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Vzroki in Mehanizem Zemeljskega Plazenja Na Rebrnicah V Vipavski

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Vzroki in Mehanizem Zemeljskega Plazenja Na Rebrnicah V Vipavski GEOLOGIJA 50/1, 55–63, Ljubljana 2007 doi:10.5474/geologija.2007.005 Vzroki in mehanizem zemeljskega plazenja na Rebrnicah v Vipavski dolini Reasons and mechanism for soil sliding processes in the Rebrnice area, Vipava valley, SW Slovenia Jernej JEŽ Geolo{ki zavod Slovenije, Dimi~eva 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana e-mail: jernej.jez�geo-zs.si Klju~ne besede: Rebrnice, plaz, fli{, apnen~ev pobo~ni gru{~, Vipavska dolina Key words: Rebrnice, landslide, flysch, limestone scree, Vipava valley, Slovenia Abstract A motorway Razdrto–Podnanos is being built across Rebrnice area in Vipava valley. There is limestone scree material deposed on flysch rocks. Limestone scree is unstable and gradually slides downslopes because of slope inclination, underground water and clayey zones. Clayey zones have been created on the contact between scree and flysch rocks. Material movements can be observed on the surface but they were also measured in wells. Limestone scree composition and reasons for landslides were described in this article. Izvle~ek Trasa hitre ceste Razdrto–Podnanos pre~ka obmo~je Rebrnic v Vipavski dolini, kjer so apnen~evi pobo~ni gru{~i odloženi na fli{nih kamninah. Pobo~ni gru{~i so zaradi na- gnjenosti terena, prisotnosti talne vode in zaglinjenih con, ki se pojavljajo na kontaktu gru{~a s fli{em, nestabilni in postopoma drsijo po podlagi. Premiki se kažejo na povr{ini, potrjujejo pa jih tudi meritve v vrtinah. V prispevku podrobneje opisujem sestavo pobo~- nega gru{~a in navajam vzroke za nastanek plazov. Uvod tektonike (Placer, 1981). Kredni apnenci so narinjeni na eocenske fli{ne kamnine. Pas Rebrnice obsegajo del jugozahodnega po- fli{nih kamnin, ki se ob južnemu robu Na- bo~ja Nanosa, med Podnanosom in Razdr- nosa vle~e v Vipavsko dolino, pripada Sne- tim. Proti zahodu prehajajo v Vipavsko do- žni{ki narivni grudi (Placer, 1981; Janež lino, proti jugovzhodu pa v Piv{ko kotlino. et al., 1997). Na Snežni{ko narivno grudo Obmo~je pre~ka regionalna cesta, trenutno je narinjen Hru{i{ki pokrov, ki zajema tudi pa preko Rebrnic gradijo tudi hitro cesto, Nanos. Zaradi mehanskega preperevanja in odsek Razdrto–Vipava. V prispevku obrav- drobljenja zgornjekrednih rudistnih apnen- navam pas ozemlja med kilometroma 4,7 in cev je nastala velika koli~ina apnen~evega 6,3 omenjene hitre ceste. Pas zajema pobo~je pobo~nega gru{~a, ki se je odložil na spodaj od apnen~evih sten Nanosa do izravnave pri leže~ih fli{nih kamninah. Lozicah, ki pripada zgornjemu delu Vipav- V okviru gradnje hitre ceste se v zadnjem ske doline. ~asu izvajajo podrobnej{e geolo{ke razi- Dana{nja geolo{ka struktura {ir{ega ob- skave terena. Zaradi neugodne kamninske mo~ja je posledica starej{e terciarne narivne zgradbe se gradbeniki pri gradnji nekaterih 56 Jernej Je` objektov, predvsem vkopov in viaduktov, vanjem in razpadanjem krednih apnencev sre~ujejo s {tevilnimi problemi. Za utrditev nastaja pobo~ni gru{~, ki se v obliki meli{~ omenjenih objektov se poslužujejo dragih odlaga na fli{nih