Index
References followed by " f" are to figures . religion , 225 , 227 , 242 , 251 , 253 . See also church es, above Adams , John Quincy , 34 and " revelation ," 39 , 231 , 251 Advance , California , tent community , 344f . See also saying quoted , 224 Kaweah Colony site plans , 231 , 232 -233f , 236f , 237 , 238 , 240f , Agriculture . See also Land and natural resources ; 241f . 353 Landscape design and standardiza tion , 49 barn design , 92 , 94f , 95f vantage points , 43 , 44f communitarian , 15 , 16 , 18 , 25 villages , 225 , 236f , 237 -238 , 239f , 240f , 241f , 257f , Amana , 231 , 234f , 235f 365 con temporary , 323 warehouses and stores , 251 , 252 , 255f Fourierist (North American Phalanx ) , 16 , 25 , 154 , and women , 227 , 229 , 231 , 242 -243 , 361 . See also 159 , 161 , 183n .24 , 197 235f , 247f Llano del Rio , 293 , 299 woolen industry , 6 , 225 , 227 , 231 , 256f , 258n . 17 Mormon , 16 , 18 , 118 - 119 American Socialist , The ( Oneida newspaper ) , 24 , 35 Oneidan , 16 , 18 , 25 , 190 . 191 , 197 , 198 American Woman 's Home , The (Stowe ) , 25 . See also Shaker , 16 , 18 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 92 , 161 , 323 28f Union Colony , 16 , 40 , 266 , 270 , 272 , 273 , 278 , Andrews , Stephen Pearl , " Unitary Home " of , 16, 365 285 Angell , Truman , Sr., 142 irrigation and , 40 , 266 , 270 , 272 , 273 , 278 , 293 . See Arcadia , California , 3 also 264 -265f , 271f , 294f Archigram group , 339 , 340 and pastoralism , 14 , 15-16 , 66 , 75 , 111 , 332 Architecture . See also Design and construction ; Environment Albany . New York . 65 . 157 . 164 . 174 ; Housing ; Landscape design Allen , J. Madison , hexagonal block and grid by , 37f " architecture writes history ," 151 , 161 Almond ale , California , 292f , 293 barn , 92 , 94f , 95f Altruist , The (Saint Louis periodical ) , 181 Biblical descriptions , 34 , 68 , lID - Ill , 125 , 131 Altrurian Romances (Howelis ) , 261 vs. " building ," 5 Amana , Iowa , Inspirationists , 5 , 15 , 66 , 277 , 284 , and building traditions , 35 323 , 325 , 326 , 354 communitarian , 28 , 34 - 41 , 48 - 49 , 58 agriculture , 231 , 234f , 235f Amana , 28 , 35 , 39 , 225 , 227 , 251 -254 , 352 architecture , 28 , 35 , 39 , 225 , 227 , 251 -254 , 353 contemporary , 329 - 330 , 334 -341 block system , 237 -238 , 239f , 240f , 241f , 270 Fourierist (North American Phalanx ) , 28 , 34 -35 , building materials , 230 , 242 , 243 , 252 , 253 -254 40 , 41 , 50 -51f , 172 - 174 , 181 , 196 , 225 , 253 cemeteries , 18 , 231 , 235f Llano del Rio , 40 , 300 -302 , 308 - 309 . 310 church es , 242 , 245f , 246f , 251 , 252 Mormon , 105 , 110 , 111 , 119 - 140 , 142 , 143 , 273 , circulation paths . See " foot streets ," below 349 colonists ( 1902 ) , 224f Oneidan , 28 , 35 , 40 - 41 , 188 , 190 , 206 -207 communal dwellings , 45 , 239f , 243 -244 , 248f , 249f , Shaker , 28 , 35 , 39 , 49 , 76 , 81 -92 , 225 , 252 , 253 , 250f , 251 , 253 , 301 , 334 , 353 , 355 349 , 353 conservatism , 225 , 353 Theosophist , 43 , 44f , 48 , 336f domestic regimen , 225 , 237 Union Colony , 40 , 277 -278 , 284 , 285 economic system , 227 , 229 , 230 , 253 , 254 , 359 consensus and , 40 -42 , 207 , 212 , 351 , 355 " foot streets ," 46 , 234f , 238 , 239f , 241f , 253 , 334 , and " divine will ." See Symbolism and imagery 353 and " eco tecture " or " arcology ," 323 , 346n .7 gardens , 25 , 231 , 234f , 235f , 350 feminism and , 289 , 300 industry . See woolen industry , below geometric plans , 34 , 36f , 37f , 338 inventions , 28 , 231 domes and " zornes ," 335 , 339 kitchen houses , 46 , 231 , 234f , 235f , 238 , 241f , octagonal , 35 , 38f 242 -243 , 247f , 251 , 253 , 301 , 355 round , 80f , 335 land purchase and use, 227 , 230 -231 , 234f , 350 and " living building ." See Shaker sect (United Society and marriage , 229 , 258n .4 , 359 of Believers ) migrations , 226f , 227 ornamentation in . See Ornamentation and decoration organization and government , 227 , 228f , 229 , 243 - 244 . 251 . 361 of prisons and mental asylums , 20 , 22f , 42 perimeter streets and boundaries, 236f, 237,238, " or revolution ? ," 4 , 349 240f , 331 , 352 and role of architect , 355 - 356 propertyownership , 230, 231, 251 sa tirlcal , 339 -340 "GreatChange " in, 229, 253 and " Social Architects ," 9 , 20 , 33 , 66 , 321
Index 385 uI ~ ~uI W w ~ ~ ~ ~ V 0 . . . - 1 ' 1 ; . ) : . Eo ~ . . I . . wWW ~ . ' ( ~ ; ~ ~ ( ' . oE ~ - ~ , . ( ,. .' J ) '; ) J ,. ,- . : , . ; . ~' , ~ . ~ ~. - Nw~ . - )V ~ : <. I( ~ - '( - ~n - ~ ~ ~ . . ' . . : : . ; ) . ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ Vol. W . W ~ WUI N WN ~ ~ : - ~ '( : ; 1( .; " 1( to , . ' " , ) - ) "; ) ~ ~ W "~ N"~ 0 ~ 8 - . oa~ ~ ~ "' '" : " . ~ ~ 0 ~ ' a ( ~ - ~ ~ ~ . ~ ( tOt < ;I . ;I ~ ' ~ ~ Jf 0 " ' ~ 0 - .; "0 " ~ ~ I( z a go 0 ," 0 1( - 0 '( a ~ ~ )V~ I( ~ \ " \ ' "; " " ; . , ; ) ; Ot ' ~ oJ- . " ; '( ~ ~ O' " ~ " . ~ 1( . " ) - " . ) O ~ ~ 0 ~ . ~ ~ . ~ '" ~ ~ ~ '" ' : ~ a~ ., . ' , ~ " " : J . ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~5 a ~ - ~ 1( to ' '- ) ~ . CX0oJ- 0 < ~ OX. n - 0 1( ~ I( to ) - \ . , . ) ; ~ ? ~ ? to NW UI~ ~ . - ~ I( ~ ~ 0 a a 0 n )V ~ ~ a C ;: )V ~ I(~ oar" - I( CX ) ' . ; ~ : ; ; : ~ ( 0 0 W: O - ~ :t ~ "< ~ ): - .; aa ' . - \ . ) q: " .; ~ . ~ ~ ~ < \ CX ~ CXN ~ < ~ " - ; - 1( tOt C ) ) : ' -; ) ~ ~ ~ " N . ~ ~ . CX~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ' " l( ~ nnI( I( . ) . - ; ; ; O \ WW C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ 0 W . 0W ~ N oJ- 0 N ~ CXNNUI N ; tT1I( ~ ~ ., ; '( . l( ~ I( 1( tOt ~ . ) ; , , ) . ; ; ; ? ( ~ ~ ~ JQ~ :; ~ 5 ~~ _ " I( < ~ 1( '; . ; ; O g - ~ . 0n I( o , . ; . ~C ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 0- ~ ~ I( aN~~ " 0 ~ f' 1( .t ~ 0 ~ "t '" 0I( )V = . . ; , , : ; ' . '" ": ; ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ 0~ uI ~ 0 " ~n - : . = ~ tOt " 0 - O ' ., a . . ~ 1( ~ . 0 W UIN . ~ " : . I( J . , . ) . \ ' , ;. . ; . ~ ~ UI UlV" ~ ~ ~ I( Z ~ ~ " ~ " ; ' " Ot F ~ - - ~ = g ~ ~ " ~ 1(~ ~ ~ I .; " ~ oJ oJ ) . "' ) ; "; " Ot ~ ~ ~ ~ WOO. . . : , . a ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ aatOw" I( ;: ~ . ~ ~0' . 1( o '" ~ . . . : . " ; !'- - . ) " Ot
. Bestor Boericke Birchwood Bienvenu Bible Bookchin Bolinas Bishop Boundaries Boston Braceville Brisbane Brentwood Bruderhof Brisbane Cambridge Cabet Byers Building Buffalo Buckingham Browning Brown Brooklyn Brook Canyon Canterbury Canaan Cameron Cambridge Cambridge Cemeteries Carlyle Capitalism \ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . tf ~ " ~ Channing " .; a go ~ a 1( V ~ I( . Cellular ; quotations and architecture C ; ; O A fences ; ) Amana contemporary . ) founds as . Cooperative ~ W~ , ~ , . . . . ~a ' ~ ~ ; not ~ communes : 0' .- . ~ g . . ,. " ' .: , . . ' ; Concise , . , . . ' Fouricrist , 44f ~ ~ ~ 240f 197 111 wood 265f , 42 Design VI UI g ~ . ' : - o ~ tO " ~ s . , . -- : " " the , , : William . , Farm , ' : , Bible Hill Etienne Arthur , , , , Capability , Massachusetts California , Thomas , , and New New , and , California Hill , . , , North ( , , , , , Albert Art 155 Cosmogony , ; and Richard . 60 General See , 206 Murray 125 . New Ohio William , , Jonathan , , O= community ~ 8 , Visitors . community , Institute , 270 331 See Massachusetts Illinois Vermont approach New See , . , Exposition New , - New , from Communism ( . ~ ] and , ( - building 61n . ~ 42 ~ B . - ~ . = , ~ - V 0 g = ~ ~ West 20 n c " ~ ~ n5 ~ JQ ( ( James . . York York based I ) l 1 < 332 Handmade also : " . . 148f , , , perimeter . ; ) . . Housekeeping , E , , , : ' 157 , . 266 212 155 ~ , , 131 ~ York , American . Economic 0 W nNg n " Vj 8 - ~ " . V = , UlW 5 ~ ~ ( s 34 , , . : . Landscape l " ) , " . . 272 352 \ ; : 261 . 331 43 Backwoods . construction York ' ' ' 33 174 York 9 , , 27 , Hampshire , , ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ , , CX Vol. 0 W " o 0 W CXCX ( ~ - n 0 tf - ' ~ ~ , Robert . , Symbolism Henry , Roxbury , 5 2 , ' . " 334 commune 148 , " ' , ) ) : ) " ) : 198 ) , , 340 173 , , , , ' 244 162f on 331 355 227 Silk , , , , 219 ~ ~ ~ 183n , , 60n \ o w ~ W VI ~ . es ~ . . ( ~ - ' New >( ~ 24 , 156 " . 