LESSON 7.2.8 I READ I Who Killed Black Wall Street? PURPOSE
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1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey
1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey Final November 2005 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Summary Statement 1 Bac.ground and Purpose 1 HISTORIC CONTEXT 5 National Persp4l<live 5 1'k"Y v. f~u,on' World War I: 1896-1917 5 World W~r I and Postw~r ( r.: 1!1t7' EarIV 1920,; 8 Tulsa RaCR Riot 14 IIa<kground 14 TI\oe R~~ Riot 18 AIt. rmath 29 Socilot Political, lind Economic Impa<tsJRamlt;catlon, 32 INVENTORY 39 Survey Arf!a 39 Historic Greenwood Area 39 Anla Oubi" of HiOlorK G_nwood 40 The Tulsa Race Riot Maps 43 Slirvey Area Historic Resources 43 HI STORIC GREENWOOD AREA RESOURCeS 7J EVALUATION Of NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE 91 Criteria for National Significance 91 Nalional Signifiunce EV;1lu;1tio.n 92 NMiol\ill Sionlflcao<e An.aIYS;s 92 Inl~ri ly E~alualion AnalY'is 95 {"",Iu,ion 98 Potenl l~1 M~na~menl Strategies for Resource Prote<tion 99 PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 103 BIBUOGRAPHY 105 APPENDIX A, Inventory of Elltant Cultural Resoun:es Associated with 1921 Tulsa Race Riot That Are Located Outside of Historic Greenwood Area 109 Maps 49 The African American S«tion. 1921 51 TI\oe Seed. of c..taotrophe 53 T.... Riot Erupt! SS ~I,.,t Blood 57 NiOhl Fiohlino 59 rM Inva.ion 01 iliad. TIll ... 61 TM fighl for Standp''''' Hill 63 W.II of fire 65 Arri~.. , of the Statl! Troop< 6 7 Fil'lal FiOlrtino ~nd M~,,;~I I.IIw 69 jii INTRODUCTION Summary Statement n~sed in its history. -
Congressional Record—House H2407
May 17, 2021 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2407 centers for missile attacks, and openly every aspect of our lives, yet another In the immediate aftermath of the desire to destroy the Jewish people. tax heaped upon the people. Civil War, there were newly emanci- Israel is a sovereign, democratic Na- There are already proposals around pated African Americans who set out tion and is entitled to defend itself. here to raise taxes on fuel or maybe to build a better life for themselves and The indiscriminate violence against every mile you travel in your auto- their family, only to be held back by Israeli citizens must end. Time and mobile. We have seen this in California racial terror and violence that ulti- time again, Israel has proven itself to already. I have watched what a carbon mately came to be codified in the form be America’s strongest ally, and we tax has done. It becomes a slush fund of Jim Crow. must have Israel’s back in their time of for government to spend to use on We, as the CBC, are not only here to need. I urge my fellow Members of Con- whatever it is they want to do, such as recite the facts of the Tulsa Race Mas- gress and the Biden administration to boondoggles like the high-speed rail in sacre, but we are also here to reflect on stand firm with Israel against those California, which is already triple over the deeper meaning. The massacre in who seek its destruction. its original budget concept. Tulsa tells a larger story about false So why do we want to heap more and accusation as an incitement to vio- f more on the backs of families, of small lence. -
Glittering Generalilties and Historic Myths, Brandeis School of Law
For further information contact: EMBARGOED until 7:30 p.m. (E.D.T.) Public Information Office (202) 479-3211 April 18, 2013 JUSTICE JOHN PAUL STEVENS (Ret.) UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE BRANDEIS SCHOOL OF LAW 2013 Brandeis Medal Recipient The Seelbach Hilton Louisville, Kentucky April 18, 2013 Glittering Generalities and Historic Myths When I began the study of constitutional law at Northwestern in the fall of 1945, my professor was Nathaniel Nathanson, a former law clerk for Justice Brandeis. Because he asked us so many questions and rarely provided us with answers, we referred to the class as "Nat's mystery hour." I do, however, vividly remember his advice to "beware of glittering generalities." That advice was consistent with his former boss's approach to the adjudication of constitutional issues that he summarized in his separate opinion in Ashwander v. TVA, 297 U. S. 288, 346 (1936). In that opinion Justice Brandeis described several rules that the court had devised to avoid the unnecessary decision of constitutional questions. As I explained in the first portion of my long dissent in the Citizens United case three years ago, the application of the Brandeis approach to constitutional adjudication would have avoided the dramatic changes in the law produced by that decision. I remain persuaded that the case was wrongly decided and that it has done more harm than good. Today, however, instead of repeating arguments in my lengthy dissent, I shall briefly comment on the glittering generality announced in the per curiam opinion in Buckley v. Valeo in 1976 that has become the centerpiece of the Court's campaign finance jurisprudence, and then suggest that in addition to being skeptical about glittering generalities, we must also beware of historical myths. -
