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Persuasive Technology Design for Health and Safety Persuasive Technology Design for Health and Safety The 7th International Conference on Persuasive Technology, PERSUASIVE 2012 Linköping, Sweden, June 6-8 Adjunct Proceedings Editors Eva L. Ragnemalm and Magnus Bång Copyright The publishers will keep this document online on the Internet – or its possible replacement – from the date of publication barring exceptional circumstances. The online availability of the document implies permanent permission for anyone to read, to download, or to print out single copies for his/her own use and to use it unchanged for non- commercial research and educational purposes. Subsequent transfers of copyright cannot revoke this permission. All other uses of the document are conditional upon the consent of the copyright owner. The publisher has taken technical and administrative measures to assure authenticity, security and accessibility. According to intellectual property law, the author has the right to be mentioned when his/her work is accessed as described above and to be protected against infringement. For additional information about Linköping University Electronic Press and its procedures for publication and for assurance of document integrity, please refer to its www home page: http://www.ep.liu.se/. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings, 68 ISSN 1650-3740 (online) ISSN 1650-3686 (print) Linköping University Electronic Press Linköping, Sweden, 2012 http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_home/index.en.aspx?issue=068 © 2012, The Authors Table of Contents Improving Therapeutic Exercise Devices for People with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Research Method Combining Cultural Probes and Persuasive Design Theory Tom Ainsworth ....................................................................................................................... 1 Air Pollution in Everyday Life: Toward Design of Persuasive Urban Air Quality Services Jan Blom and Riikka Hänninen .............................................................................................. 5 Ambient Persuasive Guiding Measures: Influencing Pedestrian Walking Behaviour at Bottlenecks in the London Underground Gerrit Boehm, Phil Shaw, and Magnus Moar ........................................................................ 9 Ethical Considerations in Designing Adaptive Persuasive Games Christoffer Holmgård Pedersen, Rilla Khaled, and Georgios N. Yannakakis ....................... 13 Evaluation of Persuasive Design Features in a Prototype of a Tobacco Cessation Website Doug Kueker, Richelle J. Koopman, Jane McElroy, Joi L. Moore ........................................ 17 Using Persuasive Social Medias to Support and Motivate Prosthesis Carriers Pernille Lepianka, Ulla Victoria Bulwan ............................................................................... 21 A Design Study of Interactive Learning Environment for Joyful Behavioral History in Taiwan Guan-Ze Liao ......................................................................................................................... 25 Dear Diary: A Design Exploration on Motivating Reflective Diary Writing Ine Mols, Panos Markopoulos ............................................................................................... 29 Bouncers: A Design Exploration into Sharing and Triggering Personal Activity Amongst Friends Terence Nelson, Carl Megens, and Michel Peeters ............................................................... 33 Trust, Discourse Ethics, and Persuasive Technology Philip Nickel, Andreas Spahn ................................................................................................. 37 Providing for Impression Management in Persuasive Designs Rita Orji, Julita Vassileva, and Regan L. Mandryk ............................................................... 41 Persuasive Technology And Mobile Health: A Systematic Review Oscar E. Pinzon, M. Sriram Iyengar ...................................................................................... 45 A Long-Term Study of Energy Eco-Feedback Using Nonintrusive Load Monitoring Filipe Quintal, Lucas Pereira, Nuno Jardim Nunes .............................................................. 49 Mastery and Autonomy in Medication with a Mobile Selfreport System: A Project in Action Agneta Ranerup, Inger Hallberg, Ulrika Bengtsson, and Karin Kjellgren ........................... 53 Trusting Automation Technology for Safer Roads: The Effect of Shared Driving Goals Frank Verberne, Jaap Ham, and Cees Midden ...................................................................... 57 Bibliographic Analysis of Persuasive Systems: Techniques, Methods and Domains of Application Isaac Wiafe and Keiichi Nakata ............................................................................................. 