1 325 . . 1 278 69 - 15 < , C . . ) " ) , materials 188 188 . Jn , . 321 ) , , , 262 , descriptions ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C ( See , - : W \ \ - 32 . 0 0 0W " ~ ~ . . N V - V( o nwn- < of , 334 , , : , , . . , . 1 338 of oJ ) and . ' . : . CNC ) . 183n \ ) streets ' . . " . . . ' , 187 250f ; , , , , " , 338 362 34 Houses , 14 24 196 . ~ ~ ~ Phalanx 164 , City . W UI UI WO . w CX~ N O A 3 155 systems . the 341 . Koreshans , . of 43 See ) design . , Modern , , . , 323 , ~ ~ ~ vantage , 2 ~ - ~ V ~ , 0 0 W \ CXN o ~ - 0 o ~ - t 9 " ; ~ ~ ( . ~ Society , ( Massachusetts 191 " 1. . 104 77 1 . . " . " . ; . ) Utopias 66 C ) . . , 284 . Perfectionists 2 ) ' , , 363 , . ' Doctrine 330 See and . ~ ~ ~ ) 286n Project 166f 47 > V also . ~ 0 WUI N ( nN~ ~ ~ 0 ( ~ - - 5 " = See . I , ' ) , . " See ; ) , ,. ' " , 236f 81 ? rJ8 ~ 98 0 " . , uI . 0 . o = 339 ~ , . . , . . " . also . . imagery ) . 321 also 331 156 . , Times in , Architecture ~ ' ' 152f 5 - " . 0 V = ' ~ - . > . - - . points 8 . . of ' ) " , 172 120 - . . ) ' O . " . 354 , , , , , , 365 of - uIuI " Space 237 34 , 57 " 354 of ' 157 166f 28 , , ~ ~ , ~ . 0 V ~ 0- ~ ~ ~ , . - ( 0 E ~~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 to . Vj ~0- . ~ n 0 V V > , , . . . , . . I ; 262 ) ) 166f ) . 330 . . . - . . . Association . , . ; ' . . 362 ( ) , 68 ' ' ' , ' , , 59f , Brent , , V~ ~ ~ = 0 - a . ~ 42 ) r . 238 187 : , 159 ; 100 6 . . , Territory ~ ~ . ' , ~ ? , g -~ - 0 V V > , ( ( ~ . 0 UI . 0 N . ~ 0 a ~ . . - ~ ~ = 0 a n - 11 . . < . . ) ) 110 264 ) ) . . . . . : 43 . . ~ . : . , , 35 ; , , : ~ ~ ? - , ; 0UI . W 0 N CX ~ ~ "' ~ " :; - \ " " : , . 164 ) ' , , - Index 387 Dadaism . See Arts , the Shaker , 69 , 81 , 92 . See also Space Dana , C . W ., 15 . See also 166f and replicable plans . See Duplication of model Dance the Eagle to Sleep (Piercy ) , 322 tentative ( collective ) vs . finished ( individual ) , 351 Da ubigny , Charles , 151 uniqueness of , 5, 35 , 39 , 47-49, 50 , 58 , 174 , 191 , " View of a Phalanx ," 153f 326 , 328 , 338 -339 , 340 , 353 -354 . See also Style , Davis , Alexander , 191 , 223n .55 vernacular Decoration . See Ornamentation and decoration Dickens , Charles , 69 , 71 , 130 ,. 174 Deery and Keerl (architects ) , " unitary dwelling " of , Diederich , Chuck , 329 , 330 29f " Divine will " in community planning . See Symbolism Deming , John , 77 and imagery Deming , Elder William , 81 Dome Cookbook ( Baer ) , 339 Denver Pacific Railroad , 284 . See also 264 -265f Downing , Andrew Jackson , 35 , 191 , 198 , 207 , 231 Depressions , economic . See Economic systems ) Architecture o/ Country Houses , The , 223n .55 Deseret " kingdom ," 141 -142 . See also Mormons " Southern Villa " design by , 212 , 213f " Desert i Na turali e Artificial i" (film script ) , 339 , 345f Drop City (Trinidad , Colorado ) , 331 , 335 , 338 Design and construction . See also Architecture ; Grid photograph of , 337f layout system ; Landscape design ; Ornamentation Duchamp , Marcel , 341 and decoration Duplication of model , 9, 25 , 302 , 308 . See also Stand - authoritarian vs. participatory process es in , 5, 39-42, ardization 58 , 142 , 149 , 161 , 164 , 172 - 174 , 197 , 198 , 229 - Amana Inspira tionist , 251 -254 230 , 253 , 299 , 300 , 302 , 329 - 331 , 350 , 351 -352 contemporary communes , 321 , 329 , 339 boundaries in . See Boundaries , approach es, and vantage Fourierist ( North American Phalanx ) , 35 , 174 , 180 - points 182 building materials , 48 Harmonist , 35 , 111 Amana , 230 , 242 , 243 , 252 , 253 -254 Mormon , 20 , 35 , 110 , 111 , 143 , 270 contemporary , 323 , 326 , 328 , 335 , 338 - 339 , 340 Oneidan , 35 , 190 , 197 Harmonist , 112f Shaker , 20 , 35 , 47 , 65 -66 , 92 , 100 , 101 Llano del Rio , 310 Union Colony , 47 , 270 , 284 Mormon , 118 , 119 - 120 , 130 , 142 vs. uniqueness , 47 -49 , 335 -341 , 350 North American Phalanx , 164 , 196 , 202 , 207 Shaker , 81 , 252 Eagleswood , New Jersey . See Raritan Bay Union Union Colony , 272 , 273 , 277 . See also 276f (Eagleswood , New Jersey ) circulation paths . See Space Eastern State Penitentiary , Philadelphia , 22f . See also collective vs . individual , 351 -352 Prisons of communal buildings , 35 , 43 -45 , 58 . See also Ebenezer (Upper , Middle , and Lower ) , New York , Housing , communal 226f , 227 , 229 , 230 , 236f , 237 , 238 , 243 , 365 community , 9 - 14 , 40 - 42 , 207 , 212 , 351 , 353 , 355 and Canada Ebenezer , 227 Amana block system , 237 -238 , 239f , 240f , 241 f , Economic systems ) , 5-6, 43 . See also Property ownership 270 contemporary , 326 , 328 , 330 - 331 capitalism , 33 , 39 , 107 , 272 -273 , 316n .6, 325 Fourierist , 270 chart of , 358 - 359 Mormon grid system . See Mormons and city design , 349 Oneidan , 199 , 206 -207 , 218 -219 , 270 , 332 , 334 , cooperatives , 28 , 272 -273 , 284 -285 340 , 353 . See also 215f and economic depressions , 14 , 113 , 157 , 180 , 309 , Shaker , 75 -76 , 77 , 78f , 80f , 81 , 92 , 100 - 101 , 155 , 310 270 Fourieristj Associationj Phalanx , 156 , 157 , 174 , 181 , Union Colony , 47 , 270 , 277 -278 183 - 184n . 27 , 358 by consensus , 40 -42, 207 , 212 , 330 , 331 , 351 , 355 Inspirationistj Amana , 227 , 229 , 230 , 253 , 254 , 359 distinctiveness of . See uniqueness of , below Llano del Rio , 290 , 299 , 311 , 316n .6 , 359 furniture . See Furniture design Mormon , 107 , 110 , 118 , 130 , 145n .5 , 358 inflatable and collapsible , 339 Oneidan , 197 - 198 , 218 -219 , 221n . l0 , 359 in terior and Panic of 1837 , 14 , 113 , 157 Amana , 237 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 251 of " Real City ," 325 contemporary , 326 , 332 , 334 , 339 Shaker , 66 , 75 , 77 , 81 , 92 , 273 , 358 Llano del Rio , 299 , 302 , 353 Union Colony , 261 , 272 -273 , 359 Mormon , 130 , 131 Economy , Pennsylvania , 39 , 106 , 145n .9, 244 , 249f , North American Phalanx , 164 , 172 , 173 354 , 362 . See also Harmonists , Harmony Society Oneidan , 196 , 198 , 199 , 206 -207 , 212 , 218 , 353 (Pennsylvania and Indiana ) Index 388 Economy , Pennsylvania (continued ) and Shaker " family system ," 43 , 45 , 67 , 68 , 77, 78f , brick houses (ca. 1825 ) at , 112f 230 communal dwellings (after 1824 ) in , 249f and single-family home , 28f , 34 gardens , 19f , 25 Catharine Beecher and , 25 " Ecotecture ," 323 vs. communal , 334 , 353 . See also Territory " Eden ," imagery of . See Symbolism and imagery Inspirationist , 243 -244 Eden , Virginia , 3 Llano del Rio , 45 , 289 , 301 -302 , 309 - 310 " Edge City ," 323 , 325 Mormon , 45 , 118 , 119 - 120 , 142 , 225 , 244 , 261 , Electric Kool Aid Acid Test (Wolfe ), 326 273 Elkins , Elder Hervey , 98 North American Phalanx , 24 - 25 , 173 , 174 , 334 Elkins , Meyer , family , 299 suburban American ( contemporary ) , 326 Ellis , Char les , 197 Union Colony , 244 , 262 , 273 -274 , 334 Elysian Valley , California , 3 size , 145n . 13 , 230 " Emblem of the Heavenly Sphere , An " (Shaker drawing suites , 29f , 173 , 176f , 177f , 243 , 334 , 353 ) , 73f Family , The ( contemporary commune ), 328 , 332 Emerson , Ralph Waldo , 9, 103n .49 , 321 Family , The (of Rigdon , Kirtland , Ohio ) , 106 , 107 , Enfield , Connecticut , 81 , 86f , 362 363 Enfield , New Hampshire , 355 , 362 Farm , Field and Fireside magazine , 293 Engels , Friedrich , 3, 65 , 149 Farm , The ( contemporary commune ) , 329 Environment . See also Architecture ; Housing ; Housing Farming . See Argriculture , communal ; Land and natural resources ; Territory Farr , Winslow , and Winslow Farr House , 120 , 123f Far West , Missouri , Ill , 113 , 141 capitalism and , 33 " Fat City ," 323 , 325 and environmental psychology , 42 , 92 , 100- 101 , Feminism . See Women 154 , 161 , 218 , 339 Feminist Studio Workshop , 328 " invisible , " 4 Fences . See Boundaries , approach es, and vantage physical , 76 , 142 , 143 , 251 . See also Landscape points design Filarete , 339 Fourierists (North American Phalanx ) and , 42 , Sforzinda of , 36f 150 , 154 , 159 , 161 Fisher , lames T ., 157 , 164 , 174 Oneidans and , 42 , 101 , 188 , 190 , 191 , 196 , 218 , Fishkill , New York , octagonal house , 35, 38f 251 Flansburgh , David and Ogden , 164 pollution of , 142 Fogarty , Robert , 365 and recycling , 43 , 76 , 323 , 338 -339 Fort Collins , Colorado , 284 replicable . See Duplication of model Fort Hill (Roxbury , Massachusetts ) , 329 and " sociofugal ," " sociopetal " space. See Space Foster , Robert , 124 technology and , 14 Fountain Colony (later Colorado Springs ) . See Colo - unique , and collective identity , 47 -49 , 56 . See also rado Design and construction Fountain grove . California . " Social Palace ," 35 , 48 , Ephrata Pietists , 34 , 362 50 - 51f , 52 -53f , 182 , 351 Esalen (" growth center ," California ), 329 Fourier , Charles , 3, 4 , 9 , 20 , 111 , 181 , 325 , 340 , 352 . Estero . Florida . 