Function of the Nucleus Accumbens Within the Context of the Larger Striatal System
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Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: a Comparative in Situ Hybridization Analysis
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1993. 73(3): 1258-1279 Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: A Comparative in situ Hybridization Analysis Martin K.-H. Schafer,i-a Robert Day,* William E. Cullinan,’ Michel Chri?tien,3 Nabil G. Seidah,* and Stanley J. Watson’ ‘Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0720 and J. A. DeSeve Laboratory of *Biochemical and 3Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W lR7 Posttranslational processing of proproteins and prohor- The participation of neuropeptides in the modulation of a va- mones is an essential step in the formation of bioactive riety of CNS functions is well established. Many neuropeptides peptides, which is of particular importance in the nervous are synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, which undergo system. Following a long search for the enzymes responsible an enzymatic cascade of posttranslational processing and mod- for protein precursor cleavage, a family of Kexin/subtilisin- ification events during their intracellular transport before the like convertases known as PCl, PC2, and furin have recently final bioactive products are secreted and act at either pre- or been characterized in mammalian species. Their presence postsynaptic receptors. Initial endoproteolytic cleavage occurs in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues has been dem- C-terminal to pairs of basic amino acids such as lysine-arginine onstrated. This study examines the mRNA distribution of (Docherty and Steiner, 1982) and is followed by the removal these convertases in the rat CNS and compares their ex- of the basic residues by exopeptidases. Further modifications pression with the previously characterized processing en- can occur in the form of N-terminal acetylation or C-terminal zymes carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and peptidylglycine a-am- amidation, which is essential for the bioactivity of many neu- idating monooxygenase (PAM) using in situ hybridization ropeptides. -
Distinct Transcriptomic Cell Types and Neural Circuits of the Subiculum and Prosubiculum Along 2 the Dorsal-Ventral Axis 3 4 Song-Lin Ding1,2,*, Zizhen Yao1, Karla E
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.14.876516; this version posted December 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distinct transcriptomic cell types and neural circuits of the subiculum and prosubiculum along 2 the dorsal-ventral axis 3 4 Song-Lin Ding1,2,*, Zizhen Yao1, Karla E. Hirokawa1, Thuc Nghi Nguyen1, Lucas T. Graybuck1, Olivia 5 Fong1, Phillip Bohn1, Kiet Ngo1, Kimberly A. Smith1, Christof Koch1, John W. Phillips1, Ed S. Lein1, 6 Julie A. Harris1, Bosiljka Tasic1, Hongkui Zeng1 7 8 1Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA 9 10 2Lead Contact 11 12 *Correspondence: [email protected] (SLD) 13 14 15 Highlights 16 17 1. 27 transcriptomic cell types identified in and spatially registered to “subicular” regions. 18 2. Anatomic borders of “subicular” regions reliably determined along dorsal-ventral axis. 19 3. Distinct cell types and circuits of full-length subiculum (Sub) and prosubiculum (PS). 20 4. Brain-wide cell-type specific projections of Sub and PS revealed with specific Cre-lines. 21 22 23 In Brief 24 25 Ding et al. show that mouse subiculum and prosubiculum are two distinct regions with differential 26 transcriptomic cell types, subtypes, neural circuits and functional correlation. The former has obvious 27 topographic projections to its main targets while the latter exhibits widespread projections to many 28 subcortical regions associated with reward, emotion, stress and motivation. -
Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas Subcortical Gray Structures
Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas: Subcortical Gray Structures Manual Tracing for Hippocampus, Amygdala, Caudate, and Putamen Overview of Tracing Guidelines A) Tracing is done in a combination of the three orthogonal planes, as specified in the detailed methods that follow. B) Each region of interest was originally defined in the right hemisphere. The labels were then reflected onto the left hemisphere and all borders checked and adjusted manually when necessary. C) For the initial parcellation, the user used the “paint over function” of IRIS/SNAP on the T1 template of the atlas. I. Hippocampus Major Boundaries Superior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn in the majority of slices. At its most lateral extent (subiculum) the superior boundary is white matter. The inferior boundary is white matter. The anterior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn and the amygdala; the posterior boundary is lateral ventricle or white matter. The medial boundary is CSF at the center of the brain in all but the most posterior slices (where the medial boundary is white matter). The lateral boundary is white matter. The hippocampal trace includes dentate gyrus, the CA3 through CA1 regions of the hippocamopus, subiculum, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Tracing A) Tracing is done primarily in the sagittal plane, working lateral to medial a. Locate the most lateral extent of the subiculum, which is bounded on all sides by white matter, and trace. b. As you page medially, tracing the hippocampus in each slice, the superior, anterior, and posterior boundaries of the hippocampus become the lateral ventricle/temporal horn. c. Even further medially, the anterior boundary becomes amygdala and the posterior boundary white matter. -
