The CITES Identification Guide to Falconry Species Enforcement Edition

The CITES Identification Guide to Falconry Species: Enforcement Edition A Guide for Customs, Border Control and Wildlife Law Enforcement Personnel

Confidential - For Law Enforcement Purposes Only Produced by the CITES Enforcement Task Force and the Wildlife Enforcement Directorate, Environment Canada

An initiative of Environment Canada and CITES Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland, www..org Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

CITES guide to falconry species [electronic resource] = Guide d’identification CITES des espèces utilisées en fauconnerie. – Enforcement ed.

Electronic monograph in PDF and HTML format. Text in English and French. Issued also on CD-ROM. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-662-05871-7 Cat. no.: CW66-203/3-2008-PDF

1. – Identification. 2. Falconry – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Endangered species – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Wildlife conservation (International law). I. Canada. Environment Canada II. Title: Guide d’identification CITES des espèces utilisées en fauconnerie. – Éd. de l’application de la loi

QL696.F34C57 2008 598.9’6 C2008-980247-0E

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2009. Table of contents

The CITES Identification Guide to Falconry Species: Enforcement Edition

Falcons: Illegal Trade Information The CITES Falcon Enforcement Task Force ...... 1 A Brief History of Falconry ...... 1 Trends in the Trade ...... 2 The Illegal Trade in Falcons ...... 3 Stage 1 – The Removal of the from the Wild ...... 4 Stage 2 – Illicit Cross-border Movement ...... 7 CITES permit and certificate checklist ...... 8 Smuggling and concealment techniques ...... 12 Courier profile and behaviour ...... 13 Fraud and smuggling associated with diplomats or hunting trips . . . 14 Smuggling routes ...... 15 Smuggling entry and transit points ...... 16 Stage 3 – The Sale and Delivery of the Bird to the Falconer . . . . . 17 Prices for falcons ...... 17 Trader profile and behaviour ...... 17

The CITES Identification Guide to Falconry Species Introduction ...... i Species represented in this guide ...... i How to use this guide ...... i Identification of wild caught and captive bred specimens ...... ii Terminology ...... iii Falco spp ...... iv Accipiter spp ...... v Symbols ...... vi Falco spp . Quick Key ...... 1 Species Descriptions ...... 2 Juveniles ...... 12 Hybrids ...... 14 Index ...... 17i

Falcons: Illegal Trade Information

The CITES Falcon Enforcement Task Force

CITES Enforcement Task Forces were first established by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2000 . Task forces bring together law enforcement and other relevant experts to collate information on species- specific illegal wildlife trade . Task forces prepare guidance on the targeting of illicit trade, assist in the development of training or other guidance material, and establish a network to assist in the communication of intelligence and the collaboration and coordination of cross-border investigations .

The CITES Falcon Enforcement Task Force consists of a group of experts on falcons, falconry and wildlife law enforcement, nominated by the following countries: Canada, , , , , Mongolia, , the Russian Federation, the and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .

The work of CITES Enforcement Task Forces is coordinated and facilitated by the CITES Secretariat . Interpol and the World Customs Organization are advised of task force activities .

A Brief History of Falconry

The capture, keeping, training of, and hunting with falcons, eagles and hawks have taken place in various parts of the world for many centuries . Although a variety of bird species may be used, such activities are commonly described under the term ‘falconry’ . A description of the main species involved will be found later in this guide .

Originally intended as a means of hunting to gather food for the bird’s keeper and his or her family, falconry is now mainly a sport or pastime . Although it is popular in many countries, there is a particularly strong tradition of falconry in parts of and in the . In the Middle East, it was once very common for to be captured from the wild, trained for a season’s hunting between autumn and spring, and then released again into the wild at the end of the hunting season . This tradition persists in several countries . For example, in the United Arab Emirates, there is a practice to transport large numbers of birds that were of wild origin to countries such as for their release back to the wild as part of a major conservation project . There is now, however, very little capture of birds from the wild in

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the Middle East (it is illegal in most countries) and the majority of falconers from this region purchase their birds from local dealers or dealers based in central Asia, Europe or North America .

CITES regulates the trade in falcons, both those taken from the wild and those bred in captivity . Many wild populations of some falcon species, such as the (Falco cherrug), have fallen dramatically in numbers in recent years for a variety of reasons, including loss of habitat, deliberate persecution, accidental­ poisoning by pesticides, unsustainable harvest, illegal trade and unregulated trade . Illegal trade is regarded as a very significant threat to some species, with the risk that some populations may become extinct .

Trends in the Trade

There is currently a growing tendency for falconers to purchase captive-bred birds . Many of the facilities that breed birds of prey in large numbers are located in Europe and North America, although such facilities are also becoming more common in countries such as Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, as well as in the Middle East .

Several captive-breeding facilities that engage in breeding birds of prey for commercial purposes are listed in the following section of the CITES website:

http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/registers.shtml

Because large falcons are generally preferred by falconers, females, which are generally a third larger than males, are more often in trade . Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) specimens are some of the most desirable birds for falconry worldwide, and some buyers perceive Scottish Potential fraud may be specimens to be of high quality . Gyrfalcon perpetrated by under-reporting (Falco rusticolus), especially the white morph, the value of the falcon. is the most highly prized by falconers in the Middle East .

The price of a falconry bird can range from $200 to $330,000 USD . High prices are paid for rare falcons like the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) . Potential fraud may be perpetrated by under-reporting the value of the specimen .

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Despite the trend toward captive-bred birds, some falconers prefer wild-caught birds, and consider captive-bred birds to be inferior . This may inspire suppliers to smuggle wild birds, or to take birds illegally The fact that some falconers prefer from the wild and launder them as captive bred wild birds gives suppliers incentive in order to evade wildlife protection laws . There to smuggle wild birds, or to take birds is a lucrative illegal trade supplying certain illegally from the wild and launder Middle East falconers with pro­tected species, than as captive bred. especially with peregrine, saker (Falco cherrug) and gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) . The mortality rate of illegally traded birds is very high . Many smugglers seem to be foreigners operating outside of their home country . For example, foreign falcon smugglers have been appre­hended operating in China, Mongolia, the U K. . (especially Scotland), Canada and the Russian Federation .

The Illegal Trade in Falcons

There are commonly three stages in the illegal trade in wild falcons: 1. the removal of the bird from the wild; 2. the illicit cross-border movement of the bird; and 3. the sale or delivery of the bird to the falconer .

