2012 Australian Racing a Guide to the Racing Industry in Australia
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Sale Time at Karaka 2 3
GAI’S GAZETTE5TH EDITION/ JANUARY 2014 SALE TIME AT KARAKA 2 www.gaiwaterhouse.com.au www.gaiwaterhouse.com.au 3 GAI’S EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Lea Stracey EDITOR ere it is, our last edition of GAZETTEGai’s Gazette for 2013! Ric Chapman In this month’s magazine, CONTRIBUtorS you will meet two very Hspecial people – Pauline Blanch and John Gai Waterhouse Brady. They have been an integral part Denise Martin of Tulloch Lodge for many years, first Lea Stracey Zeb Armstrong with TJ and then with Gai. Both these Rob Waterhouse discreet, quiet achievers are much valued Emma Pearce for the backbone of their support in the Ric Chapman Madison Whant day to day runnings of Tulloch Lodge Bevan Smith and for their years of loyal service. I’m sure you will find their experiences and knowledge of Headquarters make for GRAPHIC DESIGN & laYOUT interesting and informative reading. We Madison Whant have very much enjoyed presenting you with these stories of the heroes of Tulloch CHIEf photogrAPHER Lodge over the past few months. The whole is really the sum of its parts when Bradley Photographers we refer to Tulloch Lodge, I’m sure you ADVertiSERS will agree, and it is wonderful to realize what an eclectic group is re- quired to “put the show on the road”. Australian Turf Club Following on from last month’s reporting of the successes of the Magic Widden Stud Million Sale and its graduates, this month we turn our attention across Bradbury Park Beltana Stud the sea to New Zealand, the land of the long white cloud and more Blandford Lodge specifically to the Karaka Sale Yards. -
Extract Catalogue for Auction
Auction 241 Page:1 Lot Type Grading Description Est $A HORSE RACING - 1932 Onwards 532 Balance of collection including book 'Mighty Bernborough' by Sigley & Mulley (signed by authors) [Brisbane, 1990]; Rising Fast 1954 VATC Memsie Stakes racebook & colour photo in 'The Argus'; other photographs (7) including hand-coloured photo of jockeys in 1956 MRC Invitation Stakes with Bill Williamson, Jack Purtell, Neville Sellwood & Jim Johnson; also autographs (5) including Dawn Fraser, George Moore & Neville Sellwood; bottle of 1991 Rugby World Cup shiraz. Ex Andy Tindall (former jockey & chief steward of Queensland) 200 Ex Lot 533 533 Photograph of 1940 Melbourne Cup being presented to the owner of Old Rowley; LP record of 1953 Metropolitan Handicap; 78rpm blue record "Doo-Dah Stakes" complete with two posters with caricatures of the 12 racehorses featured. (3) 120 Lot 534 534 Australian Jockeys' Cricket Premiership silver-plated trophy cup, engraved on front 'AUSTRALIAN JOCKEY CRICKET PREMIERSHIP, Presented by Mr AG Collins', 24cm tall; plus 'Souvenir Programme, Australian Jockeys' Cricket Premiership, 1950-51, Queensland v New South Wales, Trumper Park' (players include Andy Tindall, Billy Cook, George Moore, Darby Munro & Jack Thompson); plus photograph of winning team. Provenance: Ex Queensland captain Andy Tindall. 