifying compatibility with the spatial-distribution system of the building, with its environmental comfort, and with the level of deterioration; the latter must also be compared with the indications provided for by current regulations. 2. If the spatial-distribution system, the level of environmental comfort, and/or degradation are not adequate for the intended use hypothesized and/or the regulations, the possibility of transformation/innovation of the building organism must be assessed. 3. The possibility of modification/variation of the building must, however, be verified in relation to the values of the building organism and its level of transformability, information deriving both from the analysis of the neighborhood and from the historical analysis of the building; in this way, the most compatible use of the building and its context can be defined. 4. Once we know the level of transformability of the parts of the building and the intended use (and consequently the requirements to be met and the performance to be achieved), the “how” to transform the building from a technological point of view must be defined, starting from the analysis of the territorial context and, therefore, from the materials/components and building systems available within a local mileage; if all the materials necessary for the project are not available in a local area, they must be integrated with sustainable materials/components deriving from a geographical area that progressively moves away (in kilometers) from the project site; the “how” to transform the building is also affected by the analysis of the area of intervention that Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 13 of 20

provides indications about the microclimate and the possibility of exploiting natural resources (sun, wind, and water). 5. Finally, the resulting project must be veriﬁed (and possibly improved) from an environmental and economic point of view, both on a territorial and building scale.

The more the building manages to adapt to the territory and the more it is able to condition it economically and balance it from an environmental point of view, the more it is able to develop new economies and enhance existing ones based on local resources, generating positive repercussions for society.

4. Results The Fábrica de Hielo adaptive reuse project has developed four macro-themes:

1. The recovery of the existing building 2. The reconﬁguration of the covers 3. The improvement of bioclimatic functioning 4. The ﬂexibility in the use

In the first macro-theme, the selective demolition of the roofs and the reuse of the original metal trusses was planned for the reconstruction of the two new aisle roofs. As regards the recovery of the existing building, various techniques for consolidation, protection, cleaningSustainability and 2020 restoration, 12, x FOR PEER of the REVIEW original elevations have been identified. 13 of 20 It was decided to consolidate the masonry by replacing damaged bricks on time, inserting chains, andSustainability applyingAfter 2020carrying mortar., 12, x FOR out The PEER a masonrystudy REVIEW on was the protectedmaterials from that rainwatercould be infiltrationrecovered through by the application the selective 13 of of 20 waterdemolition repellent of some and from non-original capillary parts rising of by the the factory, insertion it emerged of atmospheric that it would siphons, be thepossible construction to recover of drainage,2500After bricks, and carrying 70% the of ventilated whichout a couldstudy under-floor be on reused the cavity. materials and the remainingthat could part be destinedrecovered for through recycling the (Figure selective 19), demolitionas theyAfter were carrying of damaged some out non-original a during study on disassembly. theparts materials of the To factory, that consolidate could it emerged be recovered the masonry, that through it would 1700 the bebricks selective possible recovered demolition to recover from of2500the some Fábrica bricks, non-original de70% Hielo of which and parts 1900 could of the recovered be factory, reused from it and emerged other the remaining selective that it would demolitionspart bedestined possible carried for to recycling recover out less 2500(Figure than bricks, 20 19), km 70%asaway they of (Figure which were damaged could20), deriving be reusedduring from and disassembly. buildings the remaining of To the consolidate partsame destined construction the formasonry, recycling period, 1700 (Figurewe bricksre used 19 recovered), to as consolidate they werefrom damagedthethe Fábricamasonry. during de Hielo disassembly. and 1900 recovered To consolidate from the other masonry, selective 1700 demolitions bricks recovered carried fromout less the than Fábrica 20 km de Hieloaway and(Figure 1900 20), recovered deriving from from other buildings selective of demolitionsthe same construction carried out period, less than we 20re km used away to consolidate (Figure 20), derivingthe masonry. from buildings of the same construction period, were used to consolidate the masonry.

Figure19 . Bricks recovered from the selective demolition of Fábrica de Hielo.