47 . 59f See also Fourierists Europeans , 14 , 35 background and beliefs of , 149- 150 , 154-155 , Evans , Elder Frederick , 76 , 188 221n .21 , 273 , 301 Evanston , Illinois , 262 Brisbane and , 155 . See also Brisbane , Albert Evening and J.;[orning Star (Mormon newspaper ) , 113 and circulation paths (" galleries of association " ) , 46 , 150 - 151 , 172 , 190 , 196 , 197 , 238 , 334 , 353 Familistere , Guise , France , 26f , 181 and landscape design , 154 -155 , 159 , 161 , 191 , 238 , Family . See also Children and child care facilities ; 353 Marriage pha1anstery designed by , 21f , 34 , 35 , 150- 151 , 191 " ambition " of . 260 . 273 . See also 276f and " Phalanx ," 148 , 154 , 159 Church . See Shaker sect shown in Daubigny 's " View of a Phalanx ," 153f under Fourierism , 24 -25 , 159 , 164 , 173 , 174 , 334 and unitary dwellings , 244 , 353 isolation of , 24 -25 , 107 , 206 , 212 , 273 , 353 . See writings of , 149 , 339 also 208f ; and single- family home , below Fourierists , 5 , 14 , 15 , 145n . 1, 219 , 258n . 3, 261 , 284 , Mormon view of , 107 , 110 321 . 326 . See also Fourier . Charles ; North Amer - nuclear ( dissolution vs . retention of ) , 43 , 45 , 262 , ican Phalanx 274 , 284 , 328 architecture and design , 28 , 34-35 , 40 , 41 , 50-51f , Index 389 Fourierists (continued ) design for workers ' housing by , 305f 52 -53f , 172 - 174 , 175f , 176f , 225 , 270 Gilman , Charlotte Perkins , 301 , 308 Brisbane and , 33 , 155 , 183n . 3. See also Brisbane , Godin , Jean - Baptiste , 181 Albert God 's Own Junkyard ( Blake ) , 3 and communal dwellings . See I Iousing , communal Goodman , Paul , 321 , 340 economics , 156 , 157 , 174 , 181 , 183 - 184n .27 , 358 Goodrich , Daniel , 77 , 92 and environmental psychology , 42 , 154 , 161 Government . See Organization and government and the family , 24 -25 , 159 , 164 , 173 , 174 , 334 Great Basin . See Utah and " Harmony " (" Compound Association " ), 20 , Greeley , Horace , 43 , 75 , 155 , 164 , 284 , 286n . 6 , 293 . 150 - 155 , 156 , 161 , 182 , 187 , 261 , 273 , 285 See also 166f industry and inventions , 28 , 151 , 155 , 161 , 180 , Greeley , Colorado , 261 , 266 , 293 , 323 , 326 , 352 . See 184n .27 . 221n .20 . See al .\'o 1 () if also Union Colony , Greeley , Colorado influence of , on Oneidans , 35 , 181 , 190 , 191 , 196 , 1870 , 1882 , 1886 views of , 275f , 276f , 281f , 282f , 197 , 218 . See also 195f 283f organization , constitution and government of , 150 - 1972 view of , 285f 155 , 157 , 158f , 159 , 161 , 164 , 172 , 290 , 360 Greeley Tribune , 273 and " passional attraction ," 45 , 149 -150 , 151 , 154 , Greenlaugh , James , 118 156 , 174 , 181 . 190 . 218 . 225 . 230 . 353 Greenough , Horatio , 155 - 156 , 188 and phalanx as unit of organization , 150- 155 Grid layout system , 20 , 36f , 37f , 77 , 92 and religion . 149 . 159 . 262 and block system . See Amana , Iowa , Inspirationists " Social Palace" or Symposium , 35 , 48 , 50-51f , 52- Mormon . See Mormons ( Latter - day Saints ) 53f , 182 Union Colonist , 47 , 270 Trumbull Phalanx , 46 , 261 -262 , 285 Grimke , Sarah , 174 U .S. communities , 18 , 35 , 149 , 155 , 157 , 173 , 174 , Gronlund , Laurence , 284 178f , 179f , 180 - 181 , 182f , 183n . 3 , 358 , 363 - Gruber , Eberhard Ludwig , 225 , 229 364 and women , 159 , 174 , 274 , 328 , 360 Hackett , Bruce , 339 Fowler , Orson Squire , 223n .55 , 335 , 339 Hale , Emma , 145n . 9 octagonal house of , 35 , 38f , 207 Ha milton , Erastus H . , 181 , 207 , 355 Francaviglia , Richard V ., architectural drawing by , photograph of , 205f 143f watercolor by , 203f France , 14 , 35 , 181 . See also 26f Hancock , Massachusetts , Shaker settlement , 5 , 70f , and French Revolution , 149 , 183n .7 71 , 75 , 76 - 88 , 90 - 100 , 155 , 252 , 284 , 340 , 354 , Franklin , Benjamin , 20 362 . See also Shaker sect Free masonry . See Masonic Hall (Nauvoo , Illinois ) ; chart of , 358 Symbolism and imagery 1840 site plan of , 78f Freud , Sigmund , 149 Handmade Houses ( Boericke ) , 339 Fuller , Buck minster , 335 Happenings , 340 Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth . 149 Harbinger , The ( Brook Farm journal ) , 113 , 164 , 173 , Furniture design , 35 , 69 , 70f , 71 , 100 , 101 , 174 , 302 , 187 339 Harlow , Calvin , 77 " Furyites ," 155 . See also Fouricrists Harmonists , Harmony Society ( Pennsylvania and Indiana ) , 18 , 35 , 43 , 49 , 60n . 27 , 106 , 110 , 111 , Galiani , Ferdinando . " Ideal City ," 36f 159 , 227 " Garden ," community as, 9, 14-18 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 33 , brick houses ( ca . 1825 ) , 112f 324f . See also Agriculture ; Land and natural and church plan " revealed by angel , " 39 resources ; Landscape design and communal ( vs . single - family ) dwellings , 112f , Garden Cities of To-klorrow (Howard ), 35 , 300 244 , 249f Garden of Eden . See Symbolism and imagery gardens , 19f Gardens . See Landscape design Great Hall , 4 , 332 Genoa , New York , 207 inventions and inventiveness , 25 , 352 Geometric plans . See Architecture and " millennial kingdom , " 112f , 227 George , Henry , 66 mobile house , 48 , 352 Germany and Germans , 14, 35 and ornamentation , 49 , 55f , 56 pletist sects of , 15, 106 , 225 , 226f , 227 , 229 , 243 , " Harmony " ( Fourierist ) . See Fourierists 251 Harmony , Pennsylvania , 55f , 106 , 11 (}- 111 , 112f , Giles , Edmund , 164 145n . 9 , 244 Gill , Irving , 301 , 302 , 308 Harrad Commune ( Arlington , Massachusetts), 334 Index 390 llarriman, Job, 289-290, 308, 309 Howard, Ebenezer, 308, 309 Ilarrison, Sarah, 77 Garden Cities of To-~lorrow , 35, 300 Hascall, Irene, 120 Howelis, William Dean, 284 Haviland, John, designfor EasternState Penitentiary , Altrurian Romances, 261, 289 Philadelphia, 22f Howland, Marie, 181 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 6,42 Hudson River steamboats, 207, 212 " Heart City , " 340 Hutterian Brethren. See Sects, religious I - Icincmann , Barbara , 225 , 227 , 229 , 231 , 237 Hytten , Robert, drawing of Nauvoo Temple by, 135f Hidden Dimension , The ( Hall ) , 339 Hinds , William Alfred , 75 , 231 Icaria, Iowa, 15, 35 History of American Socia / isms ( Noyes ) , 65 , 157 Icarian Community , 350, 365 Hog F '- arm , 320 , 326 , 328 , 330 , 331 , 338 , 339 , 340 Corning, Iowa, 2f, 17f, 181, 327f I Ioly City , California , 48 , 55f , 338 Nauvoo, Illinois , 146n.47, 244, 250f communal gas station at , 342f " Ideal City " (Galiani, after Vitruvius ), 36f Home , model . See " Model home , " community as Idealism, 9, 41, 105. Seealso " Model home," community Jlomestead , Iowa , 237 , 238 , 242 , 244 , 247f , 255f as Home , The ( periodical ) , 301 Identity , collective, 329, 340 Home , traditional , 25 , 301 , 326 , 328 - 329 vs. private, 42-46, 56, 71, 81, 107, 119, 332, 351- Hope , New Jersey , 355 352. Seealso Territory Hopedale Community ( Massachusetts ) , 18 , 35 , 335 , unique environment and, 47-49, 56 364 " we-spirit ," 42 Horticulturalist ( periodical ) , 191 Ideology, 33, 35, 39, 42, 349. Seealso Religion and Horticulture . See Agriculture ; Landscape design religious authority Hotels . See Housing , communal Imagery. See Symbolism and imagery Housing . See also Architecture ; Design and construction Independence, Missouri, Mormons in, 107, 110, 113, ; Housing , communal 119, 141, 363 and political conflict , 4 Indians, American, 227, 285, 322, 326 private vs . public . See Territory Individ ualitv . See Identity , collective single - family . See Family Industrial Revolution, 9 workers ' , 301 , 305f Industry and industrialization , 15, 16, 24. Seealso Housing , communal , 24 - 25 , 35 , 42 , 43 , 58 . See also Inventions; Technology Space ; Territory Amana, 6, 225, 227, 231, 256f, 258n.17 alternatives to , 28 , 29f , 225 , 334 , 353 . See also Fourierist , 151, 155, 161, 180, 184n.27, 221n.20. Family Seealso 163f Amana , 45 , 239f , 243 - 244 , 248f , 249f , 250f , 251 , Llano del Rio, 290 253 . 