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Perspektive Israel Handbuch Der Deutsch-Israelischen Beziehungen Über ELNET

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Perspektive Israel Handbuch Der Deutsch-Israelischen Beziehungen Über ELNET European Leadership Network Perspektive Israel Handbuch der deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen Über ELNET ELNET ist eine gemeinnützige und unabhängige Organisation. Unser Ziel ist es, die deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen auf Grundlage gemeinsamer demokratischer Interessen und Werte überparteilich zu fördern. Zusammen mit unseren Büros in Israel, Frankreich, Polen und Belgien sowie Akti- vitäten in Italien, Spanien und dem Vereinigten Königreich stärken wir den Dialog zwischen europäischen und israelischen Entscheidern in Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Dazu unterstützen wir bestehende Netzwerke und bauen diese durch strategische Dialogveranstaltungen und Delegationsreisen aus. Als anerkannter gemeinnütziger Verein sind wir dabei auf Ihr Engagement angewiesen. Unterstützen Sie uns: elnet-deutschland.de @ElnetD @ELNETDeutschland Impressum Autorin: Seite 41, links: Pexels, kostenlos Inga Carry, Project Coordinator Seite 41, zweites von links: Pixabay, kostenlos Seite 41, zweites von rechts: Damzow Herausgeber: Gestaltung: Seite 41 rechts: Pixabay, kostenlos ELNET Deutschland e. V. Alter.berlin Medienberatung Seite 42 links: Pikrepo, kostenlos Albrechtstraße 22 Seite 42 zweites von links: Pixabay, kostenlos 10117 Berlin Bildnachweise: Seite 42 zweites von rechts: DGAP/Dirk Enters +49 30 308 759 64 Seite 3, oben: Tobias Koch Seite 42, rechts: Today Testing www.elnet-deutschland.de Seite 4, oben: Studio kohlmeier Seite 11/12: Israelische Knesset 2. Auflage November 2020 Vereinsvorsitzender: Seiten 14-21: Israelische Knesset © ELNET Deutschland, 2020. Alle Inhalte RA Hans Thomas Kessler Seite 29, oben: Robert Schlesinger dpa/Ibn (Texte, Bilder und Grafiken) sind urheber- Seite 30, unten: Start-Up Nation Central rechtlich geschützt. Das Urheberrecht Beiratsvorsitzende: Seite 32, oben: Start-Up Nation Central liegt, soweit nicht anders gekennzeichnet, Brigitte Zypries, Bundesministerin a. D. Seite 33, unten: Pixabay, kostenlos bei ELNET Deutschland. Weiterverwen- Seite 34, oben: Start-Up Nation Central dung des Dokuments oder von Teilen Geschäftsführer: Seite 35: Tal-Ya Agriculture Solutions desselben für Forschungs- und Bildungs- Carsten Ovens Seite 37: Luftwaffe, Francis Hildemann zwecke ist nur bei rechtmäßiger Kenn- zeichnung erlaubt. 1 Über ELNET Inhaltsverzeichnis Über ELNET 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 Vorwort 3 Israel – Eine Übersicht 5 Einleitung 6 Die 35. israelische Regierung 7 Die israelische Parteienlandschaft 13 Das linke Lager 14 Das rechte Lager 15 Parteien der Mitte 17 Arabische Parteien 19 Ultraorthodoxe Parteien 21 Themen der neuen Regierung 22 Perspektiven der deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen 29 Innovationen 30 Außenpolitik und Sicherheit 36 Schlusswort 40 Die Aktivitäten von ELNET 41 Quellenverzeichnis 43 Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 Vorwort Deutschland und Israel begehen bilateralen Kooperationen ist be- in diesem Jahr das 55. Jubiläum reits heute erfreulich breit aufge- ihrer diplomatischen