FigureFigure19 19. . BricksBricks recoveredrecovered fromfrom thethe selectiveselective demolitiondemolition ofof FFábricaábrica dede Hielo.Hielo.

FigureFigure 20.20 Bricks Bricks necessary necessary for for masonry masonry consolidation. consolidation.

The decision to reuseFigure bricks 20 from Bricks selective necessary demolition for masonry carried consolidation. out in the Comunidad Valenciana also derives from laboratory analyses that compared the characteristics and performance of recycled bricksThe with decision new bricks to reuse pr oducedbricks from by local selective factories demolition (Figure carried 21). The out analyses in the Comunidad showed that Valenciana salvaged alsobricks derives are much from more laboratory resistant analyses to compression that compared than modern the characteristics bricks, and andthey performance are less porous of recycledthan the bricksothers; with for this new reason, bricks theyproduced have a by lower local absorption factories (Figure capacity. 21). The analyses showed that salvaged bricks are much more resistant to compression than modern bricks, and they are less porous than the others; for this reason, they have a lower absorption capacity.

(a) (b)

Figure 21. Analyses carried out in the laboratory of the Universitat Politècnica of València: (a) Determination of compressive(a) strength; (b) determination of water absorption(b) by capillarity. Figure 21. Analyses carried out in the laboratory of the Universitat Politècnica of València: (a) DeterminationIn the second of macro-theme, compressive strength; following (b) determination the bioclimatic of water analyses absorption carried by capillarity.out, a roof has been designed to improve the energy performance of the factory. InIt consiststhe second of panels macro-theme, inclined atfollowing 35° and facingthe biocli west.matic The inclinationanalyses carried has been out, studied a roof in has order been to designedblock the tosummer improve sun the rays energy and performanceconsequently of avoid the factory. excessive heating of the environment and to let the winterIt consists rays ofin panelsby improving inclined the at lighting35° and facingof the space west. (FigureThe inclination 22). In addition, has been some studied of these in order panels to block the summer sun rays and consequently avoid excessive heating of the environment and to let the winter rays in by improving the lighting of the space (Figure 22). In addition, some of these panels Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 20

After carrying out a study on the materials that could be recovered through the selective demolition of some non-original parts of the factory, it emerged that it would be possible to recover 2500 bricks, 70% of which could be reused and the remaining part destined for recycling (Figure 19), as they were damaged during disassembly. To consolidate the masonry, 1700 bricks recovered from the Fábrica de Hielo and 1900 recovered from other selective demolitions carried out less than 20 km away (Figure 20), deriving from buildings of the same construction period, were used to consolidate the masonry.

Figure19 . Bricks recovered from the selective demolition of Fábrica de Hielo.

Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 14 of 20 Figure 20 Bricks necessary for masonry consolidation.

The decision to reuse bricks from selective demolition carried out in in the the Comunidad Comunidad Valenciana Valenciana also derives from laboratory analyses that compared the characteristics and performance of recycled bricks with new bricks producedproduced by local factories (Figure 2121).). The analyses showed that salvaged bricks are much more resistant to compression than modern bricks, and they are less porous than the others; for this reason, they have a lower absorption capacity.

(a) (b)

Figure 21. AnalysesAnalyses carried carried out out in in the the laboratory laboratory of of the Universitat Politècnica Politècnica of ValValència:ència: ( (aa)) Determination of compressive strength; (b)) determinationdetermination ofof waterwater absorptionabsorption byby capillarity.capillarity.

In the second macro-theme, following the biocli bioclimaticmatic analyses carried out, a a roof has been designed to improve the energy performance of the factory. It consists of panels inclined at 3535°◦ and facing west. The The inclination inclination has been studied in order to block the summersummer sunsun raysrays and and consequently consequently avoid avoid excessive excessive heating heating of of the the environment environment and and to letto thelet Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 20 winterthe winter rays rays in byin by improving improving the the lighting lighting of of the the space space (Figure (Figure 22 22).). In In addition, addition, somesome ofof thesethese panels have been transformed into a photovoltaicphotovoltaic capturing surface for a total of 147 square meters, able to produce 29,308 kWh annually. The calculation was made using the software PVGIS [[31],31], locating the building through the longitude and latitude data, considering the orientation and inclination of the panels and the installed power.