301 . 334 . 353 . 355 Mormon, 117 Brook Farm, 173 Oneida, 6, 16, 181, 198, 199, 221n.20 contemporary, 323, 326, 328-341 Owen's ""model industrial community ," 324f Fouricrist, 31n.33, 151, 164, 165f, 166f, 167-171f, Shaker, 77, 81, 92. Seealso Furniture design 172, 173, 176f, 177f, 178f, 180, 196, 223n.55, Union Colony, 262, 273, 274, 277-278. Seealso 225. 243. 244. 262. 353 281f , 283f Harmonist, 112f, 244, 249f Inspirationist communities, 365. Seealso Amana, hotels, 34, 120, 125, 207, 243, 274, 277, 281f, Iowa. Inspirationists 282f, 297f Inventions Icarian, 244, 250f communitarian, 24, 25, 28, 33 intermediate, 244 Amana, 28, 231 Jansenist, 244, 250f and contemporary inventiveness, 326 Llano del Rio andNewllano , 45, 289, 310, 313f, Oneidan, 24, 25, 27f, 28, 197-198, 200f, 219, 326 314f, 315f, 334, 353 Shaker, 23f, 24, 25, 26f, 28, 81, 88f, 355 Mormon, Ill , 118, 147n.58 of women, 24, 198, 200f, 355 North AmericanPhalanx . SeeFourierist above ; Pha- " social," 66, 145n.8, 325 lanstery Irrigation . SeeAgriculture Oneidan, 25, 35, 190, 202, 207, 212, 218-219, 334. Isolation. See Boundaries, approach es, and vantage Seealso 216f, 220f; MansionHouse (s), Oneida, points ; Territory New York Israeli kibbutzim , 4, 350 Shaker, 77, 78f, 80f, 81, 84-85f, 87f, 243 UnionColony , 274, 275f, 277, 281f, 282f JamesIvins Printing Complex, 120, 121f " Unitary dwelling" or ResidentHotel , 29f Janscnists. SeeSects , religious Index 391 Jefferson , Thomas , 20 , 118 communal gardens , 301 " Jerusalem ." See Symbolism and imagery ; Templc ( s) Amana , 25 , 231 Jerusalem and Jerusalem Corners , New York , 3 , 106 , Fourierist , 154 , 161 362 Harmonist , 19f , 145n . 11 Johnson , Moses , 92 Llano del Rio . 302 Joyful Community , 111e( Zablocki ) , 32 Mormon ( Nauvoo ) , 25 , 118 - 119 , 120 , 145n . 11 Oneidan , 191 , 198 - 199 Kanter , Rosabeth , 56 , 57 vs. private , 302 Kaplan , Bernard , 329 contemporary , 323 Kaweah Colony (Advance , California ), 15, 42 , 339 of Fourier (and phalansterian ), 154- 155 , 159 -161 , Kay , James, 164 , 172 191 , 238 , 353 Kellogg , E.N ., 161 , 164 , 172 . . ideal ," 154 , 161 Kern , Ken Oneidan , 40 , 191 , 196 , 198 - 199 , 200f , 231 , 352 design by , 344f Shaker , 43 , 75 , 77 , 100 , 155 , 258n . 12 The Owner -Built Home . 339 Latter -day Saints , Church of Jesus Christ of the , 106 , Kesey , Ken : Merry Pranksters of , 326 , 328 355 . See also Mormons Kibbutzim . 4 . 350 Law , William , 124 " Kid Kolony ," 310 , 311 , 315f , 350 . See also Children ..Law of love " ( Oneida Perfectionist ) , 188 , 189f and child care facili tie ~ Lazarus , Dr . ( American physician ) . See 166f Kingdom of Heaven commune (Taos) , 327f Leadership . See Organization and government Kirk . John . II3 Le Corbusier , 7n .5 , 183n .5 , 339 , 349 Kirtland , Ohio , 106 , 363 Lee , " Mother " Ann ( founder of Shaker sect ) , 65 , 67 , Mormons and , 107 , 111 , 130 , 141 71 , 73f , 100 , 187 Mormon Temple in , 35 , 39 , 128f , 130 , 131 , 143 Leeds , Lewis W ., 223n .55 Kitchens ). See also Cooking and dining , communal Oneida plans by , 195f , 202 , 212 , 215f houses. See Amana , Iowa , Inspirationists Lewd Commune (Cambridge , Massachusetts ), 338 " pocket ." See Oneida , New York , Perfectionists Lewis , Henry , sketch of Mormon baptismal font by , Koreshan community ( Estero , Florida ) , 47 , 57 , 59f 135f Libre ( Colorado ) , 334 Lama Foundation ( New Mexico ) , 321 , 332 , 339 Life Illustrated (periodical ) , 180 La martin e, Alphonse de, 348 Life style . See also Family ; Marriage ; Socialization ; Lamson , David , 71 , 77 , 98 Society ; Territory Land and natural resources . See a/so Agriculture ; American , challenged , 4, 141 , 321 Boundaries , approach es, and vantage points ; collective , search for , 3, 58 , 68 , 180 - 181 , 321 - 329 Environment ; Landscape design ; Territory and life space , 5 communitarian use of Lincoln Park (Greeley , Colorado ), 269f , 270 contemporary , 322 -323 Living Theatre , 340 nineteenth - century , 16 , 18 , 33 , 39 , 41 , 75 , 230 - Llano del Rio , 5 , 35 , 42 , 48 , 58 , 61n . 27 , 225 , 299 , 231 , 234f , 350 323 , 325 , 353 community acreage compared , 358 -359 adobe houses , 293 , 297f , 299 " original sin " and . 322 agriculture and irrigation , 293 , 299 ownership . See Property ownership architecture , 40 , 300 - 302 , 308 - 309 , 310 purchases , 16 child care facilities , 45 , 301 , 302 , 310 , 311 Icarian , 146n .47 dormitory and hotel , 297f from Indians , 227 economy , 290 , 299 , 311 , 316n .6 , 359 Inspirationistj Amana , 227 , 230 and feminism , 25 , 289 , 300 . See also women in , Llano del Rio , 293 , 316nn .4 , 6 below Mormon , 113 , 117 - 118 , 120 , 124 , 142 government and organization of , 290 , 291f , 361 North American Phalanx , 157 , 161 , 180 , 181 group of members ( 1914 ) , 288f , 290 Oneida , 188 , 222n .31 map details , 292f , 294 -295f Shaker , 66 , 75 , 77 and move to Louisiana , 299 , 309 - 311 . See also New - Union Colony , 262 , 264 -265f , 272 , 278 llano , Louisiana railroads and , 284 , 286n .6 . See a /so 264 -265f publications , 293 , 299 , 300 , 309 and site selection , 15 , 47 , 159 , 161 , 191 , 293 , 299 , site choice and plans , 292f , 293 , 296f , 298f , 299 , 323 299f , 303f Land Ordinance ( 1785 ) . 20 . 118 women in , 290 , 301 , 309 , 361 Landscape design . See also Agriculture ; Environment Log cabins , 2f , 35 , 119 , 326 , 327f cemeteries , 18 , 231 Lomaland . See Point Lorna , California , Theosophists Index 392 Londonderry , New Hampshire, 270 and lyceums , 277 " Long House" (Wisconsin), 173 quoted , 260 , 266 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 277 , 278 , 284 . See Longley, Alcander, 181 also 276f Community Homes, 34-35 and Ute Indians , 285 Longmont, Colorado, 284 Meetinghouses . See Church es and meetinghouses Looking Backward (Bellamy), 261, 300 Mental asylums and psychiatric wards , design of , 20 , Los Angeles , California 42 county map detail , 292f Merry Pranksters . See Hog Farm " People ' s Army " in , 15 Metz , Christian , 225 , 227 , 229 , 258nn .2 , 5 Lossing , Benson J., 75 Mexico . See Topolobampo , Mexico Lowell , Massachusetts , 39 Meyer , Carl , 258n .2 Lutheran Church , 225 Migrations . See Population Lyman , Mel , 329 , 330 " Millennium , the " and " burned -over district ," 106 , 155 . See also New Mac donald , A .J ., 181 York State " Machine ," community as, 9 , 14 , 16 , 24 , 25 , 33 , 219 , and Harmonist millennial kingdom , 112f , 227 324f , 325 . See also Technology and Millennial Church , 65 - 101 , 149 . See also Shaker and " pa tent office model ," 20 , 197 sect Machine in the Garden , The ( Marx ) , 16 and Millennia ! Laws , 39 , 49 , 69 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 92 , 251 , Machine Shop and Wash House (Hancock ) , 81 , 90f , 278 , 351 91f , 92 and Mormon " Second Coming ," 106 , 113 , 117 , Mack , Jason , 106 118 - 119 , 125 , 131 , 142 , 149 McLaren , Donald , 156 and Oneida Perfectionists , 187 , 219 Manchester , England , 65 , 75 , 356 Miller , Josephine , 299 Manchester (near Palmyra ) , New York , 106 sketch es by , 304f Manlius , New York , 188 Milleri tes , 65 , 66 Mannheim , Karl , 349 MissouriS ta te of , 181 Utopia and Ideology , 348 Mormons in . 107 . 110 . 113 . 119 . 141 Mansion House ( s), Oneida , New York , 46 , 48 , 60n .27, Mobile house ( s) 186 , 197 , 199 , 273 , 338 , 355 contemporary , 326 , 328 , 339 communal vs. private space in , 45 , 206 -207 , 212 , of Harmonists , 48 , 352 ? 