Totalitarian Dynamics, Colonial History, and Modernity: the US South After the Civil War
ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials dʼinvestigació i docència en els termes establerts a lʼart. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix lʼautorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No sʼautoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes dʼexplotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des dʼun lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc sʼautoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. -
Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham ASALH National President
February 1, 2020 Dear ASALH Members and Friends: At the opening of Black History Month in 2020, ASALH invites all of America to reflect upon the annual theme “African Americans and the Vote.” The theme calls for the commemoration of two anniversaries— the sesquicentennial of the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, by which black men gained the right to vote after the Civil War, and the centennial of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, by which women won the vote. Yet, as we celebrate those constitutional milestones, history teaches us to be mindful of their limits—to recognize both the strides and the setbacks for African American men and women. In highlighting this precious right, so fundamental to democracy, we should boast of Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi, Congressman Robert Brown Elliott of South Carolina, Governor P.B.S. Pinchback of Louisiana, and all the other black elected officials who courageously stood up for the rights of their people during the Reconstruction era of the 1870s and, afterward, in the bitter decades to follow. We should remember, as well, those in freedom’s first generation who lost their lives simply for attempting to register to vote or to exercise their right at the ballot box, as was the case in the Colfax Massacre in Louisiana in 1873. The triumph of women’s suffrage was also accompanied by the duality of gains and losses, since the achievement and denial of voting rights proved equally true for black women. Thus we should certainly champion the work of black suffragists, such as Mary Church Terrell, Ida B. -
THE CASE for REPARATIONS in TULSA, OKLAHOMA a Human Rights Argument May 2020
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH THE CASE FOR REPARATIONS IN TULSA, OKLAHOMA A Human Rights Argument May 2020 The Case for Reparations in Tulsa, Oklahoma A Human Rights Argument Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 4 The Greenwood Massacre and its Legacy ............................................................................. 5 The Massacre ........................................................................................................................ 5 The Massacre’s Aftermath ...................................................................................................... 6 Obstacles to Rebuilding ....................................................................................................... 10 Greenwood Rebuilds, Subsequent Decline ............................................................................ 13 Redlining ....................................................................................................................... 14 “Urban Renewal” ........................................................................................................... 16 Tulsa Today ........................................................................................................................ 20 Poverty, Race, and Geography ............................................................................................. -
Police Violence Against Afro-Descendants in the United States