Stages 1 and 3 are likely to be violations of national law, whilst stage 2 violates national law and CITES . The same individual will not necessarily be involved in all three stages . Indeed, there may be one or more people involved at each stage . For example, the person who removes the bird from the wild may sell it to someone in the same country . The second person may arrange for a courier to smuggle it to another country . The courier may deliver it to a fourth person, who then sells it to the falconer who will use it for hunting . It is very likely that the first four persons in this illegal ‘chain’ will know that they are engaged in a criminal activity . However, the last person in the chain, the falconer, may not be aware that he or she is purchasing something of an illegal origin .

This guide seeks to provide information that will enable law enforcement officials to target those who engage in the illegal trade in falcons, especially those engaged in stages 1 and 2 . The CITES Falcon Enforcement Task Force has not been able to gather information from all countries affected by illegal trade in falcons and, so, the information in the guide should not be regarded as exhaustive .

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It is recommended that law enforcement and border control officials contact their national CITES Management Authority for further advice, assistance and information . The contact details for such authorities can be found at:

http://www.cites.org/common/directy/e_directy.html

Stage 1 – The Removal of the Bird from the Wild

The illegal harvest may be speculative or may be conducted ‘to order’ with particular species, sex, size or colour of bird being targeted . Falcons may be harvested as eggs, chicks, fledglings or adult birds .

The following may indicate suspicious persons or behaviour or may assist in identifying those engaged in the illegal harvest of birds: • Visitors to remote regions not normally associated with tourism, which are falcon habitats . • The use of high-standard vehicles, such as 4x4 motor cars. In some cases this has extended to the hire of helicopters . • Possession of global positioning system (GPS) equipment (which may be programmed with nest site locations) or topographical maps . • Possession of climbing or mountaineering equipment which may be used to access nest sites on cliffs . • Possession of binoculars, bird guidebooks or other ornithological literature. • Possession of portable incubators or insulated containers (for the storage of eggs) . • Possession of hoods, strips of cloth, bandages or other materials for covering the heads of falcons, binding their wings, and binding their feet/talons . Possession of cotton wool or other similar material for wrapping and protecting eggs or chicks . • Possession of drugs or alcohol for tranquillizing birds. • Possession of live pigeons or other small birds to use as decoys to trap adult birds . String or ropes and stakes to ‘pin’ live birds to the ground to act as decoys . Loops of string or thin rope or nets to entangle the feet of falcons when used with decoys . ‘Waistcoats’ (with loops attached) that are intended to be ‘worn’ by the decoy birds . • Possession of leg rings for marking birds.

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• Possession of empty holdall or ‘sports’-type bags, cardboard boxes, or other containers to transport birds after trapping . Look for ventilation holes in boxes and other containers . • The most likely timing of illegal collection activities is during the nesting season (which will differ depending on the part of the world) and in the approach to the start of the hunting season (also the main trading time) which is usually September-October . • Although local persons may engage in trapping or may assist in trapping, foreign nationals may also be present, with persons from Pakistan and having often been encountered in some European and Asian range countries in the past . • Person engaged in the removal of birds from the wild may have bribed government officials to obtain a harvest licence or permission . • Such people may use the ‘cover’ of being engaged in scientific research or population surveys to access nest sites and falcon habitats . This may be used to engage in illegal harvest or to obtain information for illegal harvest at a later time or to pass information to associates who will engage in the illegal harvest . • Such people may be in possession of CITES permits (which could be partly completed) . The possession of partly completed CITES documents is very suspicious .

Pigeon harness used to trap falcons. These harnesses are attached to pigeons; a falcon seeing the pigeon as prey attacks and becomes entangled in the strings on the bird’s back.

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Before and after removal from the wild The following places may be associated with the illegal removal from the wild of falcons and places where they may be stored or traded prior to their illicit cross- border movement . These lists are not intended to be exhaustive and the absence of an area or place from the list does not necessarily mean it is not connected with illegal trade in falcons .

For illegal harvest: • Canada – Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) habitat occurs mostly in the north: Nunavut, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories . (Falco peregrinus) habitat can be found across the country . • China – Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia • Kazakhstan – Alma’ata, eastern Kazakhstan, Karagauda and Dzhambul regions • Kyrgyzstan • Mongolia – Sukh Baatar, Bayan Khongor, Dundgobi, Golei-Altai, Khentii, Dornad, and Central Laukhan • Russian Federation – Altai, Baikal

For collection, storage or sale prior to export: • Kazakhstan – Alma’ata, Tarau and Chimkent • Mongolia – Ulaanbaatar city • Pakistan – Peshawar • Russian Federation – Moscow, Novosibirsk, Kazan, St . Petersburg and Sochi • Ukraine – Kiev, Harkov and Odessa

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Stage 2 – Illicit Cross-border Movement

The cross-border movement of falcons is usually accomplished by one of two methods:

1. Fraud; or 2. Smuggling .

Fraud will usually involve the use of CITES permits or certificates . Such frauds can take a variety of forms .

• The CITES document may be genuine but it may have been obtained corruptly . • The CITES document may be genuine but it may have been acquired by someone providing false information to the national Management Authority . • The CITES document may be genuine but the falcon does not match the bird that has been authorized for movement . For example, the false declaration of a falcon as having been bred in captivity, when it has actually been illegally harvested from the wild . This type of fraud is relatively common . • The CITES document is genuine but it has subsequently been altered. The species may have been changed, the number of birds authorized to be moved may have been changed, or the information regarding the bird(s) to be moved may have been changed . • The document is a forgery of or a counterfeit CITES permit or certificate. • The document bears no likeness to a CITES permit or certificate but is claimed to authorize cross-border movement .

The detection of a fraudulent CITES permit or certificate may not be easy . The CITES Secretariat recommends that border control staff and other officials who may be expected to regularly check CITES documents and wildlife shipments, have access to the following (most of this information can also be found on the CITES website – www.cites.org) .

A) The CITES Directory, which provides details of all CITES Management and Scientific Authorities and of the authorities that non-Parties have notified to the Secretariat as being competent to issue comparable documents .