(a) (b)

Figure 22. Interior natural lighting schemes: ( (aa)) Summer; Summer; ( (b)) winter. winter.

The shareshare ofof glazed glazed panels panels equipped equipped with with motorized motorized blinds blinds makes makes it possible it possible to adjust to theadjust amount the ofamount incoming of incoming light according light according to the activities to the activities that will that take will place take in theplace building. in the building. The shape of the roof has been designed according to the prevailing winds. In In fact, fact, in in this this way, way, the summer wind coming from the east manages to penetrate inside and cool the whole building, while thethe coldcold winterwinter windwind cannotcannot enter. enter. The The roof roof also also becomes becomes a a rainwater rainwater collection collection surface, surface, which which is channeledis channeled for for reuse reuse (Figure (Figure 23 ).23).

(a) (b)

Figure 23. Render: (a) South-west view; (b) view south-east.

In the third macro-theme, given the lack of services and equipment in the Cabañal neighborhood, the Fábrica de Hielo has been redesigned as a multipurpose building adaptable to the needs of users. Flexibility of use has been achieved through internal partitions made up of reused pallets. The multifunctionality of the pallets made it possible to create various types of panels with an increasing level of complexity. Panels of different types can be joined together to create a wall or a three-dimensional element, also thanks to the adaptability of the construction system to different types of connection (Figure 24).

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Figure 24. Configurations: (a) Exhibition panel; (b) partition wall for study room; (c) three- dimensional module for the market; (d) gallery; (e) three-dimensional module adaptable to various uses. SustainabilitySustainability 20202020,, 1212,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 14 14 of of 20 20 havehave beenbeen transformedtransformed intointo aa photovphotovoltaicoltaic capturingcapturing surfacesurface forfor aa totaltotal ofof 147147 squaresquare meters,meters, ableable toto produceproduce 29,30829,308 kWhkWh annually.annually. TheThe calculationcalculation waswas mademade usingusing thethe softwaresoftware PVGISPVGIS [31],[31], locatinglocating thethe buildingbuilding throughthrough thethe longitudelongitude andand latitudelatitude data,data, consideringconsidering thethe orientationorientation andand inclinationinclination ofof thethe panelspanels andand thethe installedinstalled power.power.

((aa)) ((bb))

FigureFigure 22.22. InteriorInterior naturalnatural lightinglighting schemes:schemes: ((aa)) Summer;Summer; ((bb)) winter.winter.

TheThe shareshare ofof glazedglazed panelspanels equippedequipped withwith motomotorizedrized blindsblinds makesmakes itit possiblepossible toto adjustadjust thethe amountamount ofof incomingincoming lightlight accordingaccording toto thethe activitiesactivities thatthat willwill taketake placeplace inin thethe building.building. TheThe shapeshape ofof thethe roofroof hashas beenbeen designeddesigned accordingaccording toto thethe prevailingprevailing winds.winds. InIn fact,fact, inin thisthis way,way, thethe summersummer windwind comingcoming fromfrom thethe easteast managesmanages toto penetratepenetrate insideinside andand coolcool thethe wholewhole building,building, whilewhileSustainability thethe coldcold2020 winter,winter12, 9059 windwind cannotcannot enter.enter. TheThe roofroof alsoalso becomesbecomes aa rainwaterrainwater collectioncollection surface,surface, whichwhich15 of 20 isis channeledchanneled forfor reusereuse (Figure(Figure 23).23).

((aa)) ((bb))

FigureFigure 23.23. Render:Render:Render: (( (aaa))) South-westSouth-west South-west view;view; view; (( (bbb))) viewview view south-east.south-east. south-east.