250 535 Autographs 1981-2000 collection of signed commemorative envelopes, with signatures including Harry White, Mick Dittman, Malcolm Johnson, Bill Collins, Ron Quinton, George Hanlon, Pat Hyland, Midge Didham, Jack Purtell, Jim Cassidy & Kerrin McEvoy. (22) 150 Page:2 www.abacusauctions.com.au Apr 18, 2020 HORSE RACING - 1932 Onwards (continued) Lot Type Grading Description Est $A Lot 536 536 Autographs Jockey's Breeches signed by 17 of Australia's finest jockeys including Chris Munce (1998 Melb Cup), Glen Boss (2003, 2004, 2005 Melb Cups), Zac Purton, Hugh Bowman (Winx), Darren Beadman (1990 & 1996 Melb Cups), framed & glazed, overall 61x110cm. -
Victoria Government Gazette by Authority of Victorian Government Printer
Victoria Government Gazette By Authority of Victorian Government Printer No. G 43 Thursday 26 October 2006 www.gazette.vic.gov.au GENERAL 2280 G 43 26 October 2006 Victoria Government Gazette TABLE OF PROVISIONS Dissolution of Partnership Proclamations 2286 Green Olive at Red Hill, Government and Outer Budget Sector Green Olive Stores 2282 Agencies Notices 2287 Highton Removals & Storage 2282 Orders in Council 2325 Luntz & Co. 2282 Acts: Administrative Arrangements Estates of Deceased Persons Crown Land (Reserves); Aitken Walker & Strachan 2282 Financial Management; De Marco 2282 Guardianship and Administration; Dibbs Abbott Stillman 2283 Ellinghaus Weill 2283 Intellectually Disabled Persons’ Harris & Chambers 2283 Services; Hassall & Byrne 2283 Land; John Stewart 2283 Livestock Disease Control; Lawson Hughes, Peter Walsh 2284 Plant Health and Plant Products; McGuinness & Hosking Pty 2284 Port Services; McNab McNab & Starke 2284 Victorian Renewable Energy; Mosley & Palmer 2284 Vocational Education and Training Oakleys White 2284 Perpetual Trustees Victoria Ltd 2285 Rigby Cooke 2285 Roberts Beckwith Partners 2285 T. J. Mulvany & Co. 2285 Wills & Probate Victoria 2285 Wisewoulds 2285 Advertisers Please Note As from 26 October 2006 The last Special Gazette was No. 288 dated 25 October 2006. The last Periodical Gazette was No. 1 dated 15 June 2006. How To Submit Copy ● See our webpage www.craftpress.com.au ● or contact our office on 9642 5808 between 8.30 am and 5.30 pm Monday to Friday Copies of recent Special Gazettes can now be viewed at the following display cabinet: ● 1 Treasury Place, Melbourne (behind the Old Treasury Building) Victoria Government Gazette G 43 26 October 2006 2281 VICTORIA GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Subscribers and Advertisers Please note that the principal office of the Victoria Government Gazette, published and distributed by The Craftsman Press Pty Ltd, has changed from 28 July 2005. -
HORSE in TRAINING, Consigned by Kingsley Park the Property of Godolphin Will Stand at Park Paddocks, Highflyer Paddock G, Box 88