1R Model , duplication of . See Duplication of model Fourierist influence on , 191 , 196 " Model home ," community as, 9, 14, 16, 20 , 28 , 33 , views and plans of , 192f , 193f , 195f , 200f , 202 , 329 203f , 204f , 205f , 208f , 209 -211f , 215f , 216f , and child care , 26f . See also Children and child care 217f facilities Mapes, James J., 161 and collective dwellings , 24-25 , 43 . See also Housing Marriage . See also Sex(es) , communal community systems compared , 358 -359 Modern Times (Brentwood , New York ), 24 , 35 , 37f , " complex ," of Oneidans , vs. family " isolation ," 335 . 364 24 -25 , 181 , 187 - 188 , 190 , 197 , 202 , 206 , 212 , Modern Utopian , The ( magazine ) , 322 328 , 359 . See also Family Moravian Brethren . 18 . 20 , 35 , 225 , 227 , 244 , 355 , group marriage commune , 332 362 , 365 . See also Sects, religious Inspirationists and , 229 , 258n .4 , 359 communal bakery , 27f and Mormon polygamy , 110 , 142 , 145n .13 , More , Thomas : Utopia of , 34 , 42 147n .58 , 358 Mormons ( Latter -day Saints ) , 5 , 24 , 47 , 61n . 27 , 66 , Martineau , Harriet , 14 , 75 , 100 225 , 229 , 258n .3, 261 , 262 . See also Independence Marx , Karl , 3 , 65 , 149 , Missouri ; Kirtland , Ohio ; Nauvoo , Illinois ; Capital , 290 Salt Lake City , Utah ; Smith , Joseph , Jr . ; Utah ; Marx , Leo , The Machine in the Garden , 16 Young , Brigham Masonic Hall (Nauvoo , Illinois ) , 120 , 123f , 131 , 134f agriculture , 16, 18, 118- 119 Masonic symbols . See Symbolism and imagery architecture , 105 , 110 , 111 , 119 - 140 , 142 , 143 , Meacham , Joseph , 67 , 68 , 77 273 , 349 Meditation huts , 19f , 25 and Book of Mormon , 106 Meeker , Nathan Cook . See also Union Colony , Gree- boundaries and vantage points , 42 , 43 , 60n .24 , 120 ley , Colorado building materials , 118 , 119- 120 , 130 , 142 background and beliefs of , 261 -262 , 273 -274 , 289 communities , 363 , 364 , 365 1870 adobe house of , 273 , 276f and Deseret " kingdom ," 141 -142 Index 393 Mormons ( continued ) New City (Maine ), 328 and duplication of model , 20 , 35 , 110 , 111 , 143 , New City Project (Cambridge Institute ), 330 270 New City , The (Topolobampo newspaper ) , 24 economic system , 107 , 110 , 118 , 130 , 145n .5 , 358 New England Transcendentalists . See Brook Farm expelled . See migrations , below (West Roxbury , Massachusetts ) and the family , 107 , 110 New Harmony , Indiana , 24 , 25 , 42 , 159 , 196 , 244 , grid system of , 116f , 117 , 118 , 119 , 146n .40 , 270 . 354 , 362 . See also 21 f ; Harmonists , Harmony See also " Plat of the City of Zion ," below Society migrations , 39-40 , 105 , 107 , 108f , 113 , 124 , 140f , gardens , 19f , 25 141 , 146n .47 Newhouse , Sewell , 24 , 198 organization (in Nauvoo ) , 109f , 110 , 360 " New Jerusalem ." See Symbolism and imagery " Plat of the City of Zion ," 33 , 39 -40, 110 -111 , New Lebanon , New York , Shaker settlement , 43 , 67 , 112f , 120 , 142 , 143f , 147n .47 , 251 , 278 , 351 71 , 72f , 77 , 100 , 188 , 355 , 362 . See also Shaker and polygamy , 110 , 142 , 145n .13, 147n .58 , 358 . sect (United Society of Believers ) See also women and , below and agriculture at Mount Lebanon , 75 property ownership , 107 , 116f , 142 , 145n .8 communal buildings , 26f , 87f religious rituals , 107 , 110 , 125 , 130 -131 , 141 , 143 meetinghouse , 92 and " Second Coming ." See " Millennium , the " Newllano , Louisiana , 35 , 182 - Shaker relationship , 145 n.2 child care facilities ( " Kid Kolony " ) , 45 , 310 , 311 , and single-family homes , 45 , 118 , 119 -120 , 142 , 350 225 , 244 , 261 , 273 colony established , 309 -311 space and time concept of , 61n .41 communal dwellings , 313f , 314f , 315f , 353 temples . See Temples ) lodging hou se and industrial building , 310 , 312f women and , 107 , 110 , 119 , 142 , 145nn .2 , 13 , 274 , site plan , 315f 360 New York State Morning Star Ranch (California ) , 322 , 331 " burned -over district " of , 106 , 155 , 188 , 258n .3 , Morris , William , 302 , 308 , 340 286n .8 , 323 Mother Earth News , 322 , 339 Inspirationists in , 227 Mountain Cove, West Vriginia , 15 Oneida as " center " of , 47 , 191 , 192f " Mountain Meetings " (Shaker ) , 98 , 99f New York Jribune , 14 , 35 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 159 , 262 , Mount Auburn Cemetery , 18 293 , 321 Mount Lebanon , 75 . See also New Lebanon , New quoted on North American Phalanx , 164 York , Shaker settlement Next Step , The : How to Plan for Beauty , Comfort and " Mount Sinai ." See Shaker Mountain ( " Mount Sinai " ) Peace . . . ( Austin ) , 225 , 308 - 309 Mungo , Ray , Total Loss Farm , 322 Nichols , W. J. H., Meeker Public School designed by , " Mutual criticism ." See Oneida , New York , Perfec - 279f tionists Niskayuna (near Albany ) , New York , 65 , 362 Noe House (Dr . Charles F.) plan , 249f Natural resources . See Land and natural resources Nonsectarian communities , 5 , 14 , 34 , 40 , 159 , 188 , Nauvoo , Illinois , 5 , 58 , 104 , 142 , 227 , 277 , 284 , 262 , 332 , 358 , 359 286n .8, 326 , 350 , 353 , 354 , 365 . See also Mormons Nordhoff . Charles ; Smith , Joseph , Jr . quoted on communal settlements of 1870s , 15, 16, architecture and architectural conflict in , 105 , Ill , 24 , 302 120 , 124 , 125 Amana , 258n . 17 , 243 founding , naming , and growth of , 47 , 113 , 117- 118 Shaker , 60n . 27 , 68 , 76 , 100 gardens , 25 , 118 -119 , 120 , 145n .11 North American Phalanx , 16 , 45 , 230 , 262 , 334 . See Icarians in , 146n .47 , 244 , 250f , 355 also Fourierists ; Phalanx , the Masonic Hall , 120 , 123f , 131 , 134f agriculture , 16, 25 , 154 , 159 , 161 , 183n .24 , 197 Mormons expelled from , 39-40 , 124 , 140f , 141 , architecture , design , and building materials , 164 , 146n .47 172 - 174 , 181 , 196 . See also Phalanstery (and Mormon Temple in . See Temples ) design process) , below and Nauvoo House , 117 - 118 , 120 , 124 , 125 , 126f , central buildings , 165f , 167f , 177f , 355 127f . 130 child care facilities . 159 . 360 organization and government , 109f , 110 , 360 community established , 149 , 156-157 , 159 , 164 , plans for , Ill , 114f , 116f , 120 , 124 358 , 363 Nauvoo Neigh bar (periodical ) , 119 dissolution of , 174 , 180 - 181 , 262 Nauvoo Wasp (journal ) , 118-119 , 125 and " Grand Unitary Edifice ," 164 , 166f Newark , New Jersey , 188 isolation of , 42 , 43 Index 394 North AmericanPhalanx (continued ) industries, 6, 16, 181, 198, 199, 221n.20 organizationand constitution of 1894, 158f intellectualinterests , 197, 218. Seea /so 217f andphalansterian landscape design , 154-155, 159- interior design. SeeDesign and construction 161, 353 inventions, 24, 25, 27f, 28, 197-198, 200f, 219, 326 andPhalansterian Realization Fund Society, 164, journal, Handbook, andother publications, 24, 35, 172 191, 196, 199, 202, 207 Phalanstery(and design process ), 161, 164, 172-174, landscapeand gardens . SeeLandscape design 273. 351 MansionHouses . SeeMansion House (s), Oneida, ca. 1900, 175f New York and RaritanBay Union, 157, 173, 174, 178f, 179f, and" mutualcriticism ," 159, 187, 222n.31 lRO- lRl Novesauotedon . 6. 186. 190. 197. 222n.31 and Reunion( Texas), 35, 180, 181, 182f organizationand government (and " law of love"), Seristery( workshop), 161, 163f 188, 189f, 197, 361 andSilkville , Kansas, 18, 181, 183n.3 Perfectionism, 187, 197, 199, 253. Seealso religious siteand schematicplans , 159, 160f, 161, 162f, 168- beliefs, below 171f, 172 and Perfectionistcommunities , 364, 365 Smith FarmBuildings ( usedas school ), 163f " pocketkitchen ," 25, 220f, 334 and SpartaTownship , Indiana, 181 Quadrangle, 202, 205f Van Materhomestead , 161, 164, 172 religiousbeliefs , 41, 187, 188, 197, 218-219 Northampton, Massachusetts, 270 silverwareindustry in , 6, 198. Seealso industries, Noyes, Corinna, 218 above Noyes, John Humphrey, 186f, 187, 188, 207, 212, songquoted , 320, 340 219, 227 andspace utilization . See" changeability" in useof History of AmericanSocialisms , 65, 157 space, above inventionby , 197, 200f "Tent Room," 45, 206, 207, 208f, 212, 351 quoted, 6, 65-66, 157, 186, 190, 197, 222n.31, 328 Tontine, 193f, 199 Noyes, Theodore, 188 UpperSitting Room, 212, 215f andvantage points , 43, 44f, 6D-61n.27, 196 Octagonalhouse ( Fowler), 35, 38f, 207 womenand , 188, 274, 328, 361 Olmsted, FrederickLaw , 18, 161, 180, 191, 198, 231 OperatingManual for SpaceshipEarth (Fuller), 149 Oneida, New York, Perfectionists, 5, 65, 66, 145n.l , OregonFamily , 332 225, 227, 229, 258n.3, 261, 262, 284, 326, 331. Organizationand government , 360-361 Seealso Noves . John Humphrey Amana, 227, 228f, 229, 243-244, 251, 361 agriculture, 16, 18, 25, 190, 191, 197, 198 and "divine" authority, 39 architecture, 28, 35, 40-41, 188, 190, 206-207 Llano del Rio, 290, 291f, 361 as" center" of New York State, 47, 191, 192f Mormon( in Nauvoo), 109f, 110, 360 " changeability" in useof space, 199, 206-207, 339 North AmericanPhalanx , 157-159, 161, 164, 172, Children's House, 193f, 202, 350 290, 360 circulationpaths , 46, 212, 219, 353 Oneidan( and" law of love" ), 188, 189f, 197, 361 community Shaker, 79f, 360 buildingsequence (1848 -1878), 199, 201f, 202 Union Colony, 262, 263f, 278, 361 designpolicy , 199, 206-207, 218-219, 270, 332, Orinda, California, 334 334. 