InInIn thethethe third thirdthird macro-theme, macro-theme,macro-theme, given givengiven the lack thethe of lacklack services ofof andservicesservices equipment andand equipmentequipment in the Cabañal inin neighborhood,thethe CabañalCabañal neighborhood,neighborhood,the Fábrica de thethe Hielo FábricaFábrica has de beende HieloHielo redesigned hashas beenbeen asredesignredesign a multipurposeeded asas aa multipurposemultipurpose building adaptable buildingbuilding adaptableadaptable to the needs toto thethe of needsneedsusers. ofof Flexibility users.users. FlexibilityFlexibility of use has ofof usus beenee hashas achieved beenbeen achievedachieved through throughthrough internal internintern partitionsalal partitionspartitions made up mademade of reused upup ofof reusedreused pallets. pallets.pallets.The multifunctionality TheThe multifunctionalitymultifunctionality of the ofof pallets thethe palletspallets made mademade it possible itit possiblepossible to create toto createcreate various variousvarious types typestypes of panels ofof panelspanels with withwith an ananincreasing increasingincreasing level levellevel of of complexity.of complexity.complexity. Panels PanelsPanels of ofof di differentﬀdifferenterent types typestypes can cancan be bebe joined joinedjoined together togethtogetherer to toto create createcreate a aa wall wallwall or oror a aathree-dimensional three-dimensionalthree-dimensional element, element,element, also alsoalso thanks thanksthanks to thetoto thethe adaptability adapadaptabilitytability of the ofof constructionthethe constructionconstruction system systemsystem to di ﬀtotoerent differentdifferent types typestypesof connection ofof connectionconnection (Figure (Figure(Figure 24). 24).24).

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 24. Configurations: (a) Exhibition panel; (b) partition wall for study room; (c) three- FigureFigure 24.24. Configurations:Configurations: ( a)(a Exhibition) Exhibition panel; panel; (b) partition (b) partition wall for wall study for room; study (c) three-dimensionalroom; (c) three- dimensional module for the market; (d) gallery; (e) three-dimensional module adaptable to various dimensionalmodule for themodule market; for ( dthe) gallery; market; (e ()d three-dimensional) gallery; (e) three-dimensional module adaptable module to various adaptable uses. to various uses. uses. The floor of the building has been designed according to the size of the panels, alternating the floor in antique terracotta tiles from selective demolition with luminous LEDs that identify where it is possible to place the pallets. In the patio, there is a massive red terracotta floor that allows the radiant energy that penetrates during the winter days to be accumulated and then released in the form of heat at night. In the last macro-theme, bioclimatic analyses were carried out on the redeveloped building, verifying the compliance of the thermal transmittance of the envelope with regulations and carrying out simulations on the internal natural light and internal natural ventilation. The simulation of natural light was carried out with Velux Energy and Indoor Climate Visualizer software. The building and its context have been reproduced in 3D, and the material characteristics (including transparency and reflection) of the surfaces that make up the building envelope have been indicated. Considering the orientation of the building with respect to the sun, it was possible to check the lighting of the interior spaces and consequently to verify the level of luminous and thermal comfort. The analysis was carried out considering two configurations: in the first, only opaque panels were considered (Figure 25), while in the second, they are alternated with transparent panels (Figure 26). It has been verified that the configuration of the roofs in summer generates a shaded space to avoid the heating of the environment and in winter, a space that optimizes the lighting and promotes heating. SustainabilitySustainability 20202020,, 1212,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 15 15 of of 20 20