HORSE IN TRAINING, consigned by Kingsley Park the Property of Godolphin Will Stand at Park Paddocks, Highflyer Paddock G, Box 88 Danzig (USA) Danehill (USA) 909 (WITH VAT) Exceed And Excel Razyana (USA) (AUS) Lomond (USA) LION TOWER (IRE) Patrona (USA) Gladiolus (USA) (2017) Machiavellian (USA) A Bay Colt Street Cry (IRE) Memorial (AUS) Helen Street (2011) Encosta de Lago (AUS) Mnemosyne (AUS) My Juliet (AUS) LION TOWER (IRE): won 2 races at 3 years, 2020 and placed once. Highest BHA rating 80 (Flat) Latest BHA rating 73 (Flat) (prior to compilation) TURF 6 runs 1 pl £2,093 ALL WEATHER 4 runs 2 wins £7,157 ST 6f 16y 1st Dam Memorial (AUS), won 2 races at 2 years in Australia and placed twice viz second in Coolmore Silver Shadow Stakes, Randwick, Gr.2 and Pro-Ride Lonhro Plate, Warwick Farm, L.; dam of one winner from 1 runner and 2 foals of racing age viz- LION TOWER (IRE) (2017 c. by Exceed And Excel (AUS)), see above. Shrine (AUS) (2018 f. by Shamardal (USA)), unraced to date. She also has a 2019 colt by Exceed And Excel (AUS). 2nd Dam MNEMOSYNE (AUS), won 6 races in Australia including Bellerive Stud Queen of the Turf Stakes, Rosehill, Gr.1, Vinery Stud The 1000 Guineas, Caulfield, Gr.1, Dynamo Tea Rose Stakes, Rosehill, Gr.2, Furious Stakes, Randwick, Gr.2 and Sydney City Lexus Silver Shadow Stakes, Randwick, Gr.3, placed second in Inglis Sires' Produce Stakes, Randwick, Gr.1, Bigpond Reisling Slipper Trial, Rosehill, Gr.2, Surround Stakes, Warwick Farm, Gr.2, Kindergarten Stakes, Warwick Farm, Gr.3, third in Sydney City Lexus Flight Stakes, Randwick, Gr.1 and Tad Kennedy Coolmore Classic, Rosehill, Gr.1; dam of five winners from 6 runners and 7 foals of racing age viz- IMPENDING (AUS) (c. -
Our Broodmare Report Analyses up to 250 Stallions
SALES NEWS - PAGE 18 ‘CHAIRMAN’S QUALITY’ MARES TO GO UNDER THE HAMMER AT AUSTRALIAN BROODMARE SALE Sunday, May 9, 2021 | Dedicated to the Australasian bloodstock industry - subscribe for free: Click here EXPLOSIVE JACK CONTINUES DERBY BLITZ AND MAKES HISTORY AT MORPHETTVILLE - PAGE 1 Our Broodmare Report analyses up to 250 Stallions A detailed report identifying the top 40 stallions (out of 250) for your broodmare based on a set of criteria determined by you. Each report includes: • G1 Goldmine Rating • Impact Profile: highlight positive & negative crosses within a pedigree • Aptitude Profile: Visually see past stakes success for Age & Distance • Stallion Match: Duplicate proven pedigrees To order visit www.g1goldmine.com SALES NEWS - PAGE 18 ‘CHAIRMAN’S QUALITY’ MARES TO GO UNDER THE HAMMER AT AUSTRALIAN BROODMARE SALE Sunday, May 9, 2021 | Dedicated to the Australasian bloodstock industry - subscribe for free: Click here STALLION FEES ROSTER - PAGE 27 FIRST SEASON SIRE RUNNERS - PAGE 55 Explosive Jack continues Read Tomorrow's Issue For The Week Ahead Derby blitz and makes What's on Metropolitan meetings: Devonport (TAS) history at Morphettville Race meetings: Goulburn (NSW), Mudgee (NSW), Ballarat (VIC), Sunshine Coast Maher and Eustace colt adds South Australian Derby to his (QLD), Kalgoorlie (WA), Woodville (NZ) Tasmanian and ATC victories Barrier trials / Jump-outs: Goulburn (NSW), Mudgee (NSW), Kalgoorlie (WA) International meetings: Tokyo (JPN), Chukyo (JPN), Niigata (JPN), Kranji (SGP), Taipa (MAC), Scottsville (SAF), Leopardstown (IRE), Killarney (IRE) International Group races: Tokyo (JPN) - NHK Mile Cup (Gr 1, 1600m). Niigata (JPN) - Niigata Daishoten (Gr 3, 2000m). Scottsville (SAF) - Strelitzia Stakes (Gr 3, 1100m), Barb Stakes (Gr 3, 1100m), Poinsettia Stakes (Gr 3, 1200m). -
Sportingbet Oakleigh Plate (Group 1) (20.2.2010) S1-5 (4:40 P.M
