Author Index
Note: Italic page number denotes material appearing in a footnote.
Ahlgren, I. 156, 157 Bourne, G. H. 172,177, 183, 186 Alloway, T. 41 Bowerman, M. 24, 40 Altman, S. A. 98, 110 Boysen, S. 44, 60, 63, 75, 90, 96, Amrunek, VV. S. 67, 74 98, 110, 177, 186 Anscombe, G. E. M. 42 Broadhurst, P. L. 4, 16 Atherton, M. 2, 13 -14 Brown, J. VV. 166, 183 Autry, D. 64, 75 Brown,R. 24,27,40,43,46,52-53, 59, 100, 109, 150 Bakeman, R. 177, 186 Bruner, J. 46, 48, 59 Bates, E. 46,59 Buffon, G. L. L. 8 Bateson, G. 155, 157 Bazar, J. 22, 33, 40, 45, 59 Cable, C. 160, 184 Bellugi, U. 27,32,40,41,150 Campbell, D. T. 171, 175, 183 Benjamin, M. 2, 12-13 Chadwick, L. 184 Bentham, J. 13, 117 -118, 119, 120, Chomsky, N. 7, 19,41,43,59,64, 123 68,74,87,95,101,109,134, Bergman, R. 156, 157 135, 136, 140, 144, 145, 150, 156 Bever, T. G. 4, 17, 20, 23, 24,41, Church, J. B. 81, 83 ~,~,M,~,~,W,~,%, Church, R. M. 20, 42 100, 110, 137, 145 Churchland, P. M. 107,110 Birney, R. 127,128, 136 Churchland, P. S. 107, 110 Blake, R. 171, 175, 183 Corballis, M. C. 166, 183 Blizard, D. A. 166, 183 Cranach, M. von 158 Bloom,L. M. 24,30,40,46,53,55, 59 Darwin, C. 66, 74 Boden, M. 97,103,109 David, R. T. 160,185 Bogen, G. M. 101, 109 Denmark, F. 74 Bogen, J. E. 101,109 Dennet, D. 102, 110, 122-123 188 Author Index
Descartes, R. 13,116-117,118,119, 125,134,136,147,153,154, 123, 140, 145, 183 156,157,177,184 De Vore, I. 110 Garrett, M. F. 24, 41, 100, 110 Dimond, S. J. 166,183 Gaustad, G. R. 34,41 Doty, R. W. 185 Geschwind, N. 166, 184 Drach, M. 143, 145 Gill, T. V. 19,42,43,60, 70, 75 Dreyfus, H. 103, 110 Glaserfeld, E. C. von 19, 42, 43, Dykes, R. W. 166,185 60, 70, 75 Globus, G. G. 166, 184 Eccles, J. C. 159, 176, 185 Goodall, J. van Lawick 177,184 Eco, U. 148, 151, 157 Gopnik, M. 99, 106, 110 Edwards, P. 163, 183 Greenfield, P. 48, 60 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 184 Grice, H. P. 94,95 Elkind, D. 136 Griffin, D. R. 2,7,15-16,94,95, Ellenberger, R. L. 52,60 99, 101, 110, 154, 161-162, 169, Epstein, R. 88, 94, 95 178, 184 Gur, R. C. 67-68,74
Fitzgerald, H. E. 74 Hahn, M. E. 83 Flavell, J. 136 Hallman, J. 128, 136 Fodor, J. A. 24,41, 100, 110 Haldane, E. S. 123 Fouts, D. 71, 73, 74 Halperin, S. 177, 185 Fouts, R. S. 2,3,7,8,9-10,11, Hampshire, S. 119, 123, 134, 136 14, 23, 33, 40, 41, 65, 69, 71, Hannum, M. 65, 74 73,74,81,83,107, 110, Hamad, S. R. 93, 109, 110, 166, 153 -154, 156, 157, 177, 183 184, 185 Frankfurt, H. 121-122, 123 Hatch, J. 87, 95 Frisch, K. von 99, 164, 178, 184 Haugeland, J. 175, 184 Hayes, C. 2-3,6,16,40,41,88, Galaburda, A. M. 166, 184 95 Gallup, G. G. 160,175-176,184 Hayes, K. J. 88, 95, 125, 136 Galusha, J. G. 170, 184 Herrnstein, R. J. 160, 184 Gardner, B. T. 3,16,19-20,21, Hewes, G. 66,75 