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B) A copy of the Convention and the most recent edition of Appendices I and II and Appendix III . C) Current Resolutions of the Conference of the Parties to CITES . Resolution Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP14) relates specifically to permits and certificates but reference will also have to be made to others, such as trade with non-Parties (Resolution Conf. 9.5 (Rev. CoP14)), definition of primarily commercial purposes (Resolution Conf . 5 .10), pre-Convention specimens (Resolution Conf . 13 .6) . D) Copies of valid Notifications to the Parties, especially those relating to export quotas and registered breeding operations . Notifications relating to such subjects as lost or stolen security stamps, stricter domestic measures and other specific aspects of trade will also be of use; the Secretariat recommends the creation of a file in which valid Notifications relating to permit work can be stored and kept to hand . E) A current copy of the Checklist of CITES Species .

CITES permit and certificate checklist The CITES Secretariat recommends that the following questions be used as a form of checklist when reviewing permits and certificates:

Original Copy of CITES permit ➥ Is it an original? Is it clear whether the document is an export permit, import permit, re-export certificate or other form of certificate? Is it appropriate to the type of transaction proposed? ➥ Does the document match the specimen document of the issuing country?

The permit was not modified after it was issued ➥ If there is any alteration, modification, or crossing-out on the document, has it been authenticated by a stamp and signature of the issuing authority?

The date of the CITES permit has not expired ➥ Is the permit valid for a period of time no longer than 6 months after the permit’s issuing date?

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The permit contains no errors or omissions ➥ Is the document in one of the three working languages of the Convention (English, French or Spanish)? ➥ Is the Appendix number specified? ➥ Have the names and addresses of the exporter and importer been given in sufficient detail? ➥ What is the purpose of the transaction? Is it in accordance with the Convention? For example, an import permit authorizing commercial trade in a wild-caught Appendix I would be invalid . ➥ Is the source of the specimen(s) specified? Is it compatible with the proposed purpose of the transaction? ➥ If the source is given as ‘W’ (wild) on an export permit, is the issuing country a range State? ➥ Are quota details given? Does the quota correspond to the details given in the Notification to the Parties or on the CITES website? ➥ If it is a re-export certificate, have the details of the previous re-export certificate or export permit been quoted (date, number and country of issuance)? ➥ If the transaction involves live , does the document contain a statement that they must be transported in accordance with CITES/IATA guidelines and regulations?

The CITES permit is signed by the official CITES authority ➥ Is the issuing authority listed in the CITES Directory? ➥ Does the signature appear to be that of an authorized person (if known)?

The permit displays a CITES stamp ➥ Is the issuing authority’s stamp or seal on the document? ➥ If the issuing authority uses security stamps, is there a stamp on the document? Has it been cancelled by a signature and stamp or seal? Is the security stamp number correctly quoted on the document?

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The description of the shipment is in compliance (number and species) ➥ Have the scientific names of the species been given? ➥ Is the quantity of the specimens specified? ➥ If the transaction involves live animals, does the document contain a statement that they must be transported in accordance with CITES/IATA guidelines and regulations?

Verifying these elements will help you decide if the document is valid or suspicious . If it appears that a simple typographical or administrative error has taken place and there is otherwise no suspicion of fraud, then contact should be made with the issuing authority to resolve the issue .

Some countries use ‘falcon passports’ instead of CITES permits or certificates to authorize the movement of falcons when they are personal effects being moved by or for the owner . The passport will contain similar information to what would be recorded on a CITES permit or certificate, and the verification procedure is much the same . The passport should be inspected and endorsed by border control staff as the falconer and the bird enter and leave the country . A passport is required for each bird that is being moved .

Examples of a falcon passport issued by Qatar

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It is essential that border control staff carefully inspect all documents presented by persons travelling with falcons, or documents that accompany shipments of falcons, to deter and detect fraud . Any bird that does not have some form of marking, e .g ., a microchip (usually found in the side of the bird’s breast) or leg ring, should be regarded with suspicion . The number on the ring or microchip must match the number that is recorded on the permit, certificate or passport . If leg rings are used, ‘closed’ rings are preferable . These are rings that cannot be opened and that have been fitted around the leg Any bird that does not have some of the bird when it was very young . However, it is form of marking, e.g., a microchip important to bear in mind that these bands may or leg ring, should be regarded be recycled on chicks and eggs harvested from the with suspicion. wild . Furthermore, some smuggler gangs, especially those from countries that were part of the former U .S .S .R ., have begun to use rings which are welded shut in an attempt to imitate the closed seamless bands . These fraudu­lent rings can be very easily mistaken for original rings as the welding technique is almost perfect . The seam of the welded rings can only be seen with the aid of a magnifying glass .

It is equally important to ensure that any falcon that has been imported to a country for falconry purposes, whether using a permit, certificate or passport, and is subsequently being re-exported (probably back to the owner’s usual country of residence), is the same bird that entered the country . Movements of personally owned birds may be used as a ‘cover’ to acquire birds from the wild or birds of better quality, the original bird having been released into the wild or otherwise disposed of .

If you do not feel confident to handle the falcon to inspect its mark, ask the falconer to hold it while you do so or call for assistance from a veterinary inspector or other suitable person .

Closed ring (ruler in centimeters) Careful inspection of birds and accompanying documents is vital to combating illegal trade.

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Smuggling as a method for the illicit cross-border movement of falcons has many of the characteristics associated with other forms of such criminal activity, whether the goods being moved are narcotics, firearms or wildlife . A high mortality rate among smuggled falcons is common . Some particular features have been noted regarding the smuggling of falcons, and the following may assist in risk assessment and profiling .

Smuggling and concealment techniques • Smugglers may carry eggs in insulated containers or hidden in or under clothing . • Smugglers may wear a specially prepared waistcoat or vest, with multiple pockets for eggs, under their clothing . • Birds may be wrapped in clothes inside luggage. • Birds may be concealed under the clothing of the traveller. • Both checked-in and carry-on luggage may be used. • Carry-on luggage is often the ‘holdall’ or ‘sports’-type bag. • Pet animal containers designed for airline use may be used and may contain ‘hidden’ compartments . • Cardboard boxes or other containers with holes for ventilation may be used. Such containers may be covered with thin cloth to hide the holes . • Birds may be concealed in the toilet of an aircraft (perhaps by aircraft maintenance staff) . • Beaks may be taped closed. • Talons may be taped together. • Birds may have been doped or given alcohol. • Birds may be fitted with false rings or rings taken from birds of legal origin. Examine rings closely for signs of interference . • Sometimes significant quantities may be smuggled, e.g., 47 falcons in one suitcase . • The birds are usually accompanied by the smuggler(s) or a courier. • If detected, the courier may claim the birds are not species of falcon. • Smuggled falcons are seldom mixed with other forms of wildlife.