TheThe floorfloor ofof thethe buildingbuilding hashas beenbeen designeddesigned accordaccordinging toto thethe sizesize ofof thethe panels,panels, alternatingalternating thethe floorfloor inin antiqueantique terracottaterracotta tilestiles fromfrom selectiveselective demolitiondemolition withwith luminousluminous LEDsLEDs thatthat identifyidentify wherewhere itit isis possiblepossible toto placeplace thethe pallets.pallets. InIn thethe patio,patio, thertheree isis aa massivemassive redred terracottaterracotta floorfloor thatthat allowsallows thethe radiantradiant energyenergy thatthat penetratespenetrates duringduring thethe winterwinter daysdays toto bebe accumulatedaccumulated andand thenthen releasedreleased inin thethe formform ofof heatheat atat night.night. InIn thethe lastlast macro-theme,macro-theme, bioclimaticbioclimatic analysesanalyses werewere carriedcarried outout onon thethe redevelopedredeveloped building,building, verifyingverifying thethe compliancecompliance ofof thethe thermalthermal transmittanctransmittancee ofof thethe envelopeenvelope withwith regulationsregulations andand carryingcarrying outout simulationssimulations onon thethe internalinternal naturalnatural lightlight andand internalinternal naturalnatural ventilation.ventilation. TheThe simulationsimulation ofof naturalnatural lightlight waswas carriedcarried outout wiwithth VeluxVelux EnergyEnergy andand IndIndooroor ClimateClimate VisualizerVisualizer software.software. TheThe buildingbuilding andand itsits contextcontext havehave beenbeen reproducedreproduced inin 3D,3D, andand thethe materialmaterial characteristicscharacteristics (including(including transparencytransparency andand reflection)reflection) ofof thethe surfacsurfaceses thatthat makemake upup thethe buildingbuilding envelopeenvelope havehave beenbeen indicated.indicated. ConsideringConsidering thethe orientationorientation ofof thethe buildingbuilding withwith respectrespect toto thethe sun,sun, itit waswas possiblepossible toto checkcheck thethe lightinglighting ofof thethe interiorinterior spacesspaces andand consequentlyconsequently toto verifyverify thethe levellevel ofof luminousluminous andand thermalthermal comfort.comfort. TheThe analysisanalysis waswas carriedcarried outout consideringconsidering twotwo configurations:configurations: inin thethe first,first, onlyonly opaqueopaque panelspanels werewere consideredconsidered (Figure(Figure 25),25), whilewhile inin thethe second,second, ththeyey areare alternatedalternated withwith transparenttransparent panelspanels (Figure(Figure 26).26). ItIt hashas beenbeen verifiedverified thatthat thethe configurationconfiguration ofof thethe roofsroofs inin summersummer generatesgenerates aa shadedshaded spacespace toto avoidavoidSustainability thethe heatingheating2020, 12 , ofof 9059 thethe environmentenvironment andand inin winter,winter, aa spacespace thatthat optimizesoptimizes thethe lightinglighting andand promotespromotes16 of 20 heating.heating.

((aa)) ((bb))

FigureFigureFigure 25.25. 25. SimulationSimulationSimulation ofof indoorindoor of indoor naturalnatural natural light—configurationlight—configuration light—conﬁguration withwith opaqueopaque with opaque panels:panels: panels:((aa)) summersummer (a) mode— summermode— 12:0012:00mode—12:00 a.m.;a.m.; ((bb)) a.m.;winterwinter (b mode—12:00)mode—12:00 winter mode—12:00 a.m.a.m. a.m.

((aa)) ((bb))