23,24,29,33,34,34-35,40, Hinde, R. 95 41,43,45,59,60,68,69-70, Hirsch, A. 71, 73, 74 74,88-89,92,93,95,98,106, Hockett, C. F. 98, 110 110,125,134,136,147,153, Hoffmeister, R. J. 32,41,44,52, 154, 156, 157, 177, 184 , 60 Gardner, M. 4,16,91,95,137,141, Holldobler, B. 164, 184 145 Hood, L. 41 Gardner, R. A. 3,16,19-20,21, Humphrey, N. K. 167, 184 23,24,29,33,34-35,40,41, Hungerbuhler, J. P. 67,74 43,45,59,60,68,69-70,74, 88 -89, 92, 93, 95, 98, 106, 110, Jenssen, T. A. 170, 184 Author Index 189
John, E. R. 164, 167, 186 MacKay, D. 88,95 Johnson, M. K. 99, 110, 177, 185 Mackenzie, B. D. 168, 175, 185 Jones, R. K. 67,75 Mac Namara, J. 46, 60 Maestas-y Moores, J. 149, 157 Kafka, F. 19, 40, 41 Maple, T. 47,50,56,60 Kant, I. 12-13,113,114-115,116, Marler, P. 107, 110, 177, 185 117, 118,124 Marx, J. L. 3, 16 Katz, J. J. 100, 101, 110, 131, 136 Mason, W. A. 171, 185 Kellogg, L. A. 40, 41 Maxwell, G. 166, 184 Kellogg, W. N. 2-3,6,16,40,41, Mayr, E. 78, 83 102, 110 McIntire, M. L. 32, 41 Kemper, T. L. 166, 184 McNeill 150 Kenny, A. J. P. 123,145,163-164, McVay, S. 182, 185 166, 184, 185 Medin, D. L. 160, 185 Klima, E. S. 27, 32, 40, 41 Mehrabian, A. 66,75 Klopher, P. 87, 95 Mellgren, R. 156, 157 Kots, N. 40,41 Menzel, E. W. 99,110, 177, 185 Kramer, L. 41 Midgley, M. 105, 110 Krebs, J. 175, 185 Miles, H. L. 2,3,7,9,10,34,35, Kuczaj, S. A. 74 42,43,46,60,85 Kupfermann, I. 163,185 Miller, G. A. 7,19,42,134,136 Kurth, G. 184 Moerk, E. L. 72, 75 Moore, T. E. 41 Moores, D. F. 52, 60 Lahey, M. 24,40,53-54,55,59 Morgan, M. J. 166, 183 Lancaster, J. 109, 110, 166, 184 Morgenbesser, S. 132 Lanza, R. P. 88, 95 Morick, H. 95 Lappi, F. M. 115, 124 Lashley, K. S. 167,168,185 Mounin, G. 43,60 Le May, M. 166, 184 Muir, E. 41 Lenneberg, E. H. 101, 110, 150 Muir, W. 41 Lethmat, J. 47,60 Mullins, J. A. 74 Lieberman, P. 149,157 Lightbrown, P. 41 Nelson, K. 55, 60 Lilly, J. C. 108, 110 Nelson, K. E. 157 Limber, J. 43,60, 150 Neville, H. J. 166, 185 Lindauer, M. 164, 178, 179, 185 Nicholas, J. M. 161, 185 Linden, E. 3, 16, 97, 110 Nissen, C. H. 125,136 Lock, A. J. 75 Nottebohm, F. 166, 185 Locke, J. 119, 124,133 Longuet-Higgins, H. C. 163 -164, Obrist, W. D. 67,74 166, 184, 185 O'Sullivan, C. 64, 6~, 74, 75 Lorenz, K. 127, 136, 154 Loveland, D. H. 160, 184 Packer, I. K. 67,74 Lucas, J. R. 163-164,184,185 Page, P. 74 190 Author Index
Pap, A. 163, 183 Sackeim, H. A. 67, 74 Patterson, F. G. 3, 5, 16, 24, 29, Salzinger, K. 74 33-34,35,42,43,60,85,90, Sanders, R. J. 4, 17,23,24,30,31, 96,97,110 42,43,51,60,61,63,75,90, Payne, R. S. 182, 185 96,137,145 Peirce, C. S. 147 Savage, C. W. 145 Peng, F. C. C. 16, 60, 110 Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. 