DOCSLIB.ORG

Emergency Preparedness Checklist ✓ He Next Time Disaster Checklist Will Help You Get for Additional Information Strikes, You May Not Started

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emergency Preparedness Checklist ✓ He Next Time Disaster Checklist Will Help You Get for Additional Information Strikes, You May Not Started EmergencyPreparednessChecklist_pg1.pdf 10/12/2006 4:49:58 PM TORNADO • FLASH FLOOD • EARTHQUAKE • WINTER STORM • HURRICANE • FIRE • HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL Emergency Preparedness Checklist ✓ he next time disaster checklist will help you get For additional information strikes, you may not started. Discuss these about how to prepare for T have much time to ideas with your family, then hazards in your commu- act. Prepare now for prepare an emergency plan. nity, contact your local a sudden emergency. Post the plan where every- emergency management Learn how to protect your- one will see it—on the or civil defense office self and cope with disaster refrigerator or bulletin and American Red Cross by planning ahead. This board. chapter. Emergency Checklist C ❏ Discuss what to do about power M Call Your Emergency Prepare a Disaster outages and personal injuries. Y Management Office Supplies Kit ❏ Draw a floor plan of your home. CM or American Red Cross Assemble supplies you might need in an Mark two escape routes from each evacuation. Store them in an easy-to-carry MY Chapter room. container such as a backpack or duffle bag. CY ❏ Find out which disasters could ❏ Show family members how to turn CMY occur in your area. off the water, gas and electricity at Include: ❏ A supply of water (one gallon per K ❏ Ask how to prepare for each disaster. main switches when necessary. person per day). Store water in ❏ Ask how you would be warned of ❏ Post emergency telephone numbers sealed, unbreakable containers. an emergency. near telephones. Identify the storage date and replace ❏ Learn your community’s ❏ Teach children how and when to every six months. evacuation routes. call 911, police and fire. ❏ A supply of non-perishable packaged or canned food and a non-electric ❏ Ask about special assistance for ❏ Instruct household members to turn can opener. elderly or disabled persons. on the radio for emergency information. ❏ A change of clothing, rain gear and Also... ❏ Pick one out-of-state and one local sturdy shoes. ❏ Ask your workplace about friend or relative for family members ❏ Blankets or sleeping bags. to call if separated during a disaster emergency plans. ❏ A first aid kit and prescription (it is often easier to call out-of-state ❏ Learn about emergency plans for medications. than within the affected area). your children’s school or day care ❏ An extra pair of glasses. center. ❏ Teach children your out-of-state ❏ A battery-powered radio, flashlight contact’s phone numbers. and plenty of extra batteries. Create an Emergency ❏ Pick two emergency meeting places. ❏ Credit cards and cash. Plan 1) A place near your home in case ❏ An extra set of car keys. of a fire. ❏ A list of family physicians. ❏ Meet with household members to 2) A place outside your neighbor- discuss the dangers of fire, severe hood in case you cannot return ❏ A list of important family informa- tion; the style and serial number of weather, earthquakes and other home after a disaster. emergencies. Explain how to medical devices such as pacemakers. respond to each. ❏ Take a basic first aid and CPR class. ❏ Special items for infants, elderly or ❏ Find the safe spots in your home ❏ Keep family records in a water and disabled family members. for each type of disaster. fire-proof container. EmergencyPreparednessChecklist_pg2.pdf 10/12/2006 4:56:52 PM Emergency Plan Escape Plan Out-of-State Contact n a fire or other emergency, you may need to evacuate your house, Name apartment or mobile home on a I moment’s notice. You should be City ready to get out fast. Telephone (Day) (Evening) Develop an escape plan by drawing a floor plan of your residence. Using a black or blue pen, show the location of doors, windows, Local Contact stairways, and large furniture. Indicate the Name location of emergency supplies (Disaster Supplies Kit), fire extinguishers, smoke Telephone (Day) (Evening) detectors, collapsible ladders, first aid kits and utility shut off points. Next, use a colored pen to draw a broken line charting Nearest Relative at least two escape routes from each room. Name Finally, mark a place outside of the home where household members should meet in City case of fire. Be sure to include important points outside Telephone (Day) (Evening) such as garages, patios, stairways, elevators, driveways and porches. If your Family Work Numbers home has more than two floors, use an additional sheet of paper. Practice Father Mother emergency evacuation drills with all C Other household members at least two times M each year. Y Emergency Telephone Numbers CM In a life threatening emergency, dial 911 or the local emergency medical services system number MY CY Police Department Example: CMY Fire Department Floor one K Hospital Family Physicians Name Telephone Name Telephone Name Telephone Reunion Locations 1. Right outside your home 2. Away from the neighborhood, in case you cannot return home Address Telephone Route to try first EmergencyPreparednessChecklist_pg3.pdf 10/12/2006 4:59:19 PM Floor Plan Floor One C M Y CM Floor Two MY CY CMY K Normal Exit Route Disaster Supplies Kit Stairways Emergency Exit Routes Doors Utility Shut Off Fire Extinguisher