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• Most seizures are detected from commercial airline flights, and smuggling in baggage is the most common method . Asian national airline companies are most common . However, chartered or privately owned aircraft may be used for large shipments .

Courier profile and behaviour • The courier may have been recruited just to smuggle the one shipment or he or she may be highly experienced and knowledgeable . • The courier may be responsible for several shipments at one time (birds or eggs in clothing, carry-on luggage, checked-in baggage, and containers in aircraft hold shipped as unaccompanied cargo) . Ensure that all his or her luggage is inspected . • If a courier suspects discovery, he or she may abandon the birds in toilets, or in other areas in the airport of arrival or may fail to reclaim baggage containing birds . • If detected, couriers may claim the luggage is not their property or may claim they were asked to carry bags for someone else without knowing the contents . • The courier may produce false or falsified CITES documents. • The courier may produce genuine CITES documents, which would have been re-used if not challenged . This is an important feature to watch for . A courier may obtain a genuine CITES permit or certificate but will only present it for inspection if challenged . If he or she is not challenged, the same document can be held in reserve during many smuggling operations (throughout the period of validity of the document) and, thus, the courier may engage in repeated cross-border movements, potentially smuggling many birds . If the courier is never challenged during the period of the document’s validity, it may then be possible for the courier to claim that the permit or certificate was never used and apply for a new permit . With a new document, and a new period of validity, the courier can start smuggling again . • The courier may have bribed officials to obtain CITES documents. • The courier may have bribed border control officials earlier in the journey and may attempt to bribe others .

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Fraud and smuggling associated with diplomats or hunting trips It is important to note that there is no diplomatic or crown immunity from the Convention . A diplomat, king, prince or sheikh must be in possession of the appropriate permit, certificate or passport if falcons are being moved across international borders .

Falcons moved across borders, particularly for hunting purposes, cannot be regarded as being ‘diplomatic baggage’ . Falcons can be treated as the personal effects of a diplomat only if they are being moved from or to his usual country of residence and his place of mission .

Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Optional Protocols indicates that baggage and articles are not exempt from inspection when… “the import or export of (the baggage or articles) is prohibited by the law or controlled by the quarantine regulations of the receiving State” . Article 41 of the same Convention states… “it is the duty of all persons enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State .”

Consequently, falcons moved illicitly by diplomats are liable to seizure . National legislation would need to be considered, however, before determining whether any diplomat involved in violations could be prosecuted .

It is known that some falconers, sometimes having diplomatic or crown status, engage in hunting trips where large numbers of birds may be moved, perhaps using chartered, private or military aircraft, from one country to another for hunting purposes . Hunting camps may be established in the country of destination where sometimes large numbers of falconers, and their staff, may reside for several days . Not all such flights may land, or take off from, commercial airports that are routinely staffed by Customs, veterinary, quarantine or other border control staff . Such activities may violate CITES, quarantine, hunting and other legislation but may be known to, and perhaps tolerated by, senior figures in the government of the country of destination . Such flights, and the associated hunting activities, should be subjected to the normal controls and no exemption from national legislation or CITES exists .

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Smuggling routes The following places may be associated with falcon smuggling . Again, these lists are not intended to be exhaustive .

Smuggling exit points (range and transit States)

Ukraine: Kiev (by air), Kazakhstan: Almaty, China: Beijing, Tianjin, Urumqi, Qingdao Odessa (by sea to ) Chimkent and Karaganda (by air) (by air) but also by land border points to and by land to Kazakhstan and Pakistan

Russian Federation: Azerbaijan: Moscow, Novosibirsk, Baku (by air) Kazan, St. Petersburg (by air), Sochi (by sea)

St. Petersburg

Moscow Novosibirsk

Kiev Karaganda Odessa Almaty Sochi Chimkent Urumqi Beijing Tianjin Qingdao Islamabad

Cairo Karachi

Egypt: Cairo (by air) Kyrgyzstan: Airports of Bishkek, Uzbekistan Osh and Kunt

Pakistan: Karachi and Mongolia: Bayon Olgii land crossing Islamabad (by air) to Kazakhstan, Buyant-Ukhaa Airport

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Smuggling entry and transit points

Syrian Arab Republic: Kuwait: Kuwait international Damascus (by air) airport, Doha port, Al Abdali

Turkey

Lebanon Isreal Iran

Pakistan

Saudi Arabia

Sudan

Eritrea Yemen Ethiopia

Qatar: Qatar international airport, United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi Abu Samra entry point international airport, Dubai international airport, Sharjah international airport, Ras Al Khaimah international airport, Fujairah international airport, Ghuweifat, Hamriya sea port, Rashid sea port

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Stage 3 – The Sale and Delivery of the Bird to the Falconer

Prices for falcons With the increasing commercialism of falconry, and the captive-breeding of falcons, the prices of falcons have risen dramatically in recent years . It also appears that the increasing wealth of some residents of some Middle East countries has been exploited, so that considerable profits can be achieved by both legal and illegal traders .

The price of a bird is dictated by the species, its age, sex, size, colouring and whether it has been trained . Prices in range States may vary from $100– $200 USD for a young female to up to $500 USD if it is of a good size and colouring, with $1,000 USD being regarded as top-quality and top of the range . In countries of import, the price range is more extreme, with poor quality and low demand producing prices as little as $200 USD . However, an average price for a saker falcon might be $30,000 USD . In extreme cases, a high-quality gyrfalcon could attract a price of $330,000 USD . Potential fraud may be perpetrated by under-reporting the value of the specimen .

Trader profile and behaviour It is difficult to be comprehensive in describing those engaged in the illegal trade in falcons . It should also be noted that monetary profit may not always be involved; some of the people who acquire falcons illegally do so in order to present them as gifts to persons of high social standing, in the hope of currying favour . The following features have been noted in relation to those engaged in the sale and final delivery of birds to falconers .

• Usually male, although some females have been noted in China. • Pakistan nationals in some areas. • Not necessarily involved in illegal harvest or smuggling. • May have links to second-hand vehicle trade in the region.