1:40 P.M. HK TIME Sportingbet Oakleigh Plate (Group 1) (20.2.2010) S1-5 (4:40 P.M. LOCAL TIME) Caulfield Racecourse - Turf Track - 1100 Metres (Left-handed) Open Handicap Total Prize Money (AUS$) $400,000 and $2,000 Trophy. 1st $240,000 and trophy of $2,000, 2nd $72,000, 3rd $36,000, 4th $18,000, 5th $10,000, 6th $8,000, 7th $8,000, 8th $8,000. 週末商販 麥樂時 129 羅禮雅 (11) Lifetime : 19 (12-1-0) Turf : - Jockey : - 1 Season : 0 (0-0-0) Non-Turf : - GF+ : 0 (0-0-0) WEEKEND HUSSLER (AUS) 5 b g R McDonald (-) B Rawiller 1st Up : 4 (1-1-0) Dist : 1 (1-0-0) G : 10 (6-0-0) Hussonet (USA) - Weekend Beauty (AUS) (Helissio (FR)) Earnings : HK$20,044,545 Track : 6 (4-1-0) Y : 6 (5-0-0) Owner(s): J Bath, Stoneworkz Racing Syn, Mrs S Rush, Mrs W Stewart, Mrs G O'Donoghue, Mrs L O'Connell, Mrs P Troedel, J Trk/Dist : 1 (1-0-0) S/Hvy : 3 (1-1-0) Stosius, Mrs M Moloney & Mrs M McDonald Pos Date Race Details Track Dist/Course/Going Wt. Jockey Dr Final Race Time Pos in Running Finish & Odds Gear Winner/Second/Third Comments 600m (settled, 800m, 400m) Margin 8/13 4Oct08 Turnbull Stakes G1 FLEM, AUS 2000 LH Y 127 B Rawiller 13 35.04 2:02.44 5 5 5 8 5.95 $1.90F Littorio (AUS) 117 AUD502,000 Master O'Reilly (NZ) 126 Zipping (AUS) 129 12/17 18Oct08 BMW Caulfield Cup G1 CAUL, AUS 2400 LH G 126 B Rawiller 9 35.80 2:27.45 4 2 2 12 5.75 $7 TT All the Good (IRE) 120 Struck interference AUD2,555,000 Nom du Jeu (NZ) 122 near 200m. -
Pierro'sbest2yo
Tuesday, June 23, 2020 | Dedicated to the Australiasian bloodstock industry subscribe for free: Click here DIRECT TO YOUR INBOX EVERY MORNING PIERRO’S BEST 2YO A 2YO TIMEFORM RATING OF116 *Equal to Yes Yes Yes, Cosmic Force, Bivouac and better than Gr.1-winning 2YO’s Lyre and Prince Fawaz BREEDING RIGHTS AVAILABLE STANDING AT AQUIS AQUISFARM.COM HUNTER VALLEY, NSW $11,000 (INC GST) #ChooseSuccess #ChooseAquis JIMMY UNWALA +61 488 217 875 BERNIE KANE +61 472 832 199 *Of the 2016 2YO crop GROUP WINNER BELLEVUE HILL TO STAND IN HUNTER AT AQUIS STUD NEWS - PAGE 8 Tuesday, June 23, 2020 | Dedicated to the Australasian bloodstock industry - subscribe for free: Click here STALLION WATCH | BULL POINT SIRED HIS THIRD FIRST-CROP WINNER - PAGE 18 What's on: Race meetings: Hawkesbury (NSW), Port Macquarie (NSW), Ballarat (VIC), Great Southern and Rockhampton (QLD) Barrier trials/ Jump-outs: Port Macquarie (NSW), Caulfield (VIC), Deagon (QLD), Te Melbourne Gold sales to Rapa (NZ), Rangiora (NZ) International meetings: Vaal (SAF), Beverley (UK), Chepstow (UK), Kempton (UK), go ahead as scheduled Navan (IRE) International sales: Kyushu Sale Victorian Premier’s Covid clamp down will not stop Inglis’ live auction plans at Oaklands Junction MORNING BRIEFING Sister to Orfevre offered at National Sale Riverside and Oaklands INGLIS moved to allay fears that the proposed BY TIM ROWE | @ANZ_NEWS Oaklands Junction auctions were in doubt nglis remains committed to conducting due to Premier Daniel Andrews’ stern live Great Southern and Melbourne Gold action at the weekend to clamp down on yearling sales in Victoria next month the movement of people, particularly in Orfevre RACING POST despite the state government being Melbourne. -
“You Only Need to Win by a Nose...”