Collapsible Ladder Windows Smoke Detectors Reunion Location (Outside) First Aid Kit EmergencyPreparednessChecklist_pg4.pdf 10/13/2006 3:33:23 PM Home Hazard Hunt ❏ Wear protective clothing and ❏ Maps, Shovel, Flares In a disaster, ordinary items in the home sturdy shoes. ❏ Tire repair kit and pump can cause injury and damage. Anything ❏ Take your Disaster Supplies Kit. that can move, fall, break or cause a fire Fire Safety ❏ Lock your house. is a potential hazard. ❏ Plan two escape routes out of each ❏ Use travel routes specified by local room. ❏ Repair defective electrical wiring officials. and leaky gas connections. ❏ Practice fire drills at least twice a year. If you are sure you have time .. ❏ Fasten shelves securely and brace ❏ Teach family members to stay low to overhead light fixtures. ❏ Shut off water, gas and electricity, if the ground when escaping from a fire. instructed to do so. ❏ Place large, heavy objects on lower ❏ Teach family members never to open ❏ Let others know when you left and shelves. doors that are hot. In a fire, feel the where you are going. ❏ Hang pictures and mirrors away bottom of the door with the palm of from beds. ❏ Make arrangements for pets. Animals your hand. If it is hot, do not open ❏ Strap water heater to wall studs. may not be allowed in public shelters. the door. Find another way out. ❏ Repair cracks in ceilings or ❏ Install smoke detectors on every level foundations. Prepare an ofyour home. Clean and test them ❏ Store weed killers, pesticides and Emergency Car Kit at least once a month. Change flammable products away from Include: batteries at least once a year. heat sources. ❏ Battery powered radio, flashlight and ❏ Keep a whistle in each bedroom to ❏ Place oily polishing rags or waste in extra batteries awaken household in case of fire. covered metal cans. ❏ Blanket ❏ Check electrical outlets. Do not ❏ Clean and repair chimneys, flue ❏ Booster cables overload outlets. pipes, vent connectors and gas vents. ❏ Fire extinguisher (5 lb., A-B-C type) ❏ Purchase and learn how to use a fire C extinguisher (5 lb., A-B-C type). If You Need to Evacuate ❏ First aid kit and manual M ❏ Have a collapsible ladder on each ❏ Listen to a battery powered radio for ❏ Bottled water and non-perishable high Y upper floor of your house. the location of emergency shelters. energy foods such as granola bars, CM Follow instructions of local officials. raisins and peanut butter ❏ Consider installing home sprinklers. MY CY Information in this brochure was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Community CMY and Family Preparedness Program and the American Red Cross Community Disaster Education Program. K www.denver-redcross.org 303.722.7474.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions
    Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions Joint EPRI/NRC-RES Fire PRA Workshop August 21-25, 2017 A Collaboration of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) & U.S. NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES) What is a Fire? .Fire: – destructive burning as manifested by any or all of the following: light, flame, heat, smoke (ASTM E176) – the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. (National Wildfire Coordinating Group) – the phenomenon of combustion manifested in light, flame, and heat (Merriam-Webster) – Combustion is an exothermic, self-sustaining reaction involving a solid, liquid, and/or gas-phase fuel (NFPA FP Handbook) 2 What is a Fire? . Fire Triangle – hasn’t change much… . Fire requires presence of: – Material that can burn (fuel) – Oxygen (generally from air) – Energy (initial ignition source and sustaining thermal feedback) . Ignition source can be a spark, short in an electrical device, welder’s torch, cutting slag, hot pipe, hot manifold, cigarette, … 3 Materials that May Burn .Materials that can burn are generally categorized by: – Ease of ignition (ignition temperature or flash point) . Flammable materials are relatively easy to ignite, lower flash point (e.g., gasoline) . Combustible materials burn but are more difficult to ignite, higher flash point, more energy needed(e.g., wood, diesel fuel) . Non-Combustible materials will not burn under normal conditions (e.g., granite, silica…) – State of the fuel . Solid (wood, electrical cable insulation) . Liquid (diesel fuel) . Gaseous (hydrogen) 4 Combustion Process .Combustion process involves . – An ignition source comes into contact and heats up the material – Material vaporizes and mixes up with the oxygen in the air and ignites – Exothermic reaction generates additional energy that heats the material, that vaporizes more, that reacts with the air, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Procedure Guidelines for Employees, Students and Visitors