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The CITES Identification Guide to Falconry Species

Produced by the Wildlife Enforcement Directorate, Environment Canada

THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES Introduction

Species represented in this guide

Many species of falcons, hawks, and eagles are used in the sport of falconry . The following falcon and hawk species have been included in this guide because they are popular with falconers and, as a result, are common targets for poachers and smugglers . • Falco biarmicus (App . II) • Saker falcon Falco cherrug (App . II) • Laggar falcon Falco jugger (App . I) • Barbary falcon Falco pelegrinoides (App . I) • Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (App . I) • Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus (App . I) • Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis (App . II) The Prairie falcon Falco mexicanus (App . II) has also been included in this guide as it closely resembles many of the above-listed species of concern . This species is common in falconry, but is not prominent in illegal international trade .

How to use this guide

The identification process begins with pages iv-v which will help you determine whether your specimen is a member of the genus Falco (falcons) or the genus Accipiter (hawks) . The Accipiter page will direct you straight to photos of the Northern Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis . The Falco page, however, will direct you to a range of colour photographs of various falcons . Do not try to match your specimen with one of these photos, but rather try to find similarities of colour pattern . Juvenile and hybrid birds, which often are found in trade, can be more challenging to identify, so ensure that you carefully compare your specimen­ to all of the photographs . Once you have selected a photo that resembles your specimen, follow the directions below that photo to find the correct species page . In order to successfully identify your specimen, it is important­ that you take your time comparing your specimen to the photographs . Key identification features are indicated with red arrows . It is important to recognise that there can be considerable variation in colour and pattern within a species, so although you should compare your specimen carefully to the photographs, be aware that the colours may not be an exact match . It is also important to consider the size of the specimen when making your identification .

i THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES Introduction

Identification of wild caught and captive bred specimens

In many jurisdictions, seamless bands are placed on the feet of falcon chicks to identify captive-bred birds . The feet of falcon chicks grow rapidly, and within a few days the foot will be large enough that these bands cannot be removed . The use of these seamless bands is recognized as being an effective way of identifying captive-bred birds .

Some jurisdictions permit the capture of wild adult birds for falconry, and these birds may be laundered as captive bred . With proper training and a hood, wild caught birds can become very comfortable with their handler within a week . A bird’s temperament­ cannot be used as an indicator of origin .

Seamless bands (ruler cm)

ii THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES Introduction

Terminology

BW = Body Weight . TL = Total Length . Measured from the top of the head to the tip of the tail . X = When found between two scientific names, “x” indicates a hybrid . e .g ., Falco rusticolus x Falco peregrinus is a hybrid of these two species . Upper parts: Back, scapulars, rump, tail, upper tail coverts and wing coverts, primaries and secondaries . Lower parts: Breast, abdomen, flank, thigh and under tail coverts .

Lesser wing coverts Greater wing coverts

Ear coverts Crown Nape

Cere Back Primary wing feathers Neck Chin Scapulars Cheek (with malar stripe) Throat

Breast Rump Wing Coverts

Upper tail coverts Abdomen Flank Secondaries

Primaries Tail Thigh Upper parts

Under tail Tarsus coverts Lower parts

iii THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES Introduction

Falco spp. The most important feature for distinguishing a Falco spp . from other birds of prey used in falconry is the eye colour . All Falco spp. commonly used in falconry have irises that are dark brown to almost black. • Size: TL 35-64 cm, BW 500-2100 g. • Females have the same colouring as males or are slightly darker. Females can be up to one third larger than males . • Long, pointed wings. When the wing is extended, the second primary feather. is the longest . When folded, the tips of the wings are almost as long as the tail . • Nostrils are round; a tubercle is present inside the nostril.

≥

Not a Falco spp. 35-64 cm

Tips of wings do not reach tip of tail

Tips of wings almost as long as tail

Iris dark brown Cere grey or to black blue-grey in juveniles Small scales Round nostril with tubercle

Sharp tomial Long tooth middle toe Malar strip (sometimes absent)

To Falco spp . Quick Key page 1

iv THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES Introduction

Accipiter spp. Accipiter spp . are also commonly used in falconry . • Size: TL 48-68 cm, BW 517-1170 g. • Shorter wings than Falco spp . • Nostrils are oval shaped, and lack a tubercle. • Tips of wings do not reach tip of tail. • Iris colour is gold to red.

≥

Not an Accipiter spp. 48-68 cm

Tips of wings almost as long as tail

Tips of wings do not reach tip of tail

Iris gold to red Large scales

Oval nostril

Rounded tomial tooth

To Accipiter gentilis page 11

v THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES Introduction

Symbols

Detain and refer to an expert

Male

Female

vi THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES FALCO Spp. QUICK KEY

• reddish-brown head • dark upper parts • narrow malar stripe • wide malar stripe • grey upper parts 2 3 4 5

• large falcon (TL 48-60 cm) • large falcon (TL 48-60 cm) • dark upper parts, head • predominantly white streaked with white 6 7 8

• large falcon (TL 48-60 cm) • brown upper parts • predominantly dark upper • brown to pale lower parts and lower parts 9 10

1 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco biarmicus – Lanner Falcon, Appendix II

back blue-grey, reddish-brown head dark malar stripe with light bars

barred tail Adult

Size: TL 35-50 cm Countries of import: U .K ., U .S .A . BW male 500-600 g Countries of export/re-export: BW female 700-900 g Germany, European Union countries, Subspecies: F. b. feldeggii, F. b. erlangeri, Guinea, Canada, U .K . F. b. tanypterus, F. b. abyssinicus, Purpose: Majority commercial, also F. b. biarmicus captive breeding programs and personal . Range: and the Middle Source: Majority captive bred, many wild East, in stony semi-desert and desert . caught as well . ID: • reddish-brown head (may be mixed For juveniles of this species, see page 12 with white) • barred tail • back blue-grey, with horizontal stripes • dark malar stripe Similar species: F. jugger, F. pelegrinoides

2 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco jugger – Lagger Falcon, Appendix I

reddish-brown head grey upper parts

light eyebrow

tail NOT barred

Adult

Size: TL 35-46 cm Trade: Legal global trade is comparatively BW 525-850 g small . Subspecies: N/A Countries of import: U .K ., Canada, Range: and neighbouring countries . European countries . ID: Countries of export/re-export: • reddish-brown head Germany, U .K ., Switzerland . • tail not barred Purpose: Commercial, personal captive • grey upper parts breeding, unknown . Similar species: F. biarmicus, Source: Majority captive bred . F. pelegrinoides For juveniles of this species, see page 12