Bezie- stellt. Es reicht von einer gemein- hungen. Konrad Adenauer und samen Jugend- und Kulturpolitik David Ben-Gurion hatten den über den Gesundheits-, Umwelt- politischen Willen, auf den Weg und Agrarsektor bis hin zur Indus- zu bringen, was vor dem Hinter- trie 4.0. grund der Shoah anfangs noch als unmöglich galt: eine Freundschaft Dieses Handbuch bietet zuerst einen zwischen der Bundesrepublik und dem umfassenden Überblick der israelischen jüdischen Staat. Heute gehört Deutschland in- Politik, skizziert die zentralen Themen der neuen ternational zu den engsten Partnern und Verbünde- Koalition und zeigt schließlich Perspektiven der -zu ten Israels – sowohl im politischen, wirtschaftlichen, künftigen Zusammenarbeit auf. als auch im zivilgesellschaftlichen Sinne. Sieben Regierungskonsultationen und zahlreiche Diese besondere Freundschaft ist wie jede Bezie- Absichtserklärungen haben seit 2008 die Themen hung durch gute aber bisweilen auch herausfor- und Projekte der bilateralen Beziehungen festge- dernde Phasen gekennzeichnet. Zuletzt hat es seit schrieben. Seinerzeit sprach Bundeskanzlerin An- dem Bruch der Koalition Ende 2018 drei Wahlen ge- gela Merkel in der israelischen Knesset von der his- braucht, bis sich vor dem Hintergrund der Corona- torischen Verantwortung der Bundesrepublik für Pandemie Mitte Mai 2020 die 35. israelische Regie- die Sicherheit des jüdischen Staats als Bestandteil rung zusammengefunden hat. der deutschen Staatsräson. Eine enge Zusammen- arbeit mit Israel ist heute jedoch noch mehr: Sie ist Diese Einheitsregierung unter der Federführung von im beiderseitigen Interesse und somit von beidersei- Premierminister Benjamin Netanjahu und dem alter- tigem Nutzen. Umso wichtiger ist es deshalb, dass die nierenden Premier- und derzeitigen Außenminister 8. Regierungskonsultationen noch vor der Bundes- Benny Gantz muss sich nun zuerst der Bekämpfung tagswahl 2021 stattfinden. des Coronavirus stellen. Gleichzeitig gilt es, auch weiterhin die regionalen und internationalen Her- Das European Leadership Network (ELNET) enga- ausforderungen im Blick zu behalten. giert sich seit 2007 als unabhängiger Brückenbauer und Vermittler zwischen Europa und Israel, seit 2014 Der sogenannte Jahrhundertdeal der US-Regierung auch mit einem eigenen Büro in Berlin. Gemeinsam hat eine neue Dynamik in den Nahost-Friedenspro- mit meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen in Deutsch- zess gebracht. Europa und Israel sind mit Blick auf land und Israel stehe ich gerne zu Ihrer Verfügung. den Nahostkonflikt nicht immer einer Meinung. Bis dahin wünsche ich eine inspirierende Lektüre Gerade deshalb ist ein ständiger und offener Dialog dieses ersten Handbuches. unter Freunden wichtig. Mit dem Start der neuen Legislaturperiode ergeben sich auch für die deutsch-israelischen Beziehun- Carsten Ovens gen neue Perspektiven. Das Themenspektrum der Executive Director, ELNET Deutschland e. V. 3 Vorwort Grußwort Deutschland und Israel ver- zeigt sich, dass beide Länder ihre bindet eine ganz besondere besondere Freundschaft mit Le- Beziehung. Das Verhältnis ben füllen wollen. Der Bundes- zwischen beiden Ländern ist tag untermauerte dies unter geprägt vom Bewusstsein der anderem durch die Verabschie- deutschen Schuld am Holo- dung von Gesetzen zur Bekämp- caust. Die Erinnerung an die NS- fung von Antisemitismus, seine