    Emergency Procedure Guidelines for Employees, Students and Visitors Developed by Environmental Health and Safety Emergency Management GUIDE TO EMERGENCIES ON CAMPUS The information contained in this booklet is being disseminated to assist Slippery Rock University employees, students, residents and visitors in reacting safely to any number of emergency situations which they may face while on campus. This is not an emergency response plan for first responders. It is recommended a printed copy of this booklet be maintained in a visible and accessible area by employees and students including but not limited to office receiving areas and classrooms, lunch and break rooms, information desks in residence halls and student rooms. The SRU Police are available on a 24-hour/7 day-a-week basis to respond to emergencies that may occur on the Slippery Rock University campus. SRU EMERGENCIES AND THREATS OF VIOLENCE CALL 724.738.3333 2 Table of Contents A. Prevention and preparation ............................................................... 4 B. How to report an emergency ............................................................. 5 C. Emergency notification systems ....................................................... 5 D. National Incident Management System .......................................... 6 E. Public information officer.................................................................. 6 F. Emergency operations center ............................................................ 6 G. Emergency response and action plans .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Evacuation Plan
    Emergency Evacuation Plan Introduction: It is important to plan ahead and to protect your employees during an emergency. For fire related emergencies, always use the emergency exit closest to you and have an alternate route in case an exit is blocked. If possible shut-off any equipment you are operating before leaving your work area. If there is a possible gas leak, evacuate the area immediately. Do not use the phone , this includes landlines and mobile phones, do not turn on or off lights, and do not use any electrical device. For weather related emergencies, plan a head so you know the plan to carry out. Discussion Points: • Plan ahead, know the nearest emergency exits from your work area, and designate a meeting place. • Plan, train, communicate and conduct practice drills. • Maintain a clear passage for your escape route, do not block or lock exits. • Identify storm-shelters within the facility in the case of a tornado, earthquake or flash flooding. • Remain calm and follow proper safety procedures. Discussion: During a tornado warning, take shelter in a basement or in a small room within the center of the building away from windows. Flash flooding is a common weather hazard that occurs frequently in a short period of time. If you are driving and approach a water-covered roadway, turn around and do not go around barricades, it is against the law! Also you often hear the message on the radio or television; Turn around! Don’t drown! It only takes six inches of water to wash away your vehicle. In all instances remain calm and follow proper safety procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • (BSL-1) Inspection Checklist Agents
    PI: Lab Contact: Room(s): Inspected by: Research and Occupational Safety Date: Biological Safety Level 1 (BSL-1) Inspection Checklist Agents: References: CDC/NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant or Synthetic Nucleic Acid Molecules UW Biosafety Manual Hazard Communication Notes Exposure Response Poster is in lab; lab staff is aware of proper procedures. yes no NA Facility Access to the lab is limited or restricted at the discretion of the PI when experiments are in progress. yes no NA The lab is designed so that it can be easily cleaned. Lab furniture is sturdy. Spaces between benches, cabinets, yes no NA and equipment are accessible for cleaning. Benchtops are impervious to water; chairs are covered with non-fabric material; no rugs or carpet are present. yes no NA Each lab contains a sink for hand washing. yes no NA Personnel wash their hands after handling biohazardous materials or animals and before exiting the yes no NA laboratory. Hand soap and paper towels are available at the sink. If the lab has windows that open, they are fitted with fly screens. yes no NA Exposure Control Smoking, chewing gum, handling contacts, applying cosmetics is not allowed in lab. No food or drinks yes no NA consumed or stored in the lab. Personnel wear clothing that covers the skin on legs (long pants or skirts) and closed-toe shoes. yes no NA Appropriate PPE (personal protective equipment) is readily available. yes no NA Work surfaces are decontaminated once a day (following work) and after any spill of viable material.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood After Fire Fact Sheet: Risks and Protection
    FACT SHEET Flood After Fire Fact Sheet Risks and Protection Floods are the most common and costly natural hazard in the nation. Whether caused by heavy rain, BE FLOODSMART – REDUCE YOUR RISK thunderstorms, or the tropical storms, the results of A flood does not have to be a catastrophic event to flooding can be devastating. While some floods develop bring high out-of-pocket costs, and you do not have over time, flash floods—particularly common after to live in a high-risk flood area to suffer flood wildfires—can occur within minutes after the onset of a damage. Around twenty percent of flood insurance rainstorm. Even areas that are not traditionally flood- claims occur in moderate-to-low risk areas. Property prone are at risk, due to changes to the landscape owners should remember: caused by fire. The Time to Prepare is Now. Gather supplies in Residents need to protect their homes and assets with case of a storm, strengthen your home against flood insurance now—before a weather event occurs damage, and review your insurance coverages. and it’s too late. No flood insurance? Remember: it typically takes 30 days for a new flood insurance policy to go WILDFIRES INCREASE THE RISK into effect, so get your policy now. You may be at an even greater risk of flooding due to . Only Flood Insurance Covers Flood Damage. recent wildfires that have burned across the region. Most standard homeowner’s policies do not cover Large-scale wildfires dramatically alter the terrain and flood damage. Flood insurance is affordable. An ground conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
    Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Occupational Safety and Health Inspections
    Occupational Safety and Health Standards Covering Hazards Observed During Inspection of Legislative Branch Facilities The following is a brief description of the major safety and health standards referenced in this Report. The standards are published in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (“CFR”) and are summarized below. The CFR should be consulted for a complete explanation of the specific standards listed. Statutory Requirement 29 U.S.C. 641(a)(1) General Duty Clause – The OSH Act requires that every employer provide its employees with a safe and hazard-free workplace. The workplace must be “free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm” to the employees. OSH Standard (29 CFR Section) Brief description/subject EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS, FIRE AND OTHER EMERGENCIES 1910.36 Safe Means of Egress from Fire and Other Emergencies – Every building, new or old, shall have sufficient exits to permit the prompt escape of occupants in case of fire or other emergency. – Emergency exits must be clearly visible and the routes to the exits conspicuously marked. – There must be at least two exits, remote from each other, located in such a way to minimize the possibility that both will be blocked by fire or other emergency. 1910.37 Exit Routes and Signs – Exits and the way of approach to, and travel from, exits shall be maintained so that they are unobstructed and are accessible at all times. – Exit doors serving more than 50 people, or in high-hazard areas, must swing in the direction of exit travel. – Exit doors and fire barriers must be maintained and in serviceable condition at all times.
    [Show full text]
  • EMPLOYEE FIRE and LIFE SAFETY: Developing a Preparedness Plan and Conducting Emergency Evacuation Drills
    EMPLOYEE FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY: Developing a Preparedness Plan and Conducting Emergency Evacuation Drills The following excerpts are taken from the book Introduction to Employee Fire and Life Safety, edited by Guy Colonna, © 2001 National Fire Protection Association. EXCERPTS FROM CHAPTER 3: Quick Tip Developing a Preparedness Plan To protect employees from fire and other emergencies and to prevent Jerry L. Ball property loss, whether large or small, companies use preparedness plans Fire is only one type of emergency that happens at work. Large and (also called pre-fire plans or pre- small workplaces alike experience fires, explosions, medical emergen- incident plans). cies, chemical spills, toxic releases, and a variety of other incidents. To protect employees from fire and other emergencies and to prevent property loss, whether large or small, companies use preparedness plans (also called pre-fire plans or pre-incident plans). The two essential components of a fire preparedness plan are the following: 1. An emergency action plan, which details what to do when a fire occurs 2. A fire prevention plan, which describes what to do to prevent a fire from occurring Of course, these two components of an overall preparedness plan are inseparable and overlap each other. For the purposes of this discus- sion, however, this chapter subdivides these two components into even smaller, more manageable subtopics. OSHA REGULATIONS uick ip Emergency planning and training directly influence the outcome of an Q T emergency situation. Facilities with well-prepared employees and Emergency planning and training directly influence the outcome of an well-developed preparedness plans are likely to incur less structural emergency situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Action Plan Machine Safeguarding
    Industry Guide 40 A Guide to Emergency Action Planning N.C. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Division N.C. Department of Labor 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor N.C. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor OSHA State Plan Designee Kevin Beauregard Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Scott Mabry Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Kevin O’Barr Reviewer Acknowledgments A Guide to Emergency Action Planning was prepared for the N.C. Department of Labor by David L. Potts. Mr. Potts has written extensively about subjects regarding construction safety and coauthored other works for the North Carolina Department of Labor’s industry guide series. Additional information was provided by N.C. Department of Labor employee S.B. White. The information in this guide was reviewed in 2011. This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA standards; therefore, if an area is con- sidered by the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the OSHA standard must be followed. To obtain additional copies of this guide, or if you have questions about North Carolina occupational safety and health stan- dards or rules, please contact: N.C. Department of Labor Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 Phone: 919-707-7876 or 1-800-NC-LABOR (1-800-625-2267) ____________________ Additional sources of information are listed on the inside back cover of this guide. ____________________ The projected cost of the NCDOL OSH program for federal fiscal year 2015–2016 is $18,259,349.