kamninah. Gru{~i, ki so na podpornih konstrukcij. nekaterih mestih sprijeti v bre~o, pokrivajo S pomo~jo podatkov zbranih pri inže- približno 2/3 obravnavanega ozemlja. Izpod nirsko-geolo{kem kartiranju ter podatkov apnen~evih sten se obmo~ja gru{~a v jezi- iz geomehanskih vrtin sem izdelal inženir- ~asti obliki {irijo proti dolini. Gru{~ tvori sko-geolo{ko karto v merilu 1 : 5000. Namen grebene oziroma rebra. Debelino sedimenta kartiranja je bil ugotoviti razprostranjenost je na terenu težko dolo~iti, iz reliefnih oblik pobo~nih gru{~ev in vpad fli{nih kamnin ter lahko sklepamo, da ponekod presega 30 me- ugotoviti znake fosilnega plazenja gru{~ev. trov. Položaj in odnos krednih ter eocenskih Na podlagi pridobljenih podatkov lahko po- kamnin in kvartarnih pobo~nih sedimentov jasnimo dinamiko in mehanizem plazenja. je prikazan na sliki 1. Na sliki 1 je viden tudi profil A–B preko inženirsko-geolo{ke karte. Profil je lociran v Inženirsko-geolo{ka karta bližini vasi Podgri~ in poteka v smeri NE– SW. Podatek o debelini pobo~nega gru{~a Rebrnice kot samostojna enota niso po- je pridobljen iz geomehanske vrtine VK-2 sebej obravnavane nikjer v strokovni lite- (Umek, 2000). raturi. Kljub temu pa so mnogi avtorji pri opisovanju geologije Nanosa in Vipavske doline zajeli tudi ta del ozemlja. O veliki Pobo~ni gru{~i in bre~e koli~ini gru{~ev v Vipavski dolini je pisal že Hacquet (1789). Kasneje so pri obravnavi Ve~ji del Rebrnic pokrivajo pobo~ni gru- {ir{ega obmo~ja o južnem robu Nanosa pi- {~i in bre~e. Odnos med sedimenti je glavno sali Stur (1858), Stache (1889), Kossmat gibalo pobo~nih procesov, ki se tu dogaja- (1905), Winkler (1924) in Limanovsky jo. Njihovih izdankov je na obravnavanem (1910), v okviru izdelave Osnovne geolo{ke terenu malo, zato podrobnej{i opis gru- karte v merilu 1 : 100.000, listov Gorica in {~ev povzemam po geomehanskih vrtinah Postojna pa Buser (1986), Buser in sode- in profilih v ve~jih vkopih. Vrtine locirane lavci (1967) ter Pleni~ar (1970). Veliko po- na pobo~nem gru{~u so prevrtale {tiri glav- datkov je bilo zbranih tudi pri geolo{kem ne horizonte (sl. 2). Zgornji horizont gradi kartiranju posameznih izvirov in njihovih apnen~ev pobo~ni gru{~. Sestavljajo ga raz- zaledij na obmo~ju Visokega krasa (Janež li~no veliki apnen~evi kosi ter skalni bloki. et al., 1997). Ponekod je gru{~ sprijet v pobo~no bre~o. Obravnavano ozemlje obsega del po- Kosi apnenca so ostrorobi, obi~ajno meri- bo~ja ob odseku hitre ceste med 4,7 in 6,3 jo od 5 do 15 cm, lahko pa se v gru{~u po- kilometrom in v {irini 2 km. Eocenske kam- javljajo tudi ve~je skalne samice, ki merijo nine so razvite v zna~ilnem fli{nem raz- od 20 cm do 2 m. Skalni apnen~evi bloki voju. V glavnem se menjavajo sivi skrilavi in bre~a so delno zakraseli ali kavernozni. laporovci in kremenovi ter apnen~evi pe- Gru{~ je svetlo rjave do sive barve, obi~ajno {~enjaki. Na redkih mestih izdanjajo debele pe{~en, meljast ali lokalno zaglinjen. Gosto- plasti kalkarenita ter kalkrudita in plasti to gru{~a dolo~ajo zrna glinaste in meljaste zelenkasto sivega glinavca. Generalni vpad frakcije. Obi~ajno je dobro prepusten. Za- fli{nih plasti je proti severovzhodu, plasti ledna voda se preceja {ele na dnu tega ho- rizonta. Debelina horizonta se lokalno