GAI’S GAZETTE8TH EDITION/APRIL 2014 Photo by Mark Gatt “You only need to win by a nose.....” GAI’S EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Lea Stracey CONTRIBUTORS GAZETTE Gai Waterhouse Rob Waterhouse Zeb Armstrong id you recognise our two “models” Lea Stracey on the front cover? Yes, Glencad- Madison Whant am Gold and Valediction were Emma Pearce caught discussing strategy at Gai’s MelbourneD stables. Both boys have moved on Ric Chapman from flat racing and are very much enjoying their new lease of life over the jumps by all reports. GRAPHIC DESIGN & laYOUT Warrnambool is calling… At the time of writing this editorial, undoubt- Madison Whant edly the richest two year old race in the world is barely two weeks away. Right on cue, the wet CHIEf photogrAPHER weather that seems to frequently plague Golden Slipper Day has already started. With any luck it Bradley Photographers will have all blown away for this year come race day. Only time will tell. In the past few weeks, www.bradleyphotos.com.au some of the favourite winning chances of the Slipper have been withdrawn from the race Editorial PhotogrAPHER due to various reasons and even now, the face of the race could still change. This phenomena Need for Steed Aus. made me think about the concepts of “luck” and www.needforsteed.com.au “chance” and their randomness. When faced with the reality of a win in a major race (or any race for that matter), luck plays a major part. Trainers and their staff work hard with long hours and much patience preparing ADVertisers our horses for their races to get them “cherry ripe” for their big days. -
Annual Report Contents
2019 ANNUAL REPORT CONTENTS Victorian Thoroughbred Racing by the Numbers 4 Chairman’s Report 6 CEO Report 8 Member Stakeholders 10 Strategic Framework 11 Racing and Programming 12 Racing Snapshot 15 Prizemoney 18 Owners and Breeders 19 Participants 20 Equine Welfare 22 Integrity 26 Infrastructure 30 Community 32 Diversity and Inclusion 34 Clubs 36 Wagering 39 Media 40 Racing.com 42 Investments and Industry Sustainability Fund 44 Directors’ Report 46 Lead Auditor’s Independence Declaration 56 Independent Auditor’s Report 57 Directors’ Declaration 60 Consolidated Statement of Surplus or Deficit and Other Comprehensive Income 61 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position 62 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows 63 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity 64 Notes to the Financial Statements 65 Racing Victoria Limited ACN 096 917 930 Annual Report for the financial period ended 30 June 2019 Page 2 Racing Victoria 2019 Annual Report Racing Victoria 2019 Annual Report Page 3 VICTORIAN THOROUGHBRED RACING BY THE NUMBERS VICTORIAN THOROUGHBRED RACING BY THE NUMBERS $1.55B ECONOMIC BENEFIT IN REGIONAL AREAS 71,388 1.38M $ ATTENDEES OWNERS 3.20B $ ECONOMIC IMPACT M+ 3,518 INDUSTRY50 SPEND PER ANNUM ON 25,157 INFRASTRUCTURE FULL TIME STABLE EQUIVALENT JOBS EMPLOYEES $7.02 B TOTAL WAGERING CHANNEL 7 TURNOVER AUDIENCE 548 M OVER THE RACE MEETINGS 4.23 VIEWERS 2018 SPRING RACING CARNIVAL $ 294 762M 67 JOCKEYS RACETRACKS 8,808 994 ECONOMIC BENEFIT INDIVIDUAL COMPETING HORSES TRAINERS Page 4 Racing Victoria 2019 Annual Report Racing Victoria 2019 -
A Guide to the Racing Industry in Australia 2012/13 Australian Racing
FACTBOOK2012/13 Australian Racing AUSTRALIAN RACING BOARD Level 7, 51 Druitt Street, Sydney NSW 2000 Australia P : (02) 9551 7700 F : (02) 9551 7708 E : [email protected] W : www.australianracingboard.com.au DESIGNED & CREATED BY RACING INFORMATION SERVICES AUSTRALIA FOR THE AUSTRALIAN RACING BOARD Level 1 Racing Centre, 400 Epsom Road, Flemington Vic 3031 T : (03) 8354 2500 W : www.risa.com.au A Guide to the Racing Industry in Australia AUSTRALIAN RACING FACT BOOK 2012/13 1 Contents Cover Photo Credits Australian Turf Club Victoria Racing Club Racing Queensland Racing and Wagering Western Australia Thoroughbred Racing SA Tasracing Moonee Valley Racing Club Darwin Turf Club Slickpix Getty Images Greg Irvine Photo Courtesy of Racing New South Wales - Castlereagh Grey Photo by Janian McMillan ARB Welcome 4 Australian Registrations 40-41 RISA Welcome 5 Australian Ownership & Syndication 42 Australian Thoroughbred Racing Structure 6-7 Sales 45 Racing 9 Australian Sales Results 46-48 Racing Statistics 10 Australian Imports & Exports 49 Racing Prizemoney 11 Industry Trends 51 