340. 353. Seealso 215f Ornamentationand decoration. Seealso Color , useof ; establishedand dissolved , 188, 196 Symbolismand imagery model( 1901) of, 195f Amana, 251, 254, 255f siteplan (ca. 1870), 194f in architecture, 48, 49, 55f, 56 and " complexmarriage ," vs. family "isolation," Fourierist, 154, 164, 166f, 173 24-25, 181, 187-188, 190, 197, 202, 206, 212, Harmonist, 49, 55f, 56 328, 359 Mormon, 48, 130, 132f, 133f, 134f, 143, 144f and dunlicationof model. 190. 197 Shakersand , 71, 72f, 73f, 75, 258n.12, 353 economicsystem , 197-198, 218-219, 221n.10, 359 Theosophist, 48 andenvironment , 42, 101, 188, 190, 191, 196, 218, Our WholeCountry ( Barber), 113 251 OwascoLake , New York, 191 expelledfrom Vermont, 188, 199 Owen, Albert Kimsey, 181 Fourieristinfluence on , 35, 181, 190, 191, 196, " unitary dwelling" of, 29f 197, 218. Seealso 195f Owen, Robert, 3, 4, 14, 20, 65, 339, 340 groupphotograph of , 186f, 187 designsof , 21f, 34, 42, 66, 196, 324f Hall at, 212, 215f, 220f, 332 influenceof , 106, 111, 159, 191, 196, 197, 325 Index 395 Owenite communities ( listed ) , 362 -363 , 364 and community migrations (Amana and Mormon ) , Owner -Built Home , The ( Kern ) , 339 39 -40 , 105 , 107 , 108f , 113 , 124 , 140f , 141 , Ownership . See Property ownership 146n .47 , 226f , 227 comparative chart of , 358 -359 Pacific Colony . See Topolobampo , Mexico Greeley , Colorado , 261 Paine , Thomas , 20 Hutterian Brethren , 253 Palmyra , New York , 106 Llano del Rio , 290 , 309 , 359 Panic of 1837 . See Economic systems ) Mormon , 105 , 111 , 113 , 141 , 358 " Panopticon " (of Bentham ) . See Prisons Oneida . 199 . 230 . 359 Paris , 151 of phalanx, 150, 159, 230, 358 Palais-Royal , 183n .7 Shaker, 230, 358 " Passional attraction ." See Fourierists Union Colony, 272, 359 Pastoralism . See Agriculture Pratt, Parley, 113, 118, 145n.2 " Patent office model ." See " Machine ," community as Prefabrication. SeeStandardization Paxton , Joseph : Crystal Palace (London ) , 34 , 38f , 207 " Present from Mother Lucy to Eliza Ann Taylor " Pelham , Richard . 68 (Shaker drawing ), 72f " People 's Army " (Los Angeles ) , 15 Prestele , Joseph : lithograph by , 226f , 227 Perfectionism . See also Oneida , New York , Perfection - Priber , Christian , 285 ists Prisons of Shakers , 65 , 66 , 69 , 187 Bentham 's " Panopticon ," 20 , 22f , 34 " sociology " of , 187 , 197 , 199 , 253 Eastern Sta te Penitentiary , Philadelphia , 22f Phalansterian Record (Cincinnati periodical ) , 181 Privacy . See Property ownership ; Territory Phalanstery , 253 , 289 , 310 . See also North American Project One (San Francisco ) , 321 , 323 , 330- 331 , 338 Phalanx Project Place (Boston ), 323 designed by Fourier , 21f , 34 , 35 , 150- 151 , 191 Promise City , Iowa , 3 design , siting , and landscape of the phalanx , 150- Property ownership , 5-6. See also Economic system ; 155 , 159 , 161 , 164 , 165f , 172 , 353 Land and natural resources ; Territory North American , 161 , 164 , 172 - 174 , 273 , 351 Amana Inspirationist , 229 , 230 , 231 , 251 , 253 ca . 1900 , 175f contemporary , 352 and Phalansterian Realization Fund Society , 164 , Harmonist , 111 172 . See also 179f and Land Ordnance of 1785 , 20 , 118 plans for , 146n .47 , 152f , 164 , 166f Mormon , 107 , 116f , 142 , 145n . 8 at Raritan Bay Union , 178f , 179f , 351 Oneida Perfectionist , 187 Phalanx , the . See also Fourierists ; North American Shaker , 77 , 230 , 352 Phalanx Union Colony , 261 , 262 , 278 . See also 264 -265f plan and " Sketch of ," 151 , 152f , 154 , 159 . See also Psychology 182f environmen Tai. See Environment as unit of organization , 150- 155 Fourierist , 149 - 150 Phalanx , New JerseyS , 284 , 363 . See also North " gestalt ," 57 American Phalanx Pul Iman , George , 300 Philadelphia Unitary Building Association , 164 Pullman , Illinois , 39 Pickett , George T ., 309 Puritan covenant communities . See Sects, religious Piercy , Marge , Dance the Eagle to Sleep , 322 Putney , Vermont , 187 , 188 , 199 , 364 Pietists . See Ephrata Pietists Pitt , Ethelbert , 196 Quadrangleat Oneida, 202, 205f Oneida model by , 195f Pittsfield , Massachusetts , 77 Railroads , 141 Planning . See Grid layout system government land subsidies to , 286n .6 Plans, replicable . See Duplication of model land purchases from , 284 . See also 264 -265f Plato . 42 Ranchos Colorados (Orinda , California ), 334 Pleasant Hill , Kentucky , 69 , 70f , 354 , 362 Rapp , George , 39 Point Lorna , California , Theosophists , 18 , 42 , 335 Rappists and Rappite communities , 60n .27 , 145n .9, Lomaland architecture , 43 , 44f , 48 , 336f 362 . See also I-Iarmonists , Harmony Society Politics , 4 , 338 Raritan Bay Union (Eagleswood , New Jersey ), 157 , sexual . See Sex (es) 173 , 174 , 180 , 181 . See also North American " Polyfunctional Endo -Space," design , 344f Phalanx Population Phalanstery at , 178f , 179f , 351 Amana , 230 -231 , 359 private residence at , 179f ndex 396 " RealCity ," 323, 325 and religious authority ; Shaker sect RedBank . NewJersey . 159. 180 and " divine will " in community planning , 39-40 , 92 . Re -Education foundation , 329 See also Symbolism and imagery Religion and religious authority . See also Mormons ; German , 15 , 106 , 225 , 226f , 227 Sects , religious ; Shaker sect Hutterian Brethren , 57 , 253 , 321 communism , and survival of , 227 Jansenists , 35 , 244 , 365 comparative chart of , 358 -359 Moravian Brethren , 18 , 20 , 27f , 35 , 225 , 227 , 244 , contemporary , 332 355 , 362 , 365 Fourieristsj North American Phalanx and , 149 , 159 , nonsectarian communities , 5 , 14 , 34 , 40 , 159 , 188 , 262 262 , 332 , 358 , 359 Inspirationistj Amana , 225 , 227 , 242 , 251 Puritan covenant communities , 9 , 16 , 24 , 30n . 7 , 35 , millennial . See " Millennium , the " 110 , 113 , 270 Oneidan , 41 , 187 , 188 , 197 , 218 -219 Separatists , 35 , 43 , 227 , 362 revival of , 106 , 155 , 188 in Union Colony , 277 and ritual . See Rituals Separatists . See Sects, religious in Union Colony , 277 Seristery ( Phalanx workshop ) , 161 , 163f and visions and revelations . See Symbolism and Sermon on the Mount , 15 imagery Sex(es) Resident Hotel or " Unitary Dwelling ." 29f . See also and celibacy , 46 , 66 , 229 , 243 , 358 Housing , communal and " complex marriage " (sexual revolution ). See Reunion (Texas ) , 35 , 180 , 181 , 182f . See also North Marriage American Phalanx as issue in communal dwellings , 43 , 243 , 334 Revelations and visions . See Symbolism and imagery and Mormon polygamy , 110 , 142 , 145n .13, Richmond , Massachusetts , 77 147n .58 , 358 Ridgeway , Richard , 310 roles . 328 . 330 . 331 . See also Women Rigdon , Sidney , 106 , 107 , 110 , 145nn .2 , 9 segregation Ripley , George , 155 . See also 166f Amana , 242 , 243 Ripon , Wisconsin , 364 . See also North American Phalanx Shaker , 69 , 70f , 71 , 81 , 87f , 225 sexual organization of communities charted , 358 - and Wisconsin Phalanx , 173 , 176f 359 Rituals , 43 , 45 . See also 50 -51 f . See also Symbolism and sexual politics , 24 . See also 26f and imagery Sforzinda , by Filarete , 36f Amana , 242 Shaker Mountain ( " Mount Sinai " ) , 77 , 99f , 100 Mormon , 107 , 110 , 125 , 130 - 131 , 141 , 143 Shaker sect (United Society of Believers ) , 5, 145n . 