3, 44, 55, Petitto, L. A. 4, 17, 23, 24, 42, 43, 60, 63, 75, 90, 92, 93 -94, 96, 50, 60, 61, 63, 75, 90, 96, 137, 98, 110, 154, 177, 186 145, 152 Savodnick, I. 166, 184 Pfungst, O. 5 -6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 151, Schaffer, J. A. 163, 186 157 Schlesinger, H. 42 Piaget, J. 46, 60, 129, 136 Schlesinger, I. N. 24,42 Pick, A. 16, 41 Schnieder, K. 65, 74 Pliner, P. 41 Schrier, A. M. 16, 41, 59, 74, 75, Plooij, F. X. 66, 75 136 Popper, K. R. 159, 176, 185 Schroeder, B. 34,42 Pratt, D. 104, 110 Schultz, D. 160, 186 Premack, D. A. 3, 19,40,42,43, Schwartz, R. 2, 13 -14, 142, 145 45, 60, 68, 70, 71, 75, 91, Searle, J. R. 173, 186 92 -93, 94, 96, 100, 106, 125, Sebeok, T. A. 5,6,11,17,44,60, 134, 136, 148, 154, 160, 176, 61, 89, 90-91, 95, 96, 98, 99, 177, 185 110, 111, 137, 145, 147, 150, 151, Price, C. 47, 60 152, 154, 157, 169, 172, 173, Puccetti, R. 166, 185 183, 184, 185, 186 Pylyshyn, Z. M. 99, 110 Seeley, T. 178,186 Segal, S. J. 161, 186 Seidenberg, M. S. 20, 42, 50, 60, Regan, T. 114,115,116,117,124 91,96 Reivich, M. 67, 74 Sergeant, R. 118, 124 Rieber, R. W. 183, 185 Sheehan, P. W. 161,186 Rigby, R. L. 177, 183 Shepard, R. N. 161,186 Riopelle, A. J. 160, 185 Simmel, E. C. 2,10-11,83 Roberts, W. A. 160, 185 Simon, T. W. 2,4,7,9,10,12 Robinson, B. W. 101, 110 Sinclair-de-Zwart, H. 129, 136 Roland, P. E. 160,185 Singer, P. 104, 105, 110, 114, 115, Rorty, A. O. 123 116, 117, 118, 124 Rosenthal, R. 5,6,8,17, 151, 157 Skinner, B. F. 64,88,95, 167, 186 Ross, G. R. T. 123 Slobin, D. I. 42 Rumbaugh, D. M. 3,19-20,40, Smith, J. H. 48, 60 42,43,44,47,60,63,68,70, Smith, W. J. 169, 173, 179, 186 71,75,90,96,98,110,154,177, Stebbins, S. 2, 7, 9, 10, 11 185, 186 Steklis, H. D. 93, 109, 110, 166, Ryle, G. 164, 167, 174, 186 184 Author Index 191
Stokoe, W. C. 2,7,8,14-15,16, Timaeus, E. 151, 158 150, 157, 158 Tuttle, R. 184 Stollnitz, F. 16,41, 59, 74, 75, 136 Stout, J. F. 170, 184 Umiker-Sebeok, J. 5,17,44,60, Straub, R. L. 20,42,91,96 61,89,90-91,96,98,99,110, 111,137,145,150,152,154,157 Taylor, J. G. 172-173,186 Teevan, R. 127, 128, 136 Vine, I. 158 Temerlin, M. K. 40, 42 Tenaza, R. 177, 185 Waddington, C. H. 163 -164, 184, Tenzer, A. 136 185 Terrace, H. S. 2, 3 -4, 6, 7, 9, 10, Weiss, K. R. 163, 185 11,17,20,22,23,24,30,33, Weizenbaum, J. 97,103,111 34,40,42,43,50-52,53,54, Whiteley, C. H. 168, 186 55, 56, 57 -59,60, 61, 63 -64, Wilkerson, B. J. 177,186 68,69, 70, 71, 75, 90-91, 92, Wilson, E. O. 87,96, 172, 186 96, 137, 145, 152, 154, 156, 158 Wittgenstein, L. 38, 42 Thatcher, R. W. 164, 167, 186 Woodruff, G. 94,96 Thomas Aquinas, Saint 12, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 123 Yeager, C. 64,65 Thompson, C. R. 20, 42 Yerkes, R. 47, 61 Thorpe, W. H. 160, 186 Yolton, J. 124 Subject Index
Note: Italic page number denotes material appearing in a footnote.