3 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco peregrinus – Peregrine, Shaheen, Appendix I

dark cap blue-grey back

wide malar stripe

blue-grey coloration on lighter parts

Adult Size: TL 34-50 cm Similar species: F. pelegrinoides BW male 580-720 g (average 610 g) Trade: Legal global trade increased in BW female 860-1090 g (average 940 g) the 1980s, and is still high. Scandinavian Subspecies: F. p. anatum, F. p. tundrius, countries mainly trading eggs for captive F. p. pealei, F. p. cassini, F. p. japonensis, breeding programs, reintroduction and F. p. fruitii, F. p. calidus, F. p. peregrinus, scientific purposes . F. p. brookei, F. p. madens, F. p. minor, Countries of import: Denmark, Germany, F. p. radama, F. p. peregrinator, F. p. ernesti, Sweden, United Arab Emirates (U .A .E .), F. p. nesiotes, F. p. macropus U .K ., U .S .A . Range: Global, except Antarctica . Countries of export/re-export: Austria, ID: Canada, Denmark, Germany, Sweden . • back blue-grey Purpose: Commercial, personal, captive • dark cap with wide malar stripe breeding, scientific, and undeclared . • lower parts have dark horizontal stripes on pale background Source: Majority captive bred .

For juveniles of this species, see page 12

4 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco pelegrinoides – Barbary Falcon, Appendix I

reddish-brown back light dark cap on neck blue-grey

wide malar stripe

yellowish

Adult Size: TL 33-44 cm Similar species: F. peregrinus, F. biarmicus, BW male 500-600 g F. jugger BW female 700-900 g Countries of import: Canada, Mexico, Subspecies: F. p. babylonicus, U .K . and U .S .A . F. p. pelegrinoides Countries of export/re-export: Austria, Range: North Africa and the Middle East, Bahrain, Germany, , U .A .E . in stony semi-desert and desert . and U S. .A . ID: Purpose: Commercial, personal, captive • back light blue-grey breeding programs and scientific . • reddish-brown nape Source: Majority captive bred . • dark cap with wide malar stripe Difference from F. peregrinus: • body slimmer • chest and abdomen lighter and yellowish • malar stripe not as dark as F. peregrinus • F. peregrinus with more contrast on chest and abdomen

5 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco cherrug – Saker Falcon, Appendix II

head streaked with white brown upper parts

white oval spots sometimes forming bars on tail

Adult

Size: TL 45-55 cm Trade: Legal global trade increased in the BW male 730-990 g 1980s, peaking the late 1990s. BW female 970-1300 g Countries of import: U .A .E . is the major Subspecies: F. c. cherrug, F. c. milvipes, country of import . Qatar, Saudi Arabia F. c. coatsi, F. c. hendersoni also significant . Range: Asia and Africa . Countries of export/re-export: Major ID: country of export is Pakistan, U .A .E . also • large bird significant . European countries . • head streaked with white Purpose: Majority are traded for • brown upper parts commercial purposes, also significant • white oval spots sometimes forming trade for personal use . bars on tail Source: Main sources are captive bred Similar species: F. rusticolus grey morph and wild caught .

For juveniles of this species, see page 12

6 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco rusticolus (grey morph) – Gyrfalcon, Appendix I

grey upper parts

pale lower parts

Adult

Size: TL 48-60 cm Trade: Legal global trade in F. rusticolus BW male 961-1320 g increased in the 1990s, and appears to be BW female 1262-2100 g on the rise . Subspecies: N/A Countries of import: U .A .E . is the Range: Arctic and subarctic regions of major importer, Qatar (primarily from Europe, Asia and North America . the U .K .), U .K ., Germany and U .S .A . NOTE: This species has other colour Countries of export/re-export: Canada, morphs. See pages 8 and 9 . Germany, U .A .E ., U .K . and U .S .A . ID: Purpose: Commercial, personal . • grey upper parts Source: Main source on CITES permits • pale lower parts is listed as captive bred, but there are not • largest and heaviest of the falcons many captive breeding facilities . Similar species: F. cherrug Juveniles: • brown upper parts • brown and white lower parts For information on juveniles see page 13

7 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco rusticolus (white morph) – Gyrfalcon, Appendix I

malar stripe head thin or absent predominantly white

upper parts predominantly white

lower parts predominantly white Predominantly white falcons originating from Siberia are highly valued and often smuggled.

Adult

Size: TL 48-60 cm Trade: Legal global trade in F. rusticolus BW male 961-1320 g increased in the 1990s, and appears to be BW female 1262-2100 g on the rise. Subspecies: N/A Countries of import: U.A.E. is the major Range: Arctic and subarctic regions of importer. Qatar (primarily from the U.K.), Europe, Asia and North America. U.K., Germany and U.S.A. NOTE: This species has other colour Countries of export/re-export: Canada, morphs. See pages 7 and 9 . Germany, U.A.E., U.K. and U.S.A. Purpose: Commercial, personal. ID: Source: Main source on CITES permits • upper parts predominantly white is listed as captive bred, but there are not • lower parts and head predominantly many captive breeding facilities. white, with some black markings • malar stripe is very thin or missing Juveniles: Juvenile white morph F. rusticolus has white upper and lower parts. The cere and eye ring are grey. Legs may be blue-grey when very young.

8 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco rusticolus (black morph) – Gyrfalcon, Appendix I head and upper parts predominantly brown

lower parts brown

ID Note: This is a juvenile colour morph of F. rusticolus . After approximately 2 years, the dark plumage will be replaced by typical adult, grey morph plumage (page 7). Juvenile

Size: TL 48-60 cm Trade: Legal global trade in F. rusticolus BW male 961-1320 g increased in the 1990s, and appears to be BW female 1262-2100 g on the rise . Subspecies: N/A Countries of import: U .A .E . is the major Range: Arctic and subarctic regions of importer . Qatar (primarily from the U .K .), Europe, Asia and North America . U .K ., Germany and U .S .A . NOTE: This species has other colour Countries of export/re-export: Canada, morphs. See pages 7 and 8 . Germany, U .A .E ., U .K . and U .S .A . Purpose: Commercial, personal . ID: Source: Main source on CITES permits • all upper parts and all of head is listed as captive bred, but there are not predominantly dark chocolate brown many captive breeding facilities . • lower parts dark Adults: Adults of this colour morph will have typical adult grey morph plumage, and yellow cere, eye-rings and legs .