Australian Stakes Races 12 Prizemoney Trends 53 Group & Listed Races 13 Australian Racing Trends 54 Group One Winners 14 Starting Trends 55 Prizemoney Earners 15 Classifications 57 Race Horse of the Year 17 Australian - New Zealand Classifications 58-61 Melbourne Cup 18 Wagering 63 Golden Slipper 20 Australian Thoroughbred Wagering Turnover 64-67 Leading Trainers & Jockeys in Australia 22-23 Other Forms of Gambling 68 Course Records around Australian States 24-26 Gambling Turnover 69 Breeding 29 International 71 Breeding Statistics 30 International Racing 72-75 Breeding Distribution in Australia 32-33 Directory 77 Australia‘s Leading Sires 34-37 Australian Directory 78-86 Registrations 39 International Directory 88-93 2 AUSTRALIAN RACING FACT BOOK 2012/13 3 ARB Welcome FROM The Publisher Welcome to the 14th edition of the Australian Racing Board Fact Book. -
Get Your Fun Back on Track
SYDNEY AUTUMN Get your RACING CARNIVAL fun back » 13 MAR - 24 APR » ROYAL RANDWICK on track » ROSEHILL GARDENS 2021 MEDIA GUIDE 01 A COVID-SAFE CONTENTS CARNIVAL COVID Safety In addition to full compliance with 05 34 strict NSW Public Health Orders, the CHAIRMAN’S WELCOME Australian Turf Club (ATC) is taking a SCHWEPPES ALL AGED STAKES DAY proactive approach to minimise the risk of exposure to COVID-19. ATC is committed to the health and well-being of all people visiting and working at 06 38 all of our venues with CovidSafe plans CALENDAR OF MEDIA EVENTS including and not limited to: HORSES TO WATCH » Hand sanitiser placed regularly at all venues » Routine cleaning of all venues during 07 raceday and meetings & events MAJOR PARTNERS & AUSTRALIAN TURF 40 CLUB FOUNDATION JOCKEYS TO WATCH The Australian Turf Club, reserves the right to REFUSE ENTRY, in the event; a) Displays symptoms related to 08 42 COVID-19 RACING FIGURES & WAGERING FACTS TRAINERS TO WATCH b) Have visited identified venue Hotspot, or; c) Live in &/or visited identified Hotspot locations or Local 09 44 Government Area. EVEREST CARNIVAL FACTS & FIGURES CARNIVAL HOSPITALITY ALL MEDIA intending to participate on this day, must be formally accredited by the Australian Turf Club, pre-register and provide their contact details. This 10 is mandatory, imposed by governing SYDNEY AUTUMN RACING CARNIVAL 46 health authorities, ensuring ‘tracking STYLE & BEAUTY and tracing’ protocols are enabled in the RACEDAY SUMMARY event an outbreak is recognised. Physical distancing restrictions will be in place and policed by ATC Staff, ensuring 2m2 &/or 1.5m physical distancing are 12 50 adhered to by people on course. -
History of Thoroughbred Breeding in the Upper Hunter Valley
Thoroughbred Breeding History in the Upper Hunter Valley Executive Summary The history of thoroughbred breeding in the Upper Hunter Valley dates back to the very early days of settlement with the importation of the TB Stallion ‘Crawford’ to Potter Macqueen’s Segenhoe Stud in 1826. Since then there has been an expanding continuum. In the early 21st century the valley is acknowledged as one of the premier TB breeding areas of the world comparing favourably with both Newmarket UK and Kentucky USA. There have been a number of iterations when one area of the valley or another has reigned supreme. Broadly speaking the region has been divided into at least three geographical clusters: Denman and environs including Widden, Bylong and Baerami Valleys plus Jerrys Plains, Muswellbrook and district, Scone and region with Merriwa and also latterly the Murrurundi/Timor precinct. It might be reasonable to argue that the TB enterprises were gradually squeezed northwards by the encroaching coal mining industry from earlier establishments in the lower Hunter Valley; especially around Maitland. Remarkably the ‘mud map’ of thoroughbred studs in 1900 very closely resembles that for 2016 with ownership the only issue. There is one notable exception: Widden Stud. The Hon James White was the pioneer leviathan owner-breeder in the early days of metropolitan racing in both Sydney and Melbourne. His trail blazing forays included Epsom Derby assault on the august Jockey Club establishment in England. During the latter part of the 19th century the Thompson family of the Widden & Bylong Valleys were preeminent. Brothers W & F. A. Moses sustained a brief but exceptionally productive period at ‘Arrowfield’ (now ‘Coolmore’) near Jerrys Plains early in the 20th century.