1, Oneidan , 188 , 219 225 , 229 , 258n .3 , 261 , 321 , 331 , 340 , 358 . See Shaker , 46 , 65 , 71 , 74f , 76 , 92 , 98 , 99f , 100 , 101f , also Hancock , Massachusetts , Shaker settlement ; 311 New Lebanon , New York , Shaker settlement Riverside , Illinois , 18 agriculture , 16, 18, 75 , 76 , 77 , 92 , 161 , 323 Rock , Johann Friedrich , 225 architecture and building materials , 28, 35 , 39 , 49 , Romney , Hugh , 320 76 , 81 - 92 , 225 , 252 , 253 , 349 , 353 . See also and Round Barn ( Hancock ) , 92 , 94f , 95f " living building ," below Roxbury , Massachusetts , 329 buildings remodeled , 355 Rural -urban conflict . See Urbanism Church Family , 68 , 77 , 80f , 81 , 82 - 83f , 84f , 90f , 91f , 92 , 93f -97f , 99f , 101f Sabbath day Lake , Maine , 66 , 362 and rural -urban conflict , 15 , 325 St . Louis Gazette , 131 and " Cleansing Gift ," 46 , 98 St . Nicholas Hotel , New York , 222n .55 color use , 43 , 49 , 77 , 81 , 92 , 252 , 352 Salem , North Carolina , 18 , 244 communal dwellings , 77 , 78f , 80f , 81 , 84-85f , 87f , Salt Lake City , Utah , 45 , 130 , 143 , 262 , 365 243 Temple , 141 , 142 - 143 , 144f , 146 - 147n .47 community design , 75-76 , 77 , 78f , 80f , 81 , 92 , lO G- San Diego New Alchemy Institute Bulletin , 325 101 , 155 , 270 Sanitary Engineer , The ( publication ) , 75 - 76 decline of , 66 , 92 Sartain , James : design of , 166f and duplication of model , 20 , 35 , 47 , 65 -66 , 92 , Scandinavia , 14 , 35 100 , 101 Schwitters , Kurt , 338 , 341 economic system , 66 , 75 , 77 , 81 , 92 , 273 , 358 Sears , Charles , 157 , 181 , 183n .3 entrances to men ' s and women ' s rooms , communal " Second Coming ." See " Millennium , the " dwelling , New Lebanon ( 1873 ) , 87f Sects , religious , 5 , 14 , 65 . See also Mormons ; Religion and environmental psychology , 42 , 92 , 100- 101 , 218 Index 397 Shaker sect ( continued ) Sisters ' Shop ( Shaker , ca . 1810 ) , 90f , 92 , 93f " family system ," 43 , 45 , 67 , 68 , 77 , 78f , 230 . See Site , choice of . See Land and natural resources ; Symbolism also O1urch Family , above and imagery and feminism , 25 , 102n .3 Slater , Philip , 328 fences , 42 , 77 , 81 Smith , Arvilla Delight , 261 , 286n . 3 founding ( 1776 ) and naming of , 65 . See also Smith , David H . : painting by , 127f , 130 " Mother " Ann Lee and , below Smith . Hvrum . 124 framing patterns , 81 , 89f Smitll, Joseph, Jr., 39, 105, 120, 142, 145n.2, 187, furniture , 35 , 69 , 70f , 71 , 100 , 101 , 174 227. Seealso Mormons ; Nauvoo, ll Ilnois group of ( 1875 ) , 64f foundsand describesNauvoo , 113, 117-118, 124 " heavenly and earthly spheres " of , 58 , 67 - 74 , 100 , martyrdomand death of , 124, 131, 141 105 , 354 . See also 97f and " P1atofthe City of Zion," 39, 110-111, 112f hymns quoted , 64 , 68 , 71 , 75 , 98 , 356 visionsand revelations of , 106, 107, 125, 130-131, inventions , 23f , 24 , 25 . 26f . 28 -. 81 -. 88f . 355 143 land and landscape design , 43 , 75 , 77 , 100 , 155 , SmithFarm buildings ( North AmericanPhalanx ), 161, 258n . 12 163f, 164, 166f and " living building ," 3, 49 , 68 , 75 , 101 , 155 , 252 , Snow , Erastus , and Ashby - Snow duplex , 120 , 122f 253 , 311 , 350 , 351 , 352 , 354 , 356 Socialism and socialist environments , 145n . 5 , 258n . 2 , Machine Shop and Wash House ( 1790 ) , 81 , 90f , 91f , 311 , 316n . 6 , 350 92 and Noyes ' History of American Socia / isms , 65 , 157 Meeting hall , Hancock dwelling , 87f , 88f " utopian , " 3 meetinghouses , 77 , 80f , 92 , 96f , 97f , 242 and women , " Next Step " for , 225 , 308 - 309 meetings described and sketched , 71 , 74f " Socialist " as descriptive term , 3 " Mountain Meetings ," 98 , 99f " Socialist City " ( of Constance Austin ) , 288 , 300 , 301 , and Millennium . See " Millennium , the " 302 -. 308 -. 310 - Mormon relationship , 145n .2 Socialization . See also Rituals " Mother " Ann Lee and , 65 , 67 , 71 , 73f , 100 , 187 Amana , 229 , 237 - 238 , 242 - 244 , 251 organization , 79f , 360 circulation paths and . See Space and ornamentation , 71 , 72f , 73f , 75 , 258n . 12 , 353 at Oneida perfectionism , 65 , 66 , 69 , 187 Hall , 212 , 215f , 220f , 332 and personal space . See spatial relationships , below " Tent Room , " 45 , 206 , 207 , 208f , 212 , 351 property ownership , 77 , 230 , 352 Upper Sitting Room , 212 , 215f proverb quoted , 32 and " passional attraction . " See Fourieri " t " religious rituals , 46 , 65 , 71 , 74f , 76 , 92 , 98 , 99f , vs . privacy . See Territory 100 , 101 , 311 Shaker process of , 46 , 69 - 75 , 77 , 92 , 100 Round Barn , 92 , 94f , 95f Union Colony , 277 , 352 sex segregation and celibacy , 46 , 66 , 69 , 71 , 81 , " "Social Palace . " See Fountain grove , California , 225 , 229 , 243 , 358 . See also 70f , 87f " " Social Palace " Sisters ' Shop ( ca . 1810 ) , 90f , 92 , 93f Society . See also Life style and socialization . 46 , 69 - 76 , 77 , 92 , 100 collapse of present - day , 321 and Solomon ' s Temple- . 34 .- 68 and " "Social Architects , " 9 , 20 , 33 , 66 , 321 and spatial relationships , 45 , 46 , 57 -58 , 69 -71 , 75 - and social class , 14 , 142 , 157 , 258n . 4 , 278 76 , 92 , 197 , 332 and " " social inventions , " 66 , 145n . 8 , 325 and social " spirit drawings ," 72f , 73f , 251 , 352 reform , 33 , 156 and standardization , 49 , 71 Soleri, Paolo, 326, 329-330, 339 traveling builders , 92 , 251 , 355 . See also 86f Solomon's Temple. SeeTemples ) Trustees ' House ( before 1790 ) , 92 , 93f Soviethousing authorities , 350 and vantage points , 43 , 60 -61n .27 , 69 Space . See also Environment ; Socialization ; Territory villages , 65 , 362 , 363 circulation , 42 , 45 - 46 , 333f , 334 - 335 and " Whirling Gift ," 74f , 101 Amana "" foot streets , " 46 , 234f , 237 - 238 , 239f , and women ' s role , 69 , 274 , 328 , 360 241f , 253 , 334 , 353 " Shaking Quakers ," 65 . See also Shaker sect ( United Fourierist " "galleries of association , " 46 , 150 - 151 , Society of Believers ) 172 , 190 , 196 , 197 , 238 , 334 , 353 Sharon , Vermont , 106 Oneidan , 46 , 212 , 219 , 353 Shirley , Massachusetts , 362 . See also 96f Shaker , 46 , 92 Silent Language , The ( Hall ) , 339 communal use of , 358 - 359 Silkville , Kansas , 18 , 181 , 183n .3 . See also F ourierists contemporary , 331 - 335 Single -family dwellings . See Family Fourierist , 172 , 197 Index 398 Space ( continued ) TaconicMountains , 77 Oneidan " changeability " in , 199 , 206 - 207 , 399 Talcott, Josiah, 77 Shakers and , 45 , 92 Tanzania, ujamaa( communal) villagesin , 4, 350 " earthly and heavenly , " Shakers and , 58 , 69 - 71 , 74 , Taos, New Mexico, 328, 332 100 , 354 . See a / so 97f Kingdomof Heavencommune , 327f personal , Shakers ' unorthodox use of , 57 - 58 , 69 - 71 , Taylor, John, 142 75 - 76 , 197 , 332 Technology, 14, 15 " sociofugal , " " sociopetal , " 42 , 150 , 151 , 154 , 181 , "alternative," 325, 326, 328 197 , 206 andtechnological ideal , 9, 41, 323, 325-326 and spatial commitment , 56 - 59 Teed, Cyrus, designfor "CellularCosmogony ," 59f and time , Mormon concept of , 61n . 41 Temperance, Union Colonyand , 262, 284 Sparta Township , Indiana , 181 Temples). Seealso Symbolismand imagery Spiritual Springs , New York , 336f , 365 of Jerusalem(Solomon 's), 34, 68, 81, 102n.14, 125, Spring , Marcus , 157 , 164 , 174 131, 145n.2 phalanstery commissioned by , 178f Mormon, 4, 110 private residences of , 165f , 173 , 177f , 179f Kirtland, Ohio, 35, 39, 128f, 130, 131, 143 Square Pigeon community , 334 , 339 Nauvoo, Illinois, 39, 43, 48, 104f, 107, 115f, Stables , Louisiana , 309 . See also Newllano , Louisiana 117-118, 124, 125, 129f, 130-131, 133f, 135f, Standardization , 49 , 71 . See also Duplication of model 136-138f, 139f, 140f, 141, 143, 349 Salt LakeCity , Utah, 141, 142-143, 144f, 146- and prefabrication , 34 , 38f , 49 147n.47 Standerin , Abraham , 65 Stowe , Harriet Beecher , 223n . 55 Tent colony (Advance, California), 344f The American Woman ' s Home , 25 . See also 28f "Tent Room" (Oneida), 45, 206, 207, 208f, 212, 351 Style . vernacular . 