FigureFigureFigure 26.26. 26. SimulationSimulationSimulation ofof of indoorindoor indoor naturalnatural natural light—configuralight—configura light—configurationtiontion withwith with alternatingalternating alternating opaqueopaque opaque andand and transparenttransparent transparent panels:panels:panels: ((a (aa)) ) summersummer summer mode—12:00mode—12:00 mode—12:00 a.m.;a.m.; a.m.; ((b (bb)) ) winterwinter winter mode—12:00mode—12:00 mode—12:00 a.m.a.m. a.m. The natural ventilation inside the building has also been analysed, to verify the maintenance TheThe naturalnatural ventilationventilation insideinside thethe buildingbuilding hashas alsoalso beenbeen analysed,analysed, toto verifyverify thethe maintenancemaintenance ofof of environmental comfort both in case of use of the building with three independent spaces and in environmentalenvironmental comfortcomfort bothboth inin casecase ofof useuse ofof thethe buildingbuilding withwith threethree independentindependent spacesspaces andand inin casecase case of use with a single space, i.e., creating fluidity of space between the three naves. The Design ofof useuse withwith aa singlesingle space,space, i.e.,i.e., creatingcreating fluidityfluidity ofof spacespace betweenbetween thethe threethree naves.naves. TheThe DesignDesign BuilderBuilder Builder software was used for this analysis. The context and the building were reproduced in 3D, softwaresoftware waswas usedused forfor thisthis analysis.analysis. TheThe contextcontext andand thethe buildingbuilding werewere reproducedreproduced inin 3D,3D, alsoalso also characterizing the geometry of the openings (size and shape) and the data relating to the natural characterizingcharacterizing thethe geometrygeometry ofof ththee openingsopenings (size(size andand shape)shape) andand thethe datadata relatingrelating toto thethe naturalnatural ventilation of the site (direction, speed, pressure and temperature) measured on an annual basis by the ventilationventilation ofof thethe sitesite (direction,(direction, speed,speed, pressurepressure andand temperature)temperature) measuredmeasured onon anan annualannual basisbasis byby weather station in Valencia were imported into the software. thethe weatherweather stationstation inin ValenciaValencia werewere importedimported intointo thethe software.software. The analysis showed that the single-space configuration optimizes ventilation differently when TheThe analysisanalysis showedshowed thatthat thethe single-spacesingle-space configurationconfiguration optimizesoptimizes ventilationventilation differentlydifferently whenwhen the building is used with three independent spaces, and therefore the side walls facing the patio thethe buildingbuilding isis usedused withwith threethree independentindependent spacesspaces,, andand thereforetherefore thethe sideside wallswalls facingfacing thethe patiopatio remain closed, ventilation is not homogeneous, and the patio has a higher temperature than the aisles remainremain closed,closed, ventilationventilation isis notnot homogeneous,homogeneous, andand thethe patiopatio hashas aa hihighergher temperaturetemperature thanthan thethe aislesaisles (Figure 27). As a result, in summer it is preferable to use the space in a unique way to promote cooling, (Figure(Figure 27).27). AsAs aa result,result, inin summersummer itit isis preferablepreferable toto useuse thethe spacespace inin aa uniqueunique wayway toto promotepromote cooling,cooling, and in winter, it is divided into three areas to avoid heat dispersion. andandSustainability inin winter,winter, 2020 itit, 12 isis, xdivideddivided FOR PEER intointo REVIEW ththreeree areasareas toto avoidavoid heatheat dispersion.dispersion. 16 of 20

(a) (b)

Figure 27.27. Simulation of internal naturalnatural ventilation:ventilation: (a) closedclosed conﬁguration—threeconfiguration—three independentindependent spaces; (b) open conﬁguration—oneconfiguration—one space.space.