Ally 4, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 50, 52 Ape language studies 2-16,19,40, American sign language (ASL) 3,4, 68-71,74,108,125,128,134, 6,7,10,11,15,22-23, 33,48, 137,144,151,157,161,177,181; 68,73,85,85,88,93,98-99, see also Chantek; Nim; Washoe 120,138,148,153,156,161,174; Chimpanzee teaches see also Pidgin sign language; chimpanzee 10, 71-73 Sign language Double-blind experiments 90 Animal awareness 16, 118, 159, 161, Experimenter bias 63, 71 162,167,168,172-173,174, Methodology of 12, 102 -104 175, 182 -183; see also Parochialism 86, 95 Awareness; Consciousness; Rearing and training Sentience; Thought methods 2-4, 134 Animal communication 1,10, 15, Apprentissage 150, 151-153, 156; 77,85,86,88,94, 125, 148, see also Animal training 161, 169-173, 177; see also Artificial intelligence 102-104, 105, Communication; Semiotics 108; see also Computer Field studies 12, 89, 108 ASL, see American sign language Animal consciousness 116, 117, 118; Austin 90 see also Animal awareness; Awareness 161,162,163-165, Consciousness; Sentience 171-172, 175, 176; see also Animal intelligence 1, 8, 9, 135; see Animal awareness; also Intelligence Consciousness; Self-awareness; Animal rights 104; see also Moral Sentience status of animals; Obligations to animals Behavior genetics 2, to, 56, 82 -83; Animal thought, see Thought see also Evolution; Genetics Animal training 150 -151; see also Behaviorism 99, 160, 161, 167 -168, Apprentissage; Dressage 169, 173, 175, 176, 180, 181, 183 194 Subject Index
Behaviorism (cont.) Communicative competence; Methodological 167 -168 Honeybee, dances; Language; Radical 168, 175 Semiotics Bipedalism 149 Channels and media 4, 10, 86, Booee 4,33,34, 35, 37, 38, 77 88-91,94,149,151-152,162 Brain 45, 101 And mind 169-173 Lateralization 101, 166 Nonverbal 151, 169 Bruno 77 Verbal 169 Brute facts 173 Communicative competence 9, 43-59 Comparative psychology 3,15,147, Chantek 9, 47 -50, 55 -59, 77 171 Compared with Nim 50 -56 Computer 12,98, 102, 109, 142; see Expansion in signing 54 -55 also Artificial intelligence Imitation in signing 54-55,59 Consciousness 86, 163 -165; see Interruption 56, 59 also Animal consciousness; MLU 53 Awareness; Sentience Multisign combinations 49 -50 Reflective 118, 119, 121 Novelty 54 Simple 118, 119, 120, 121 Project 9, 47 -59 Creativity, linguistic 4,7,14,19, Rearing and training 9, 47 -48, 21, 85, 100-101, 102, 140, 141, 58 143, 144, 156, 170 Signs acquired 49, 50, 51 Cueing 4,6,7,34,44,89-91,99, Spontaneity 49,54-55,59 144; see also Clever Hans Tum-taking 48, 53 phenomenon; Prompting Videotapes 49, 50, 52, 55, 58 Chimpanzee teaches chimpanzee, see Dar 70 Ape language studies Desires 120 Clever Hans phenomenon 5 -8, 10, First order 121 -122 12, 15, 44, 89 -91, 99, 137, Second order 121 -122 150-152,157, 172; see also Developmental approach 46 -47 Cueing Dolphin 89, 108, 125, 182 Cognition, see also Animal thought; Domesticated animal 8 Sequential processing; Simul• Dressage 150, 152, 156; see also taneous processing; Thought Animal training Ape 8,68-71,82 Phylogenetic development 66 Effability thesis 100 Theory of 65 -68 ELIZA (computer program) 97 Cognitive Ethology 15, 159 -162, Ethical issues in ape language 171, 174-183; see also Ethology studies 12, 104-108, 109 Cognitive psychology 102 Ethology 2,127, 152, 168, 170, 171; Communication 2,8-12,15,43, see also Cognitive ethology 85-95,148,157,161; see also Evolution 2, 10, 11,43,45, 56, 65, Animal communication; 74,77-83,87,147,162,165, Subject Index 195