35 , 48 - 49 , 353 . See also Design and Territory. Seealso Environment ; Landand natural construction resources; Propertyownership boundariesof . SeeBoundaries , approach es, andvan - Amana , 227 , 251 - 254 , 353 contemporary , 326 , 328 , 330 , 338 - 341 tage points indecision in , 289 , 310 circulation paths in . See Space Mormon ( Nauvoo ) , 110 , 120 , 125 , 142 , 143 , 353 communal vs. private , 5, 39, 42 -46 , 143 , 149 , 173 , Shaker , 76 , 252 , 353 174 , 206 -207 , 212 , 218 , 244 , 251 , 253 , 254 , 261 , 262 , 270 , 273 -274 , 302 , 308 , 329 , 331 - Sun , Andrew , 339 Sunrise Hill Community ( Conway , Massachusetts ) , 335 , 350 , 352 -353 . See also Family ; Identity , collective described , 330 and isolation Superstudio of Milan , 339 - 340 of community , 42 -43 , 105 , 222n . 3l , 237 . See also Synanon ( San Francisco and Oakland ) , 323 , 329 , 334 , 352 21f of family , 24 -25 , 107 , 206 , 212 , 273 , 352 . See plan for warehouse rehabilitation , 333f also 208f ; Family Symbolism and imagery , 14 , 33 , 40 , 49 . See also Tem - pie(s) and sex segregation . See Sex (es) andchoice ofsite ,15 ,47 ,191 Texas , State of , 174 , 180 ofcontemporary communes,322 -323,326 , 329, plans for " Reunion ," 35, 180 , 182f 340 Texas Emigration Union bulletin , 174 and " divinewill " in communityplanning , 39-40, 92 Thacker , Henry , 191 , 198 and "Gardenof Eden" imagery, 15, 17f, 18, 34, 38f, Theosophists . See Point Lorna , California , Theoso - 104, 105, Ill , 113, 117-118, 119, 120, 143, phists 218, 231, 266, 285, 322 Thoreau , Henry David , 322 geometric, 38f, 335 Thunder Mountain , Nevada , 338 , 340 -341 and" Jerusalem" 1972 photograph of , 343f of Mormons, 34, 105, 106, 110-111, 117, 125, Time .\' and Seasons ( Mormon publication ) , 104 , 119 131, 143 Topolobampo , Mexico , 24 , 48 , 181 of Shakers, 15, 34, 67-68, 100 geometric plan for , 37f Masonic, 40, 102n.14, 131, 134f, 146n.47 " unitary dwelling " proposed for , 29f andspati ~ reference, 57-58 Total Loss Farm (Mungo ), 322 of visionsand revelations . 39. 106. 107, 130-131, Trinidad , Colorado , 331 142, 227, 231, 251 Troy , New York , 262 and" Zion" True Inspiration Congregations . See Amana , Iowa , of Mormons, 106, 119, 125. Seealso Mormons Inspirationists of Shakers, 68, 69, 98 Index 399 Trumbull Phalanx . See Fourierists Utah . See also Mormons ; Salt Lake City , Utah Trustees ' House ( Hancock ) , 92 , 93f Mormons in Great Basin of , 105 , 111 , 141 , 262 . See Tweedy , Edmund , 164 , 172 also l43f Twin Oaks ( Virginia ) , 321 , 330 , 334 State of , formed , 141 Tzara , Tristan , 341 Utopia , 349 of Thomas More , 34 , 42 Ujamaa ( communal ) villages ( Tanzania ) , 350 Utopia , Ohio , 363 , 364 . See also 37f Union Colony , Greeley , Colorado , 5 , 15 , 25 , 35 , 40 , Utopia and Ideology (Mannheim ) , 348 45 , 47 , 58 , 229 . See also Meeker , Nathan Cook " Utopian socialism ," 3 agriculture and irrigation , 16 , 40 , 266 , 270 , 272 , Utopian writing , 3, 4, 339 -340 273 , 278 , 285 . See also 264 - 265f , 271f architecture and building materials , 40 , 272 , 273 , Van del Rohe , Mies , 100 277 - 278 , 284 , 285 . See also 276f Van Mater homestead (North American Phalanx ), 161 , church es , 269f , 277 , 278 , 28Of 164 . 172 and Colony Number 2 , 284 Vantage points . See Boundaries , approach es, and vantage community design , 47 , 270 , 277 - 278 points and " cooperative housekeeping , " 225 , 262 , 274 , Versailles , Palace of , 34, 151 , 164 , 190 353 Village of Arts and Ideas , Berkeley , 325 , 328 , 334 cooperatives in , 272 - 273 , 284 - 285 design by , 324f duplication of , 47 , 270 , 284 and Village One , 339 economic system , 261 , 272 - 273 , 359 Vineland , New Jersey , 262 family " ambition " at , 260 , 273 . See also 276f Visitors , 14, 16, 48 , 180 , 190 , 212 . See also Boundaries fences , 43 , 262 , 270 , 272 , 278 . See also 264 - 265f , approach es, and vantage points founding of , 262 , 270 , 272 - 274 to Amana , 231 , 237 , 238 , 242 , 243 and " Garden City , " 272 , 285 to Shakers , 69 , 71, 92 , 100 headquarters , 26Of , 272 Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio ) , " Ideal City ," 36f " Hotel de Comfort , " 274 , 275f , 277 Voyd , Bill , 335 hotels and public buildings , 281 f , 282f imitates Mormon towns , 35 , 270 Wallingford , Connecticut , 188 , 198 , 364 industry and stores , 262 , 273 , 274 , 277 - 278 , 281f , Warden . Allen . 174 283f Warder , W. S., 65 irrigation canal , 270 , 271f . See a / so agriculture and Warehouse rehabilitation (San Francisco ) , 332 , 333f irrigation , above Warehouses and stores (Amana ), 251 , 252 , 255f Lincoln Park and lakes , 269f , 270 Warren , Josiah . 24 lyceums and secret societies , 277 geometric plan published by , 37f Main Street ( 1870 ) , 275f Weeks, William , 130 , 131 Meeker Public School ( 1873 ) , 277 , 279f architectural sketch es by , 132f , 133f , 134f organization and government , 262 , 263f , 278 , 361 Weld, Theodore and Angelina , 174 and property ownership , 261 , 262 , 278 . See a / so " We-spirit ," 42 . See also Identity , collective 2 ( ) 4 - 2 ( ) ~ f Western Comrade (Llano del Rio periodical ) , 293 , and single - family homes , 244 , 262 , 273 - 274 , 334 300 , 309 site plans , 267f , 268f , 270 West Roxbury . Massachusetts . 157 . 363 socialization at . 277 . 352 Wheeler 's (California commune ), 331 and temperance , 262 " Whirling Gift , The " (Shaker ritual ), 74f , 101 women in . 274 . 361 " White City " Uniqueness vs . replicability . See Design and constru C " - of Bellamy , 289 tion ; Duplication of model Columbian Exposition of 1893 , 34-35 " Unitary dwelling " or Resident Hotel , 29f . See also Whitley , Thomas W., watercolor of Brisbane Hill by , Housing , communal 148f , 166f " Unitary Home " ( of Stephen Pearl Andrews ) , 16 , 365 Whittaker , James , 65 , 67 , 77 United Society of Believers in Christ ' s Second Appearing Whitwell , Stedman : models by , 21 f , 34 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 358 . See also Shaker sect Whole Earth Oztalog , 322 , 339 ( United Society of Believers ) Wilkinson , Jemimah , 106 , 362 Urbanism Williams , Frederick , 110 and rural - urban conflict , 323 , 325 - 326 Williams , " Doc " Robert K ., 299 Oneida view of , 222n . 46 Wingate , Charles , 76 vs . pastoralism , 15 - 16 , 66 , 75 , Ill , 332 . See also Winter 's Island , California , 36f Agriculture Wisconsin Phalanx , 173 , 176f . See also North American Phalanx Index 400 Wolfe , Tom , Electric Kool Aid Acid Test , 326 Woman 's Commonwealth (Belton , Texas ) , 45 , 328 Women . See also Children and child care facilities ; Cooking and dining , communal ; " Cooperative housekeeping " ; Family ; Marriage ; Sex(es) clothing of bloomer dresses , 205f , 222n .31 " final shoe ," 198 , 200f in communal bakeries (Oneidan and Moravian ) , 27f and feminism in architecture , 289 , 300 in communes , 4 , 25 , 102n .3 , 174 , 188 , 326 , 328 , 330 , 331 , 350 inventions by , 24 , 198 , 200f , 355 Mormon doctrine and , 145n .2, 147n .58 " Next Step " for , 225 , 308 -309 role of in American communes , 4 , 25 , 45 , 301 , 328 , 353 , 360 -361 Fourierist (North American Phalanx ) , 159 , 174 , 274 , 328 , 360 lnspirationist (Amana ) , 227 , 229 , 231 , 242 -243 , 361 . See also 235f , 247f Llano del Rio , 290 , 301 , 309 , 361 Mormon , 107 , 110 , 119 , 142 , 145nn .2 , 13 , 274 , 360 Oneida , 188 , 274 , 328 , 361 Shaker , 69 , 274 , 328 , 360 Union Colony , 274 , 361 Women 's Building (Los Angeles ), 328 Woodworth , Lucian , 130 design attributed to , 126f Worden , Harriet , 199 Working Farmer , The (publication ) , 161 Wright , Frank Lloyd , 339 Wright , Lucy , 67 Yearsley , David , 120 and David Yearsley House , 122f Yoga , 58 Young , Brigham , 119 , 131 , 141 . See also 138f ; Mormons and Brigham Young House , 120 , 121f quoted , 142 , 273 Zablocki , Benjamin , The Joyful Community , 32 " Zion ." See Symbolism and imagery Zion City , Illinoi3 , 18 , 48 , 54f Zoar , Ohio , 15 , 17f , 18 , 227 , 286n .8 , 354 , 362 " Zornes . " See Architecture Index 401