5. Discussion 5. Discussion The environmental problems that society is currentlycurrently experiencing lead to a rethinking of how to act in in all all sectors, sectors, particularly particularly in in those those sectors, sectors, such such as as construction, construction, which which have have a strong a strong impact impact on onpollution. pollution. At the At thesame same time, time, however, however, there there is isa aneed need “not “not to to stop stop progress” progress” and and not not to hinder economic development. New New economic economic models models must must be found to protect bothboth thesethese interests.interests. The concept of the economy, therefore, changes. If in the concept of traditional economy, the environmental damage was the price to pay for development; from the mid-nineties onwards, new economic models were developed, such as the bioeconomy (Georgescu-Roegen) [32], the evolutionary economy (Boulding) [33], and the industrial ecology (Frosch and Gallopoulos) [34], in which the environment assumes an economic value and the environmental damage coincides with an economic damage, affecting the evaluation of the convenience of the process/product. Each environmental damage corresponds, in fact, to a cost to restore the balance of the environment. All the environmental economic theories, even if each has its own peculiarities, agree in the assumption that to reduce the environmental impact, it is necessary to bring the characteristics of the anthropic process closer to the natural one. Hence, there is the desire to make circular processes similar to nature, operating in such a way that the end of one process is the beginning for another. This approach cannot be left to chance, but must be designed, with the aim of making it really efficient. Construction is one of the leading sectors of the economy and, at the same time, it is one of the main contributors to environmental pollution [35]. It is, therefore, essential to identify project methodologies that make processes as cyclical as possible. The proposed methodology, analyzing, first in parallel and then synergistically, the context and the building, is capable of directing the project towards a cyclical dimension. The reuse of the building is in itself a sustainable operation, as it guarantees the protection of the soil and the resources that make up the architectural organism. It is, also, a cyclical operation, as the building that no longer has the characteristics to be used, through redevelopment, regains the performance that allows a new life cycle. The usability of a building also increases its economic value. Designing reuse in an adaptive manner with respect to the context and characteristics of the building means ensuring that the new life cycle lasts a sufficient number of years in order to not disrupt the input and output flows of the environmental system. It is the project itself and its consistency with the territory that conditions the number of years the building will be used, the choice of a destination of use that actually meets the needs of the neighborhood and is reasoned on the basis of its polarities and road system, and the choice of a building system that, although based on local resources, has a sufficient durability and, at the same time, guarantees environmental comfort. The flexibility of use of space and consequently also the flexibility of the building system’s ability to transform itself increases the possibilities of use and the flow of people interacting with the architectural organism [36]. As illustrated for the case study of the Fábrica de Hielo, the flexibility of space is able to allow use of the architectural organism as a whole or divided into parts with different functions but compatible with each other and with the building. It is the use of a building itself that generates economic repercussions around it, so ensuring use of the architectural organism also means promoting the economy of the area. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 17 of 20 concept of the economy, therefore, changes. If in the concept of traditional economy, the environmental damage was the price to pay for development; from the mid-nineties onwards, new economic models were developed, such as the bioeconomy (Georgescu-Roegen) [32], the evolutionary economy (Boulding) [33], and the industrial ecology (Frosch and Gallopoulos) [34], in which the environment assumes an economic value and the environmental damage coincides with an economic damage, affecting the evaluation of the convenience of the process/product. Each environmental damage corresponds, in fact, to a cost to restore the balance of the environment. All the environmental economic theories, even if each has its own peculiarities, agree in the assumption that to reduce the environmental impact, it is necessary to bring the characteristics of the anthropic process closer to the natural one. Hence, there is the desire to make circular processes similar to nature, operating in such a way that the end of one process is the beginning for another. This approach cannot be left to chance, but must be designed, with the aim of making it really efficient. Construction is one of the leading sectors of the economy and, at the same time, it is one of the main contributors to environmental pollution [35]. It is, therefore, essential to identify project methodologies that make processes as cyclical as possible. The proposed methodology, analyzing, first in parallel and then synergistically, the context and the building, is capable of directing the project towards a cyclical dimension. The reuse of the building is in itself a sustainable operation, as it guarantees the protection of the soil and the resources that make up the architectural organism. It is, also, a cyclical operation, as the building that no longer has the characteristics to be used, through redevelopment, regains the performance that allows a new life cycle. The usability of a building also increases its economic value. Designing reuse in an adaptive manner with respect to the context and characteristics of the building means ensuring that the new life cycle lasts a sufficient number of years in order to not disrupt the input and output flows of the environmental system. It is the project itself and its consistency with the territory that conditions the number of years the building will be used, the choice of a destination of use that actually meets the needs of the neighborhood and is reasoned on the basis of its polarities and road system, and the choice of a building system that, although based on local resources, has a sufficient durability and, at the same time, guarantees environmental comfort. The flexibility of use of space and consequently also the flexibility of the building system’s ability to transform itself increases the possibilities of use and the flow of people interacting with the architectural organism [36]. As illustrated for the case study of the Fábrica de Hielo, the flexibility of space is able to allow use of the architectural organism as a whole or divided into parts with different functions but compatible with each other and with the building. It is the use of a building itself that generates economic repercussions around it, so ensuring use of the architectural organism also means promoting the economy of the area. In the project methodology illustrated, moreover, knowledge of the level of transformability of the building made it possible to identify which parts could be demolished. Even demolition becomes an instrument of cyclicality [37]. As illustrated for the Fabrica de Hielo case study, selective demolition made it possible to divide the materials into homogeneous product fractions and, at the same time, maintain their integrity when possible, allowing them to be reused. Waste materials and components also become part of the harvest map of the context. The reuse project draws materials/components from the harvest map necessary for the construction systems used, and returns the waste materials/components from selective demolition to the territory. This process of take and return generates new supply chains for local resources and new lives for waste materials that translate into cyclical processes and above all into incentives for new local circular economies. In order to encourage the architectural organism to be used over time even if the needs of its users change and to encourage the local supply chain of waste materials, it is essential that the reuse project is carried out using reversible construction systems, i.e., they can be dismantled without affecting the architectural organism while maintaining the integrity of the components that make it up. The reversibility of the system also allows for more sustainable and economic maintenance, making it easier to disassemble and replace only those components that no longer have sufficient performance Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 18 of 20 for use. In fact, the materials/components of a construction system have different durability even with respect to the context in which they are used. The application of the methodology to the Fabrica de Hielo case study has shown that an adaptive reuse project structured in this way is capable of generating positive social, environmental, and economic repercussions on the local community. From a social point of view, a new pole of attraction has been created in a strategic position in the neighborhood, adjacent to the promenade and well connected also by public transport (trolleybus, bikesharing, etc.), flexible in its use and therefore able to preserve itself through active use, and a place of meeting and confrontation of the population mainly resident in the neighborhood. Contributing to the local circular economy through project choices also means creating new jobs [38]. From an environmental point of view, according to the principle “think global, act local” [39], the design choices made locally on the building have a global impact on the environment. The redesign of the envelope and the plants, together with the integration of photovoltaics and the exploitation of natural ventilation and sunshine, lower the environmental impact during the building management phase, increasing environmental comfort. The selective demolitions, the reuse of materials from the local supply chain, and the design of reversible building systems stimulate the local circular economy and reduce the environmental impact resulting from end-of-life processes less virtuous than reuse, especially as regards components that still have sufficient residual performance and sometimes even higher than similar new production components. This is the case, for example, of the solid bricks resulting from selective demolition carried out around 1900 in the Valencian Community, reused in the project of the Fábrica de Hielo. From an economic point of view, the requalification has increased the value of the building, the creation of a new polarity and a flow of people gravitating around it produces advantages for the activities and services present in the area, and the exchange of materials with the local supply chain (take and return) has stimulated the local circular economy and has nudged the building companies to specialize, generating added value.