Cover Art Concept This IACHR report concludes that the United States has systematically failed to adopt preventive measures and to train its police forces to perform their duties in an appropriate fashion. This has led to the frequent use of force based on racial bias and prejudice and tends to result in unjustified killings of African Americans. This systematic failure is represented on the cover of the report by a tombstone in the bullseye of a shooting range target, which evokes the path of police violence from training through to these tragic outcomes. The target is surrounded by hands: hands in the air trying to stop the bullet, hands asking for help because of the danger that police officers represent in certain situations, and hands expressing suffering and pain over the unjustified loss of human lives. Cover design: Pigmalión / IACHR OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 156 26 November 2018 Original: English INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS African Americans, Police Use of Force, and Human Rights in the United States 2018 iachr.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. African Americans, police use of force, and human rights in the United States : Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on November 26, 2018. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L) ISBN 978-0-8270-6823-0 1. Human rights. 2. Police misconduct--United States. 3. Race discrimination-- United States. 4. African Americans--Civil rights. 5. Racism--United States. I. Title. II. Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.156/18 INTER-AMERICAN -
Reconstruction Report
RECONSTRUCTION IN AMERICA RECONSTRUCTION 122 Commerce Street Montgomery, Alabama 36104 334.269.1803 eji.org RECONSTRUCTION IN AMERICA Racial Violence after the Civil War, 1865-1876 © 2020 by Equal Justice Initiative. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, or distributed in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without express prior written permission of Equal Justice Initiative. RECONSTRUCTION IN AMERICA Racial Violence after the Civil War, 1865-1876 The Memorial at the EJI Legacy Pavilion in Montgomery, Alabama. (Mickey Welsh/Montgomery Advertiser) 5 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 THE DANGER OF FREEDOM 56 Political Violence 58 Economic Intimidation 63 JOURNEY TO FREEDOM 8 Enforcing the Racial Social Order 68 Emancipation and Citizenship Organized Terror and Community Massacres 73 Inequality After Enslavement 11 Accusations of Crime 76 Emancipation by Proclamation—Then by Law 14 Arbitrary and Random Violence 78 FREEDOM TO FEAR 22 RECONSTRUCTION’S END 82 A Terrifying and Deadly Backlash Reconstruction vs. Southern Redemption 84 Black Political Mobilization and White Backlash 28 Judicial and Political Abandonment 86 Fighting for Education 32 Redemption Wins 89 Resisting Economic Exploitation 34 A Vanishing Hope 93 DOCUMENTING RECONSTRUCTION 42 A TRUTH THAT NEEDS TELLING 96 VIOLENCE Known and Unknown Horrors Notes 106 Acknowledgments 119 34 Documented Mass Lynchings During the Reconstruction Era 48 Racial Terror and Reconstruction: A State Snapshot 52 7 INTRODUCTION Thousands more were assaulted, raped, or in- jured in racial terror attacks between 1865 and 1876. The rate of documented racial terror lynchings during Reconstruction is nearly three In 1865, after two and a half centuries of brutal white mobs and individuals who were shielded It was during Reconstruction that a times greater than during the era we reported enslavement, Black Americans had great hope from arrest and prosecution. -
Complete List of Contents
COMPLETE LIST OF CONTENTS Contents ....................................................................... v Slavery and women .................................................... 69 Complete List of Contents ������������������������������������������ ix Slavery and race relations .......................................... 72 Slavery and the justice system ................................... 74 Volume 1 Stereotypes ................................................................. 77 OVERVIEWS West Indians ............................................................... 79 African-American cultural impact on US culture ........ 3 Black church ................................................................ 5 Agriculture ................................................................... 7 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS Sports ......................................................................... 10 The Middle Passage to American Slavery ................. 83 Literature .................................................................... 13 Africans Arrive in Virginia ........................................ 86 Science and technology .............................................. 15 Virginia Slave Codes .................................................. 87 Cowboys .................................................................... 18 Charles Town Is Founded .......................................... 89 Cubans and African Americans .................................. 18 Expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade Demographic trends .................................................. -
Tulsa Race Massacre / Black Wall Street Massacre / Greenwood Massacre