Amygdala Functional Connectivity, HPA Axis Genetic Variation, and Life Stress in Children and Relations to Anxiety and Emotion Regulation
Journal of Abnormal Psychology © 2015 American Psychological Association 2015, Vol. 124, No. 4, 817–833 0021-843X/15/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000094 Amygdala Functional Connectivity, HPA Axis Genetic Variation, and Life Stress in Children and Relations to Anxiety and Emotion Regulation David Pagliaccio, Joan L. Luby, Ryan Bogdan, Arpana Agrawal, Michael S. Gaffrey, Andrew C. Belden, Kelly N. Botteron, Michael P. Harms, and Deanna M. Barch Washington University in St. Louis Internalizing pathology is related to alterations in amygdala resting state functional connectivity, potentially implicating altered emotional reactivity and/or emotion regulation in the etiological pathway. Importantly, there is accumulating evidence that stress exposure and genetic vulnerability impact amygdala structure/function and risk for internalizing pathology. The present study examined whether early life stress and genetic profile scores (10 single nucleotide polymorphisms within 4 hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis genes: CRHR1, NR3C2, NR3C1, and FKBP5) predicted individual differences in amygdala functional connectivity in school-age children (9- to 14-year-olds; N ϭ 120). Whole-brain regression analyses indicated that increasing genetic “risk” predicted alterations in amygdala connectivity to the caudate and postcentral gyrus. Experience of more stressful and traumatic life events predicted weakened amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex connectivity. Genetic “risk” and stress exposure interacted to predict weakened connectivity between the amygdala and the inferior and middle frontal gyri, caudate, and parahippocampal gyrus in those children with the greatest genetic and environmental risk load. Furthermore, amygdala connectivity longitudinally predicted anxiety symptoms and emotion regulation skills at a later follow-up. Amygdala connectivity mediated effects of life stress on anxiety and of genetic variants on emotion regulation. -
Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects on Dopamine Uptake in Cultured Cells Nafisa Ferdous
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2016 Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects On Dopamine Uptake In Cultured Cells Nafisa Ferdous Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Ferdous, Nafisa, "Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects On Dopamine Uptake In Cultured Cells" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 2016. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2016 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE CAUSES LONG TERM EFFECTS ON DOPAMINE UPTAKE IN CULTURED CELLS By Nafisa Ferdous Bachelor of Science, North South University, Bangladesh 2012 A Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2016 ii PERMISSION Title Chronic amphetamine exposure causes long term effects on dopamine uptake in cultured cells Department Biomedical Sciences Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies. -
Opiate Influences on Nucleus Accumbens Neuronal Electrophysiology: Dopamine and Non-Dopamine Mechanisms
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 1969, 9(10): 35363546 Opiate Influences on Nucleus Accumbens Neuronal Electrophysiology: Dopamine and Non-Dopamine Mechanisms Ft. L. Hakan and S. J. Henriksen Department of Neuropharmacology, Research Institute of the Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037 Single-unit recordings of nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) abuse potential for humans such as the opiate alkaloids (Goeders neurons in halothane-anesthetized rats revealed that mi- et al., 1984; Vaccarino et al., 1985; Corrigal and Vaccarino, croinfusions of morphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) 1988; Koob and Goeders, 1989). Although there is controversy primarily inhibited spontaneously active NAS units. These regarding the precise neuropharmacological mechanism(s) un- inhibitory effects were reversed by alpha-flupenthixol (s.c.), derlying opiate actions on the NAS and on NAS-related brain suggesting a role for dopamine (DA) in the observed opiate- circuitry (e.g., see Wise, 1987), behavioral research has indicated induced effect. VTA opiate microinfusions also inhibited the that these drugs may exert pharmacological influence over NAS evoked (driven) responses of silent cells (spontaneously function via dopamine (DA)-dependent and DA-independent inactive) in the NAS elicited by stimulation of hippocampal projections from the DA containing cell bodies of the midbrain afferents to the NAS. In addition, this inhibition of driven ventral tegmental area (VTA) (Bozarth and Wise, 198 l), the response was reversed by naloxone (s.c.) but not by alpha- cellular origin of the DA-ergic input to the NAS (see Kelly et flupenthixol, implying a VTA-mediated non-DA mechanism. al., 1980; Stinus et al., 1980; Kalivas et al., 1983; Pettit et al., Morphine applied iontophoretically to cells within the NAS 1984; Amahic and Koob, 1985; Vaccarino et al., 1986; Wise, inhibited spontaneous activity but not fimbria-driven cellular 1987; Di Chiara and Imperato, 1988; Koob and Goeders, 1989). -