    [Show full text]
  • UKRIO Code of Practice for Research
    UK Research Integrity Office Code of Practice For Research Promoting good practice and preventing misconduct Code of Practice for Research © 2009 and 2021 UK Research Integrity Office Recommended Checklist for Researchers The Checklist lists the key points of good practice for a research project and is applicable to all subject areas. More detailed guidance is available in Section 3. A PDF version is available from our website. Code of Practice for Research © 2009 and 2021 UK Research Integrity Office Contents RECOMMENDED CHECKLIST FOR RESEARCHERS .............................. inside front cover 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 2. PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................................... 4 3. STANDARDS FOR ORGANISATIONS AND RESEARCHERS ......................................... 6 3.1 General guidance on good practice in research ........................................................ 6 3.2 Leadership and supervision ........................................................................................ 7 3.3 Training and mentoring ................................................................................................ 7 3.4 Research design ........................................................................................................... 8 3.5 Collaborative working .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT Name(S) Or Person(S) Testing
    CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT Confined Space Location/Description/ID Number Date: ______________________________________________________________________________________ Purpose of Entry _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Time In: ______________ Permit Canceled Time: _____________________________________ Time Out: ____________ Reason Permit Canceled: ___________________________________ Supervisor: ___________________________________________________________________________ Rescue and Emergency Services- Hazards of Confined Yes No Special Requirements Yes No Space Oxygen deficiency Hot Work Permit Required Combustible gas/vapor Lockout/Tagout Combustible dust Lines broken, capped, or blanked Carbon Monoxide Purge-flush and vent Hydrogen Sulfide Secure Area-Post and Flag Toxic gas/vapor Ventilation Toxic fumes Other- List: Skin- chemical hazards Special Equipment Electrical hazard Breathing apparatus- respirator Mechanical hazard Escape harness required Engulfment hazard Tripod emergency escape unit Entrapment hazard Lifelines Thermal hazard Lighting (explosive proof/low voltage) Slip or fall hazard PPE- goggles, gloves, clothing, etc. Fire Extinguisher Communication Procedures: DO NOT ENTER IF PERMISSABLE ENTRY Test Start and Stop Time: LEVELS ARE EXCEEDED Start Stop Permissable Entry Level % of Oxygen 19.5 % to 23.5 % % of LEL Less than 10% Carbon Monoxide 35 PPM (8 hr.) Hydrogen Sulfide 10 PPM (8 hr.)
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Ecology of Ponderosa Pine and the Rebuilding of Fire-Resilient Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems 1
    Fire Ecology of Ponderosa Pine and the Rebuilding of Fire-Resilient Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems 1 Stephen A. Fitzgerald2 Abstract The ponderosa pine ecosystems of the West have change dramatically since Euro-American settlement 140 years ago due to past land uses and the curtailment of natural fire. Today, ponderosa pine forests contain over abundance of fuel, and stand densities have increased from a range of 49-124 trees ha-1 (20-50 trees acre-1) to a range of 1235-2470 trees ha-1 (500 to 1000 stems acre-1). As a result, long-term tree, stand, and landscape health has been compromised and stand and landscape conditions now promote large, uncharacteristic wildfires. Reversing this trend is paramount. Improving the fire-resiliency of ponderosa pine forests requires understanding the connection between fire behavior and severity and forest structure and fuels. Restoration treatments (thinning, prescribed fire, mowing and other mechanical treatments) that reduce surface, ladder, and crown fuels can reduce fire severity and the potential for high-intensity crown fires. Understanding the historical role of fire in shaping ponderosa pine ecosystems is important for designing restoration treatments. Without intelligent, ecosystem-based restoration treatments in the near term, forest health and wildfire conditions will continue to deteriorate in the long term and the situation is not likely to rectify itself. Introduction Historically, ponderosa pine ecosystems have had an intimate and inseparable relationship with fire. No other disturbance has had such a re-occurring influence on the development and maintenance of ponderosa pine ecosystems. Historically this relationship with fire varied somewhat across the range of ponderosa pine, and it varied temporally in concert with changes in climate.
    [Show full text]