183; see also Behavior genetics; Lana 20, 21, 70 Genetics; Natural selection; Language, see also Communication; Phenotype Creativity, linguistic; Language acquisition; Language organ or Freedom of the will 121 -123 faculty; Nativism, linguistic; Sign language; Species• Genetics 81; see also Evolution; specificity of language Phenotype As cognitive process 73 Genetic differences 80 Definition 3,7,8,9,43,44-45, Genetic effects 80 64, 70, 73, 98, 101, 102, 103, Grammar 130, 132; see also Syntax 109,144,154-156,157 Finite state 22, 36 And communication 77, 149 Rules of 4, 8, 21, 39 And mind 2, 16, 107, 119, 137, 140-143, 144, 161-162, Honeybee, dances 94,99, 125, 142, 169-173 161, 164, 172, 173, 174, And morality 2, 12, 105, 119-120 178 -182; see also Animal And physiological structure 101, communication 109 Human uniqueness 45,47,114; see Recursion in 142 also Soul; Species-specificity of Stimulus-free 141-143, 144 language; Thought Language acquisition 12, 13, 22, 46, 48,52-53,59,64, 73, 81, 82, Imprinting 127, 128 106, 108, 109, 126-136, 138, Inductive logic 130, 131 143; see also Innateness hy• Innateness hypothesis 14, 85, 125, pothesis; Nativism, linguistic 130, 133, 138, 139, 143; see also Cognitivist model 130-131 Nativism, linguistic Inductive model 132 -133 Instinct 128 Language organ or faculty 68, 134, Institutional facts 173 154, 156 Intelligence 7,8,135,140, 143; see Lexigram 3, 44 also Animal intelligence; Arti• Limbic system 101 -103 ficial intelligence Linguistic universal 130 Intention 85, 94, 159, 161, 170, 176, Limitation hypothesis 129, 130; see 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183 also Nativism, linguistic; Uni• Reflexive 94 versal grammar Introspection 162, 167, 173, 175 Lloyd-Morgan's Canon 4, 7, 8, 99 Logical type 155, 156-157 Koko 5,24,33,34,35,38,40,52, Longest utterance measure 52 85,97 Loulis 71 -73 Film 34 MLU 35 Machines, animals as 13, 86, 116, Teachers 33 183 Knowing how 174 MARGIE (computer program) 102 Knowing that 174 Materialism 165 196 Subject Index
Mean length of utterance Multisign combinations 23, 26, (MLU) 24, 27, 35, 52, 53 28,50 Meaning, see Semantics Project 3,9,10,22-26,32-39,40, Mechanical explanation 140, 141, 57,69 142, 143, 179 Rearing and training 22 - 23, 57, Mental experience in animals 1, 15, 63-64,69-70 162; see also Animal awareness; Semantic relationships 24, 25, 30 Thought Sign frequency 29 Mental images 160, 161, 175, 176, Spontaneity 30-31,39,51 178, 181 Teachers 33,56 Mentalism 167, 173 Turn-taking 31, 51, 64 Mentality, human 126, 137, 138 Videotapes 4, 22, 30-31, 39, 70 Mind 14, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, Vocabulary size 26 167; see also Language and mind; Mental experiences in animals; Mentality, human Obligation, see also Obligations to MLU, see Mean length of utterance animals Moja 70,153 Direct 113, 114, 117 -118, 119 Molding 23,48; see also Animal Indirect 113 -116, 118, 119 training Nonutilitarlan direct 113, 118 -120 Moral status of animals 2, 12, 105, No-obligation theory of 13, 