Distribution of Dopamine D3 Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Human Forebrain: Comparison with D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons Eugenia V
Distribution of Dopamine D3 Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Human Forebrain: Comparison with D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons Eugenia V. Gurevich, Ph.D., and Jeffrey N. Joyce, Ph.D. The dopamine D2 and D3 receptors are members of the D2 important difference from the rat is that D3 receptors were subfamily that includes the D2, D3 and D4 receptor. In the virtually absent in the ventral tegmental area. D3 receptor rat, the D3 receptor exhibits a distribution restricted to and D3 mRNA positive neurons were observed in sensory, mesolimbic regions with little overlap with the D2 receptor. hormonal, and association regions such as the nucleus Receptor binding and nonisotopic in situ hybridization basalis, anteroventral, mediodorsal, and geniculate nuclei of were used to study the distribution of the D3 receptors and the thalamus, mammillary nuclei, the basolateral, neurons positive for D3 mRNA in comparison to the D2 basomedial, and cortical nuclei of the amygdala. As revealed receptor/mRNA in subcortical regions of the human brain. by simultaneous labeling for D3 and D2 mRNA, D3 mRNA D2 binding sites were detected in all brain areas studied, was often expressed in D2 mRNA positive neurons. with the highest concentration found in the striatum Neurons that solely expressed D2 mRNA were numerous followed by the nucleus accumbens, external segment of the and regionally widespread, whereas only occasional D3- globus pallidus, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental positive-D2-negative cells were observed. The regions of area, medial preoptic area and tuberomammillary nucleus relatively higher expression of the D3 receptor and its of the hypothalamus. In most areas the presence of D2 mRNA appeared linked through functional circuits, but receptor sites coincided with the presence of neurons co-expression of D2 and D3 mRNA suggests a functional positive for its mRNA. -
The Claustrum: Three-Dimensional Reconstruction, Photorealistic Imaging, and Stereotactic Approach
Folia Morphol. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 228–234 Copyright © 2011 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl The claustrum: three-dimensional reconstruction, photorealistic imaging, and stereotactic approach S. Kapakin Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey [Received 7 July 2011; Accepted 25 September 2011] The purpose of this study was to reveal the computer-aided three-dimensional (3D) appearance, the dimensions, and neighbourly relations of the claustrum and make a stereotactic approach to it by using serial sections taken from the brain of a human cadaver. The Snake technique was used to carry out 3D reconstructions of the claustra and surrounding structures. The photorealistic imaging and stereo- tactic approach were rendered by using the Advanced Render Module in Cinema 4D software. The claustrum takes the form of the concavity of the insular cortex and the convexity of the putamen. The inferior border of the claustrum is at about the same level as the bottom edge of the insular cortex and the putamen, but the superior border of the claustrum is at a lower level than the upper edge of the insular cortex and the putamen. The volume of the right claustrum, in the dimen- sions of 35.5710 mm ¥ 1.0912 mm ¥ 16.0000 mm, was 828.8346 mm3, and the volume of the left claustrum, in the dimensions of 32.9558 mm ¥ 0.8321 mm ¥ ¥ 19.0000 mm, was 705.8160 mm3. The surface areas of the right and left claustra were calculated to be 1551.149697 mm2 and 1439.156450 mm2 by using Surf- driver software. -
6950.Full.Pdf
6950 • The Journal of Neuroscience, July 2, 2008 • 28(27):6950–6959 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Interaction between the Hippocampus and Nucleus Accumbens Shell Is Necessary for the Acquisition of Appetitive Spatial Context Conditioning Rutsuko Ito,1,3 Trevor W. Robbins,1 Cyriel M. Pennartz,2 and Barry J. Everitt1 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom, 2Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and 3Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been implicated in a variety of associative processes that are dependent on the integrity of the amygdala and hippocampus (HPC). However, the extent to which the two subregions of the NAc, the core and shell, form differentiated circuits within the amygdala- and hippocampal-ventral striatal circuitry remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of selective excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens shell or core subregion on appetitive elemental cue and context conditioning, shown previously to be dependent on the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. Rats were trained sequentially to acquire discrete conditioned stimulus–sucrose conditioning, followed by spatial context–sucrose conditioning in a place preference apparatus characterized by three topographically identical chambers, the chambers being discriminable only on the basis of path integration. NAc shell lesions selectively impaired the acquisition of conditioned place preference and the use of spatial information to retrieve informa- tion about a discrete cue, whereas, as expected, NAc core lesions attenuated the acquisition of cue conditioning compared with sham rats. -