Verbrechen wachzuhalten, ist uns klare Haltung gegen die BDS-Bewe- Deutschen eine Verantwortung. Die gung sowie den Beschluss, die Aktivi- Vergangenheit ist aber auch immer Auf- täten der Anhänger der Hisbollah genau zu trag für Deutschland, jüdisches Leben vor al- beobachten und mit allen Mitteln des Rechtsstaates lem in Deutschland zu schützen und die deutsch-is- zu verfolgen. raelische Beziehung zu pflegen und auszubauen. Nach der Konstituierung der neuen israelischen Re- Es ist schön zu sehen, dass immer mehr Deutsche gierung reiste Außenminister Heiko Maas als erster die Gegenwart und Zukunft Israels sowie die Nah- ausländischer Regierungsvertreter nach Israel, um ost-region als Ganzes im Blick haben. In Deutsch- seinem Amtskollegen Gabi Ashkenazi zu treffen. land ist es wichtig, dass der Kampf gegen wieder- Ashkenazi wiederum besuchte zuletzt als erster erstarkenden Antisemitismus mehr ist als ein bloßes nicht-europäischer Außenminister ein informelles Lippenbekenntnis, sodass Juden sicher in Deutsch- Treffen der EU-Außenminister. So werden politisch land leben können. die Weichen gestellt, um den Austausch zwischen Deutschland und Israel und die besondere Freund- Gleichzeitig reisen, leben und arbeiten heute im- schaft beider Länder zu vertiefen. mer mehr Israelis in Deutschland. Besonders die jungen Generationen beider Länder knüpfen Bande Grundlage für die Pflege der Beziehungen zu Israel der Freundschaft an den Stränden von Tel Aviv und ist, dass sich die Menschen beider Länder kennen- in den Restaurants und Bars von Berlin. Vermehrt lernen. Bestenfalls reist man hierfür nach Israel, um arbeiten Deutsche und Israelis auch Seite an Seite. Land und Leute direkt zu erleben. Bis dies wieder Startups in Berlin stellen israelische Digitalexperten möglich ist, gibt ihnen die erste Auflage dieses Hand- ein, der deutsche Mittelstand entdeckt Israel zuneh- buches wichtige Anregungen, um auch in diesen tur- mend als spannenden und vielfältigen Markt. bulenten Zeiten einen Überblick über die israelische Politik und Gesellschaft zu behalten und die vielfa- Gerade bei der Digitalisierung unserer Wirtschaft chen Chancen der deutsch-israelischen Beziehun- können innovative israelische Unternehmen für gen zu erkennen und nutzen. viele Betriebe in Deutschland ein Vorbild sein. Deutschland bietet umgekehrt mit seinen teils hoch- spezialisierten Unternehmen für israelische Start- ups einen Zugang zum europäischen Binnenmarkt. Gesellschaftlich und wirtschaftlich vernetzen sich Brigitte Zypries Deutschland und Israel zunehmend. Auch politisch Beiratsvorsitzende, ELNET Deutschland e. V. Vorwort / Grußwort 4 Israel – Eine Übersicht Informationen über Land, Bevölkerungsstruktur, Religionszugehörigkeit und Wirtschaft HAIFA ISR Unabhängigkeit: 14. Mai 1948 NAZARETH Fläche*: 20.991 km² *innerhalb der Grünen Linie, ausgenommen Ostjerusalem TEL AVIV und die Golanhöhen RAMALLAH NAZARETH Bevölkerung*: 8.436.675 (2020) JERUSALEM *innerhalb der Grünen Linie, ausgenommen Ostjerusalem und die Golanhöhen Alter: 30,4 Jahre (Durchschnitt) BEERSHEBA Religion: Juden: 74,3 %, Muslime: 17,8 %, Christen: 1,9 %, andere: 6 % (2018) Landessprache: Hebräisch (Sonderstatus für Arabisch) Regierungssystem: Parlamentarische Demokratie BIP: 370,6 Milliarden US-Dollar (2018) Waffenstillstandslinie
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