6. Conclusions The project is able to positively influence the territory in which the architectural organism is located only if it is not the result of arbitrary choices, but of a path of analysis that, starting from knowledge of the local context and the characteristics of the building, identifies solutions capable of influencing its ability to adapt. Adaptive reuse in a local context, according to the design methodology illustrated, is able to produce advantages from a social and environmental point of view and to encourage and promote local economies, consistently with the definition of sustainability. It is, therefore, capable of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [40]. On the contrary, the reuse of a building that does not take into consideration the context, although it is a theoretically sustainable operation, risks becoming a double-edged sword and producing advantages only in the immediate, with negative social, environmental, and economic repercussions in the future. The discriminating feature of the project’s convenience is its circularity, which transforms it into a tool for the application of environmental economics theories. The application of the proposed design methodology to the case study of the Fábrica de Hielo verified its congruence and compliance with the needs of the building and the local context in a project that finds the coincidence of the starting point and the arrival point in the territory.

Author Contributions: All authors participated in the research. S.D.G. and M.D.V. designed the research and the paper. S.D.G. wrote the paragraphs 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5, and 6. M.D.V. wrote the paragraphs 1, 2, 2.1, and 2.2. M.D.V. performed historical surveys and thermographic campaign with A.R., L.P. and S.D.G. performed the laboratory analyses with A.R., A.R. performed the analyses and wrote the paragraphs 3.2.1, 3.2.2, and 4. P.D.B. and L.P. had the scientiﬁc responsibility for the research and supervised the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by “Fondazione Filauro” University of L’Aquila and by the Short Term Mobility program of the Italian National Research Council. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9059 19 of 20

Acknowledgments: The authors thank the “Fondazione Filauro” University of L’Aquila and the Italian National Research Council for financing the research. The authors thank the materials laboratory of the Universitat Politècnica of València. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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