zelo vpadajo v pobo~je. Z izjemo kalkarenitov spreminja, v eni od vrtin njegova debelina in kalkruditov so fli{ne plasti nepropustne zna{a kar 45 metrov. Navzdol sledi drugi in tvorijo talno hidrogeolo{ko pregrado za horizont, ki ga sestavlja pome{an gru{~ fli- kra{ke vode Nanosa (Janež et al., 1997). {nih kamnin in apnenca. Tudi znotraj tega Na eocenske kamnine so narinjeni kredni horizonta so posamezni ve~ji bloki apnen- apnenci, ki gradijo Nano{ko planoto. Jugo- ca, ki se jim pridružujejo kosi fli{nega pe- zahodni rob planote sestavljajo debeloplast- nati organogeni rudistni apnenci zgornje- kredne, senonijske starosti (Buser, 1973). Slika 1. Inženirsko-geolo{ka karta dela Rebrnic Debele plasti apnenca vpadajo proti severu s profilom oziroma severovzhodu, enako kot spodaj Figure1. Engineerical-geological map of part leže~e fli{ne plasti. Z mehanskim prepere- of Rebrnice area with profile Vzroki in mehanizem zemeljskega plazenja na Rebrnicah v Vipavski dolini 57 58 Jernej Je` Slika 2. Skica glavnih horizontov, ki sestavljajo pobo~ni gru{~ Figure 2. Sketch of the main horizons which compose scree {~enjaka. Pome{an gru{~ je navadno mo~- ni. Talna voda se v sedimentih pretaka po neje zaglinjen, kot ~ist apnen~ev gru{~. mo~neje zaglinjenih conah, ki se obi-~aj- Voda se preceja po prepustnej{ih delih ho- no pojavljajo v spodnjem delu zgornjega rizonta. V tretji horizont uvr{~am na mestu apnen~astega horizonta oziroma znotraj preperele fli{ne kamnine. Kamnine nasto- drugega horizonta. Tovrstno pretakanje je pajo delno kot poltrdna kamnina, delno pa bilo mogo~e zaznati tudi v mnogih geome- so razpadle v glinast gru{~. Klasti laporov- hanskih vrtinah. Voda je potemtakem ve- ca in pe{~enjaka so veliki najve~ do 5 cm. zana na kontakt gru{~a s fli{em, ~eprav je Zaledna voda se tudi tu preceja po prepust- tega težko natan~no dolo~iti, ker je ravno nej{ih delih horizonta. Gru{~ je temno siv v coni, kjer se me{ata gru{~nat apnen~ev in do temno rjav. Spodnji, ~etrti horizont, za- fli{ni material. Pretakanje talne vode pod stopa kompaktna kamnina, ki jo sestavlja- gru{~em dokazujejo tudi {tevilni izviri, ki jo fli{ni laporovci, meljevci in drobnozrnati se pojavljajo na spodnjih delih gru{~natih pe{~enjaki. Na nekaterih obmo~jih, kjer pokrovov (sl. 1). Pretakanje vode {e poslab- fli{ne kamnine niso pokrite z apnen~evim {a že tako slabe geomehanske lastnosti za- gru{~em in bre~o, zgornja dva horizonta glinjenih con. manjkata. Nadome{~a jih preperina fli{nih kamnin. Sestavlja jo glinena preperina z drobnim gru{~em fli{nih kamnin. Dinamika in vzroki plazenja Hidrogeolo{ke lastnosti apnen~evih po- bo~nih gru{~ev in bre~ se lokalno spremi- Že sam položaj in razprostranjenost po- njajo (Janež et al., 1997). V odvisnosti od bo~nih sedimentov na Rebrnicah nam da zrnavosti in koli~ine glinene frakcije se od slutiti, da se gru{~i v obliki razli~nih po- lokacije do lokacije precej spreminja pred- bo~nih procesov premikajo. Poleg tega vsem prepustnost. Bolje prepustni gru{~i so nam to potrjujejo tudi premiki, ki so bili sestavljeni iz debelih odlomkov apnenca in izmerjeni s pomo~jo inklinometrskih vrtin vsebujejo manj glinenih in meljastih zrn. V ter nekateri recentni plazovi.
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