9 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Falco mexicanus – Prairie Falcon, Appendix II

white behind eye white stripe at nape

Adult

Size: TL 37-47 cm Trade: Falco mexicanus is not common in BW 500-600 g illegal trade . Its plumage closely resembles Subspecies: N/A the juvenile plumage of many other species . Range: Western United States and northern Mexico . In order to distinguish adult F. mexicanus ID: from juveniles of other species, please • white behind the eye refer to page 13 . • white stripe at nape • dark areas in “armpits” Similar species: juveniles of F. biarmicus, F. jugger, F. cherrug.

10 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES SPECIES Descriptions

Accipiter gentilis – Northern Goshawk, Appendix II white dark white dark eyebrow patch eyebrow patch

European variety

North American variety

1

2

3

4

4 tail bars Accipiter gentilis Accipiter gentilis albidus

Size: TL 48-68.5 cm Similar species: F. jugger, F. pelegrinoides BW male 517-1170 g (average 720 g) Trade: Commonly used in falconry in BW female 820-1509 g (average 1130 g) Europe and North America, but rarely used Subspecies: A. g. gentilis, A. g. arrigonii, in the Middle East . A. g. buteoides, A. g. albidus, A. g. schvedowi, Juvenile: A. g. fujiyamae, A. g. atricapillus, A. g. laingi, • brown upper parts A. g. marginatus, A. g. apache • lower parts reddish yellow and spotted Range: Europe, North America and • yellow iris (chick blue-grey iris). This iris northern Asia . will change to adult orange coloration ID: by the 4th year. • white eyebrow stripe • dark patch extending from eye to ear For general Accipiter characteristics • upper parts grey – female may be browner see page v • lower parts pale with fine horizontal stripes (very fine on N . American variety) . • iris orange to red (the older the bird, the redder the colour) • 4 wide horizontal stripes on tail

11 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES JUVENILES

Juvenile Falco spp .

Falco biarmicus – juvenile Falco peregrinus – juvenile

Falco jugger – juvenile Falco cherrug – juvenile

12 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES JUVENILES

Juvenile Falco spp .

Given that many falcons, especially Differentiation of juvenile Falco spp . juveniles, are similar in appearance, it is possible that a high-value specimen might F. mexicanus be declared as some other species . Juveniles F. biarmicus can be very difficult to identify . If you are unable to make an identification, be sure to F. jugger detain the specimen and refer to an expert . F. cherrug – A common trait in juveniles of the genus This species will be the largest . Falco, is the blue-grey coloration of the ring around the eyes, the cere and sometimes They all have: the legs . In adults these features will be – brown upper parts yellowish . – pale under parts with varying degrees of brown spotting or streaking In many species, the juvenile will have – white forehead brown upper parts, and will have lower – white eyebrow stripe parts that are darker and more heavily – dark eye stripe and malar stripe marked than the adult . F. rusticolus white morph – predominantly A mix of brown and grey plumage on the white, with brown markings . upper parts may indicate that the specimen is a juvenile in the process of replacing its F. rusticolus black morph – refer to page 9 brown, juvenile feathers with grey, adult feathers . Similar Species: Adult F. mexicanus are quite similar to the juveniles of In the samples to the left note that Falco F. biarmicus, F jugger, and F. cherrug . biarmicus, F. peregrinus and F. jugger all However, the adult can sometimes be have more extensive brown coloration distinguished from these juveniles by the on the lower parts than the adults of the presence of the yellow adult coloration species . Falco cherrug shows yellowish feet; in the cere and the ring around the eye . however the eye area and cere are the blue- grey colour of a juvenile . Falco biarmicus ID Note: displays a yellowish colour on the eye area, There is potential for juveniles of cere and legs; however, the heavily streaked Appendix I species to be declared as lower parts reveal it does not yet have its Appendix II species or as adult Falco adult plumage . mexicanus. Verify the colour of the cere and eye ring of any juveniles . Refer to an expert .

13 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES HYBRIDS

Falco spp. – Hybrids

1 2

Hybrid F. rusticolus x F. cherrug juvenile Hybrid F. rusticolus (white morph) x F. peregrinus

3 4

Hybrid F. rusticolus (grey morph) Hybrid F. rusticolus x F. pelegrinoides x F. peregrinus

14 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES HYBRIDS

Falco spp. – Hybrids

Hybrids may be mistaken for one parent Example 1 or the other, or may demonstrate a vari­ This bird with its white head, chest and ety of blends of parental characteristics. legs indicates white F. rusticolus genes; Hybrids may also be bred in genetic however, the dark, densely marked back mixtures of 50%-50%, 62.5%-37.5%, and the “caramel” markings seen on the 75%-25%, or in combinations of more wings indicate F. cherrug genes . than two species . Example 2 The creation of falcon hybrids using This bird displays the general colour artificial insemination to boost size, pattern of F. peregrinus; however, the very strength and vigour is quite common . thin malar stripe and the amount of white Hybrids are unpredictably variable; they on the head and neck indicates a cross may have any mixture of characteristics, with F. rusticolus . Both F. peregrinus and and the mix is not consistent – for F. rusticolus have a white chest; however, example, one F. rusticolus x F. peregrinus the extent of the white in this hybrid can look very different from another . indicates the presence of F. rusticolus genes.

When identifying hybrids it is best to Example 3 compare it to the parent (or grandparent) At first glance this bird could be identified species and then look to see if the bird has as F. rusticolus with its brownish-grey some traits common to these species . In coloration and the markings on the lower most cases hybrids will be a 50-50 mix . body . However, the suggestion of a thin malar stripe, the light area around the neck, A few tips can assist with the identification and the light breast indicate F. peregrinus of hybrids . genes . (As well the distinct “salmon”colour in the light areas of the neck and breast are • If the bird is large (TL greater than distinctive to the subspecies F. peregrinus 50 cm), it likely has or F. cherrug anatum.) F. rusticolus genes . • Hybrids of species of different sizes Example 4 will usually result in a size between At first glance the bird has the general the two . For example, a F. peregrinus x characteristics of F. pelegrinoides . However, F. rusticolus will almost always be larger if you refer to page 5 , you will notice than F. peregrinus, and smaller than the predominant malar stripe is missing . F. rusticolus . Crossing F. pelegrinoides with a white or light F. rusticolus has reduced the malar • A F. rusticolus x F. pelegrinoides hybrid stripe trait considerably . could easily weigh 200-300 grams more than a pure F. pelegrinoides male .