Motor Systems Basal Ganglia
Motor systems 409 Basal Ganglia You have just read about the different motor-related cortical areas. Premotor areas are involved in planning, while MI is involved in execution. What you don’t know is that the cortical areas involved in movement control need “help” from other brain circuits in order to smoothly orchestrate motor behaviors. One of these circuits involves a group of structures deep in the brain called the basal ganglia. While their exact motor function is still debated, the basal ganglia clearly regulate movement. Without information from the basal ganglia, the cortex is unable to properly direct motor control, and the deficits seen in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease and related movement disorders become apparent. Let’s start with the anatomy of the basal ganglia. The important “players” are identified in the adjacent figure. The caudate and putamen have similar functions, and we will consider them as one in this discussion. Together the caudate and putamen are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. All input to the basal ganglia circuit comes via the striatum. This input comes mainly from motor cortical areas. Notice that the caudate (L. tail) appears twice in many frontal brain sections. This is because the caudate curves around with the lateral ventricle. The head of the caudate is most anterior. It gives rise to a body whose “tail” extends with the ventricle into the temporal lobe (the “ball” at the end of the tail is the amygdala, whose limbic functions you will learn about later). Medial to the putamen is the globus pallidus (GP). -
Region-Dependent Dynamics of Camp Response Element-Binding Protein Phosphorylation in the Basal Ganglia
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 4708–4713, April 1998 Neurobiology Region-dependent dynamics of cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation in the basal ganglia FU-CHIN LIU* AND ANN M. GRAYBIEL†‡ *Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 11221 Republic of China; and †Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E25-618, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 Contributed by Ann M. Graybiel, February 5, 1998 ABSTRACT The cAMP response element-binding protein pus, and the limbic prefrontal cortex, and projects back to (CREB) is an activity-dependent transcription factor that is limbic structures via the ventral pallidum. These limbic- involved in neural plasticity. The kinetics of CREB phosphor- associated circuits are thought to underlie motivational and ylation have been suggested to be important for gene activa- viscero-affective aspects of neurologic function served by the tion, with sustained phosphorylation being associated with ventral striatum. The midbrain dopamine pathways innervat- downstream gene expression. If so, the duration of CREB ing the dorsal and ventral striatum are critically involved in phosphorylation might serve as an indicator for time-sensitive controlling these functions, including, for the ventral striatum, plastic changes in neurons. To screen for regions potentially the reinforcing properties of psychostimulant and other drugs involved in dopamine-mediated plasticity in the basal ganglia, (3). we used organotypic slice cultures to study the patterns of A distinct feature of much reinforcement-based learning is dopamine- and calcium-mediated CREB phosphorylation in that the modified behaviors develop with time and are highly sensitive to the temporal organization of events (4, 5). -
The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex
Rowan University Rowan Digital Works School of Osteopathic Medicine Faculty Scholarship School of Osteopathic Medicine 6-1-2015 The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex Robert C. Spencer University of Wisconsin-Madison David M. DeVilbiss Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine Craig Berridge University of Wisconsin-Madison Follow this and additional works at: https://rdw.rowan.edu/som_facpub Part of the Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons, Pharmacology Commons, and the Psychiatry Commons Recommended Citation Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW. The cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve direct action in the prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jun 1;77(11):940-50. Epub 2014 Sep 28. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013. PMID: 25499957. PMCID: PMC4377121. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Osteopathic Medicine at Rowan Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Osteopathic Medicine Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Rowan Digital Works. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptBiol Psychiatry Author Manuscript. Author Author Manuscript manuscript; available in PMC 2016 June 01. Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2015 June 1; 77(11): 940–950. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013. The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex Robert C. Spencer, David M. Devilbiss, and Craig W. Berridge* Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Abstract Psychostimulants are highly effective in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The clinical efficacy of these drugs is strongly linked to their ability to improve cognition dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and extended frontostriatal circuit.