61 Improving Therapeutic Exercise Devices for People with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Research Method Combining Cultural Probes and Persuasive Design Theory Tom Ainsworth Faculty of Arts, University of Brighton, Brighton, England [email protected] Abstract: Persuasive Design engages a number of theories and strategies for influencing people towards desired target behaviors. To ensure the effectiveness of these strategies, detailed contextual information about the user group is re- quired to guide and appropriate persuasive design theory to specific applica- tions. This paper presents an innovative application of the photographic ‘cultur- al probe’ and ‘photo-elicitation’ research methods - used as part of a research study which aims to improve therapeutic exercise devices for people with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Keywords: Persuasive Design, Technology, Design for health, Rheumatoid Ar- thritis, Qualitative Research, Photo-elicitation, Successful Aging. 1 Introduction Exercise therapies help to maintain functional ability in patients with RA. Pinch grip, overall grip strength and hand dexterity are the three hand functions most widely recognized as having the greatest impact on functional ability and quality of life. Therapeutic exercise devices are available to help maintain these functions, however, many patients struggle to engage with such equipment long-term. This is reportedly due to fatigue, fear of injury, pain, or patients’ own beliefs. This study explores the potential of ‘Persuasive Design’ to improve patient engagement with therapeutic ex- ercise devices. To achieve this we ask the following key question: What designable factors, specific to RA, should be considered alongside ex- isting persuasive design theories, to inform the development of therapeutic exer- cise interventions which also support patients’ daily-life needs? To achieve this, detailed information about the objects, environments and behaviors already present within the lives of people living with RA, is required to guide and appropriate persuasive design theory to specific applications. A multi-phase, photo- graphic ‘cultural Probe’ and ‘photo-elicitation’, study was developed. 1 1.1 Why Rheumatoid Arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting approximately 1% of the working age population. The costs of RA to those who live with the condition, their families and to the economy, are very high. In 2000 there were 1.9 million GP consultations for inflammatory arthritis and around 46,000 hospital admissions in the UK alone. From 1999 to 2000 the loss of working time and subsequent cost to society and to the economy was 9.4m working days, representing £833m in lost production. [1] The cost to the NHS of managing RA, and complications such as osteoporosis, is an estimated £240 million a year. The National Audit Office (NAO) estimates the total annual cost of treating RA and its additional complications, including sick leave and work-related disability, to be £1.8 billion. [2] 1.2 Persuasive Design Developed from Behavior Change theory ‘Persuasive Design’ engages a number of socio-psychological and design theories to influence people towards desired target behaviors. Within this study Persuasive Design is defined as: an area of design research which seeks to change a person’s attitude or behavior, through physical objects or environ- ments, to facilitate and support concordance with healthcare recommendations. The diagram below is a prototype behavior model, developed as part of this study, to locate the role of design in facilitating behavior change. The model identifies ‘de- signed objects and environments’ as the principle agent facilitating therapeutic exer- cise behavior; the ‘bilinear’ pathways identify both ‘intentional’ (considered & planned) and ‘non intentional’ (unconsidered & unplanned) actions, ‘trigger factors’ (timely reminder/facilitator) and the ‘biopsychosocial’ - biological (ability), psycho- logical (attitude) and social, factors affecting our ability and willingness to engage with target behaviors. This is a cyclical and multidirectional model. Active decision making (Planned Behavior) Ability Attitude Social pressures Trigger Designed Objects and Environments Therapeutic exercise Behavior Ability Attitude Social pressures Passive Decision making (unplanned behavior) Fig 1. Prototype behavior change model for therapeutic exercise devices 2 2 Contextual Evidence Research Study 2.1 Study Design & Procedure Photographic ‘Cultural Probe’ and ‘Photo-elicitation’ methods were adopted as part of a multi-phase focus group study. The Cultural Probe method invites partici- pants to engage with ‘novel interaction techniques’ [3] designed to provoke inspira- tional responses and provide qualitative data that illustrates the lives
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