113, 183; see also Animal rights; 116-117,118,119 Obligations to animals Obligations to animals 12 -13, 113 -123; see also Animal rights; Moral status of animals Occam's razor 4 Nativism, linguistic 2, 13 -14, Oklahoma Institute for Primate 125-136, 154; see also In• Studies 5, 22, 26, 33 nateness hypothesis; Language ac• Orangutan 9, 56; see also Chantek quisition Natural selection 11, 78 -80; see also Evolution Paralinguistic expression, see Clever Neurophysiology 67, 166 -167 Hans phenomenon; Cueing; Nim Chimpsky (Nim) 2, 4, 9, 10, Communication 22-39,40,50-59, 63, 64, 69, Person 13, 119, 120-123 70, 91, 152, 156 Pidgin Sign Language 15,22,23, Compared with Chantek 50 -56 33,48, 156 Compared with child 26,28,30, Pigeon 20, 21, 88, 90, 94, 156, 160 32 Phenotype 11, 79, 80-81, 82-83; Creativity in signing 23, 30 see also Evolution; Genetics Expansion in signing 31 Probability theory 99 Imitation 23,30-31,38,40,51, Prompting 91; see also Cueing 55,64 Project Chantek, see Chantek Interruption 31, 51, 64 Project Nim, see Nim Chimpsky MLU 26,27,31,53 Project Washoe, see Washoe Subject Index 197
Reference 45,55,58 Simple consciousness, see Reflective consciousness, see Consciousness, simple Consciousness, reflective Simultaneous processing 10, Reflex 127, 128 65 -68, 73; see also Cognition Reportability 174 Social institutions 173 -174 Reproductive success 78, 79, 83; Sociobiology 182 see also Evolution; Natural Soul 13, 43, 116, 117 selection Species-specificity of language 2, Responsiveness 171 13,15,85,117,126,136, Rich interpretation 24 137-138,139,143,160,161,169 Rule-guided behavior 19, 174 Suffering in animals 104 -105, 107, 117; see also Animal awareness; Consciousness; Sentience Symbol 47, 86, 135, 140, 142, 144, Sarah 20,21,70,90-93,100,125, 164, 179 148 Syntax 7, 14, 15,39,45,74, Self-awareness 12 -13, 86, 93 -95, 100-101,125,138,141-143; see 114-116,118,119,122,160, also Creativity, linguistic; 175 -176, 183; see also Animal Grammar awareness; Awareness; Consciousness; Sentience Self-consciousness, see Self• Task specificity 135, 138, 139 awareness Tatu 70 Semantics 4, 15, 86, 91-93, 94, Testable hypotheses 175 -182 98-100,142 Thought 1, 16, 161, 163, 169, 172; Semiotics 2, 15, 147; see also see also Awareness; Cognition Communication; Sign; Animal 2, 15, 159, 160, 161, 165, Signification 172-173, 182 Anthroposemiotics 152 Top-down strategy 102 Zoosemiotics 147, 148, 152 Transformational Sentence 20, 91; see also Syntax grammar 102 -103, 109 Sentience 117,118,119,120,121; see also Animal awareness; Understanding 85, 92, 94, 145 A wareness; Consciousness; Self• Uniqueness, human 1, 166; see also awareness Soul; Species-specificity of Sequential processing 10, 65 -68; language; Thought see also Cognition Universal grammar 127,129,134, Sherman 90 139 SHRDLU (computer program) 102 Utilitarianism 117 -118 Sign 147, 148, 152 Signification 148, 157 Sign language 2, 10, 32, 44, 155; Viki 125 see also Ape language studies; Vocal apparatus of apes 2-3,88, Pidgin sign language 101 198 Subject Index
Washoe 3,4,20,21,24,32-35,38, Teachers 33 40,45,52,68-69,71,72,77,89, Wernicke's region 101 90,93,98,99,100,125,147,148, World knowledge 103 153-154,156,177 Films 33 - 35 Rearing and training 68 -69, 70, 88, 147 Zooserniotics, see Semiotics