Radiology Diversity, Equity Inclusion & Belonging Program Tulsa Race Riots / Tulsa Race Massacre / Black Wall Street Massacre / Greenwood Massacre No matter what you call it, it marks one of “the single worst incidents of racial violence in American history”. Who was Dick Rowland? At the age of 19, Dick Rowland, a black man, held a job shining shoes in a white-owned and white- patronized shine parlor on Main Street in downtown Tulsa. At the time, Tulsa was a segregated city where black people were not allowed to use toilet facilities used by white people. There was no separate facility for blacks at the shine parlor where Rowland worked, and he had to use a segregated "Colored" restroom on the top floor of the nearby Drexel Building on S. Main Street. On May 30, 1921, Rowland entered the Drexel Building elevator. The story from there is he tripped and, trying to save himself from falling, grabbed the first thing he could, which happened to be the arm of the elevator operator, a 17 year old white girl named Sarah Page. Startled, Page screamed, and a white clerk in a first-floor store called police to report seeing Rowland flee from the elevator. The white clerk reported the incident as an attempted assault. Rowland was arrested the next day, on May 31, 1921. Upon his ar- rest, Rowland was taken to the city jail, a broken down, bug-infested jail that was inadequate. Later that afternoon, an anonymous call to the city jail, threatened Rowland’s life. After review of the situation, it was suggested to take Rowland out of town for his safety, but the sheriff refused, feeling his prisoner was safer in a secured cell than on the open road. -
Red Cross Relief After the Tulsa Massacre
Social Education 85(1) , pp.20–25 ©2021 National Council for the Social Studies Teaching with Documents “The Responsibility is Placed in Your Hands Entirely” – Red Cross Relief after the Tulsa Massacre Netisha Currie Among the holdings in the American Red Cross Collection at the National Archives is a photo album and report documenting the destruction, relief, and partial recovery of the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as Black Wall Street. With its photographs, newspaper clippings, and correspondence this report reveals both the racial divide created in the interest of white supremacy and the resilience of people of color. The Tulsa Race Massacre (or Riot, or Disaster) began on a planned lynching, arrived at the courthouse with firearms Memorial Day, May 30, 1921. Dick Rowland, working at his intending to protect Rowland from the lynch mob. The sight shoeshine post in downtown Tulsa, took an otherwise incon- of armed Black men did not sit well with white Tulsans, who sequential break to use the restroom. During this era, a simple alternately called for the men’s disarmament or retrieved their bathroom break for a young Black man was not so simple. Most own firearms. As tensions rose a shot was fired, igniting what of the United States operated under a strict system of segrega- was described in a 1921 liability lawsuit as nearly 24 hours of tion, which meant Rowland did not have equal access to any “lawlessness and rioting […] between the white and colored available restroom. The only restroom apportioned for use by citizens of Tulsa, to the extent that the colored business and Black people was in another building down Main Street—on residence portions of said city were practically wiped out of the top floor of the Drexel Building. -
The Elaine Riot of 1919: Race, Class, and Labor in the Arkansas Delta" (2019)
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2019 The lE aine Riot of 1919: Race, Class, and Labor in the Arkansas Delta Steven Anthony University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Anthony, Steven, "The Elaine Riot of 1919: Race, Class, and Labor in the Arkansas Delta" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2040. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2040 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ELAINE RIOT OF 1919: RACE, CLASS, AND LABOR IN THE ARKANSAS DELTA by Steven Anthony A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2019 ABSTRACT THE ELAINE RIOT OF 1919: RACE, CLASS, AND LABOR IN THE ARKANSAS DELTA by Steven Anthony The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2019 Under the Supervision of Professor Gregory Carter This dissertation examines the racially motivated mob dominated violence that took place during the autumn of 1919 in rural Phillips County, Arkansas nearby Elaine. The efforts of white planters to supplant the loss of enslaved labor due to the abolition of American slavery played a crucial role in re-making the southern agrarian economy in the early twentieth century. My research explores how the conspicuous features of sharecropping, tenant farming, peonage, or other variations of debt servitude became a means for the re-enslavement of African Americans in the Arkansas Delta.