15 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES

Falco mexicanus – Prairie Falcon Falco rusticolus – Gyrfalcon

Example of a falcon hood Falco biarmicus – Lanner Falcon

16 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES INDEX

Names Scientific names Page Accipiter gentilis ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Altai Falcon ...... Falco. cherrug altaicus ...... 6 Altaicus ...... Falco. cherrug altaicus ...... 6 Anatum ...... Falco. peregrinus anatum ...... 4 Autour des palombes ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Azor ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Azor común ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Barbary Falcon ...... Falco. pelegrinoides ...... 5 Duck Hawk ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Eyass ...... Falco. spp . (juvénile) ...... 12 Falco altaicus ...... Falco. cherrug altaicus ...... 6 Falco biarmicus ...... Falco. biarmicus ...... 2 Falco cherrug ...... Falco. cherrug ...... 6 Falco gentilis ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Falco jugger ...... Falco. jugger ...... 3 Falco kreyenborgi ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Falco madens ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Falco mexicanus ...... Falco. mexicanus ...... 10 Falco pelegrinoides ...... Falco. pelegrinoides ...... 5 Falco peregrinus ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Falco peregrinus babylonicus ...... Falco. pelegrinoides ...... 5 Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides ...... Falco. pelegrinoides ...... 5 Falco rusticolus ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Faucon de Barbarie ...... Falco. pelegrinoides ...... 5 Faucon des prairies ...... Falco. mexicanus ...... 10 Faucon gerfaut ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Faucon laggar ...... Falco. jugger ...... 3 Faucon lanier ...... Falco. biarmicus ...... 2 Faucon pèlerin ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Faucon sacre ...... Falco. cherrug ...... 6 Gavilàn azor ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Gerfalke ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Gerfaucon ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Gerfaut ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Goshawk ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Greenland Falcon ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7

17 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES INDEX

Names Scientific names Page Gyr Falcon ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Gyrfalcon ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Gyrkin ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Gyrperegrine ...... Falco. rusticolus x Falco peregrinus ...... 14 Gyrsaker ...... Falco. rusticolus x Falco cherrug ...... 14 Gyrshaheen ...... Falco. rusticolus x Falco peregrinus ...... 14 Habicht ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Halcón blancuzco ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Halcón borní ...... Falco. biarmicus ...... 2 Halcón común ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Halcón de Berberia ...... Falco. pelegrinoides ...... 5 Halcón de la praderas ...... Falco. mexicanus ...... 10 Halcón gerifalte ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Halcón mejicano ...... Falco. mexicanus ...... 10 Halcón peregrino ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Halcón peregrino de Babilonica ...... Falco. pelegrinoides ...... 5 Halcón pradeño ...... Falco. mexicanus ...... 10 Halcón real ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Halcón sacre ...... Falco. cherrug ...... 6 Halcón viajero ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Halcón yággar ...... Falco. jugger ...... 3 Hurr ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Hypotriorchis ...... Falco. spp ...... iv Iceland Falcon ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Jerfalcon ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Jerkin ...... Falco. rusticolus (mâle) ...... 7 Kleinschmidt’s Falcon ...... Falco. peregrinus kreyenborgi ...... 4 Labrador Falcon ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Laggar ...... Falco. jugger ...... 3 Laggarfalke ...... Falco. jugger ...... 3 Lagger ...... Falco. jugger ...... 3 Lanner ...... Falco. biarmicus ...... 2 Lanner falcon ...... Falco. biarmicus ...... 2 Lanneret ...... Falco. biarmicus (mâle) ...... 2 Lannerfalke ...... Falco. biarmicus ...... 2 Lugger ...... Falco. jugger ...... 3

18 THE CITES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO FALCONRY SPECIES INDEX

Names Scientific names Page Northern Goshawk ...... Accipiter. gentilis ...... 11 Peales ...... Falco. peregrinus pealei ...... 4 Peals ...... Falco. peregrinus pealei ...... 4 Peregrine ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Peregrine Falcon ...... Falco peregrinus ...... 4 Prairie Falcon ...... Falco. mexicanus ...... 10 Präiriefalke ...... Falco. mexicanus ...... 10 Red-naped Shaheen ...... Falco. pelegrinoides ...... 5 Saker ...... Falco. cherrug ...... 6 Shaheen ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Tercel ...... Falco. spp . (mâle) ...... iv Turel ...... Falco. rusticolus ...... 7 Wanderfalke ...... Falco. peregrinus ...... 4 Würgfalke ...... Falco. cherrug ...... 6

19 Credits The CITES Identification Guide to Falconry Species: Enforcement Edition An initiative of Environment Canada and the CITES Secretariat Research, Concept and Production: John Sellar, CITES Secretariat, the CITES Enforcement Task Force, and Lindsay Copland, Wildlife Enforcement Directorate, Environment Canada Graphic Design and Illustration: Tamara Maliepaard Published by Environment Canada

Photography Credits All falcon photographs with the exception of those mentioned below were provided by: Falcon Environmental Services Inc . 20–595 Eigg Road Alexandria, Ontario K0C 1A0 Tel.: 613-525-9998 Fax: 613-525-4233 [email protected] • www.falcon.bz

Cover, Peregrine Falcon: Geoff Kuchera, istockphotos .com Title page, Peregrine Falcon: John Picher, istockphotos .com Page 10, Prairie Falcon: William Schmoker, http://brdpics .blogspot .com Page 10, Prairie Falcon head: Lindsay Copland Page 16, Prairie Falcon: Doug Backlund, http://wildphotosphotography .com Page 16, Gyrfalcon: Inga Brennan – Photography & Design, istockphotos .com Page 16, Hood: Tanya Clyde, istockphotos .com Page 16, Lanner Falcon: Graham Heywood, istockphotos .com

Acknowledgements Dr. Pepper W. Trail, ornithologist, National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory (U .S . Fish and Wildlife Service) Dr. Margit Gabriele Muller, Manager, Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital Mark Bell, Royal Ontario Museum Steve Downing, Operation Artemis Tyler Hoar