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The New Urban Sociology Blends Theory and Examples to Give Readers an Accessible and Engaging Work Suitable for Undergraduates, Urban Scholars, and General Readers

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The New Urban Sociology Blends Theory and Examples to Give Readers an Accessible and Engaging Work Suitable for Undergraduates, Urban Scholars, and General Readers Gottdiener Gottdiener “The best urban sociology textbook available! This updated version of Gottdiener Hutchison and Hutchison’s respected text stands out for its critical sociospatial approach accenting key development actors, attention to urban theming and semiotics, savvy discussions of racial/gender issues, and studied attention to global contexts of U.S. and overseas urban development.” —JOE FEAGIN, TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY “The New Urban Sociology blends theory and examples to give readers an accessible and engaging work suitable for undergraduates, urban scholars, and general readers. Gottdiener and Hutchison provide an innovative and brilliantly structured text to shed fresh light on the dominant trends and global processes shaping cities and urban life.” —KEVIN FOX GOTHAM, TULANE UNIVERSITY “Bringing our understanding of global urban trends and recent urban policies bang up to date, The New Urban Sociology embraces a wide range of social, cultural, economic and political themes and issues. Clearly organized and smartly written, the volume will be of immense value to students of urban studies, urban history, and sociology and anyone interested in the key metropolitan issues of our time.” —MARK CLAPSON, UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER “Hutchison and Gottdiener make this book more and more user friendly in the fourth edition. This book deserves to be read not only by upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, but also by scholars who are looking for a brief (but effective) overview on the city.” —GABRIELE MANELLA, UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA Organized around an integrated paradigm—the sociospatial perspective—the fourth edition of this breakthrough text considers the impact of social factors such as race, class, gender, lifestyle, economics, culture, and politics on the development of metropolitan areas. Moving beyond the traditional city–suburb dichotomy, The New Urban Sociology provides a unique focus on the continuously changing nature of metropolitan regions. It integrates the social ecological with the political economy paradigm through a fresh theoretical approach emphasizing the importance of space to social life and real estate to the economy and urban development. This fully revised edition features a new chapter on metropolitan social policy and expanded discussions of inter- national regions, key concepts, and the effect of the economic crisis on housing markets, public policy, and urban development. Mark Gottdiener is professor of sociology at the University at Buffalo, SUNY. Ray Hutchison is professor of sociology and chair of urban and regional studies at the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. Cover Image © Jon Arnold/JAI/Corbis Cover Design: Miguel Santana & Wendy Halitzer A Member of the Perseus Books Group www.westviewpress.com www.perseusacademic.com 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page i THE NEW URBAN SOCIOLOGY 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page ii 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page iii FourthTHE Edition NEW URBAN SOCIOLOGY Mark Gottdiener University at Buffalo Ray Hutchison University of Wisconsin–Green Bay A Member of the Perseus Books Group 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page iv Copyright © 2011 by Westview Press Published by Westview Press, A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Westview Press, 2465 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301. Find us on the World Wide Web at www.westviewpress.com. Westview Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail [email protected]. Every effort has been made to secure required permission to use all images, maps, and other art included in this volume. Designed by Trish Wilkinson Set in 10 point Adobe Garamond Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gottdiener, Mark. The new urban sociology / Mark Gottdiener, Ray Hutchison. — 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8133-4425-6 (alk. paper) 1. Metropolitan areas—United States. 2. Suburbs—United States. 3. Urbanization—United States—History. 4. Sociology, Urban—United States. 5. Sociology, Urban. 6. Urbanization. I. Hutchison, Ray. II. Title. HT334.U5G657 2010 307.76—dc22 2010011487 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page v Mark Gottdiener dedicates this fourth edition to the memory of his parents, Moritz and Aranka Gottdiener. Ray Hutchison dedicates this fourth edition to Dulce Reyes Hutchison, whose journey from Manila to Chicago brought our global world to- gether, and to Leilani, Heather, and Jessica, who will complete the new global world of the twenty-first century. 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page vi 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page vii CONTENTS Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii 1 THE NEW URBAN SOCIOLOGY 1 Urban Regions, 1 Defining the Metropolitan Region, 6 Megacities Around the World, 9 A New Approach to Urban Sociology, 13 Global Capitalism and the Metropolis, 13 Supply-Side Factors in Urban Development, 15 The Importance of Culture in Metropolitan Life, 17 The Sociospatial Approach, 19 Key Concepts, 21 Discussion Questions, 21 2 THE ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE 23 Ancient Urbanization, 28 Classical Cities, 30 Urbanization After AD 1000, 33 The Medieval Order and the Renaissance City, 38 Capitalism and the Rise of the Industrial City, 41 Key Concepts, 47 Important Names, 47 Discussion Questions, 48 3 THE RISE OF URBAN SOCIOLOGY 49 Georg Simmel on the City, 52 Louis Wirth and Urbanism as a Way of Life, 55 vii 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page viii viii C ONTENTS The Chicago School of Urban Sociology, 58 From Human Ecology to Urban Ecology, 69 Conclusion, 72 Key Concepts, 73 Important Names, 73 Discussion Questions, 74 4 CONTEMPORARY URBAN SOCIOLOGY 75 Political Economy and the City: Classic Approaches, 76 The Revival of Urban Political Economy: Henri Lefebvre, 80 Class Conflict Theories: Gordon, Storper, and Walker, 82 Capital Accumulation Theory, 84 Approaches by Urban Sociologists: The Growth Machine vs. the Sociospatial Perspective, 86 Real Estate and Government Intervention, 89 Semiotics and Urban Culture, 93 The Global Economy, 95 Summary: The Sociospatial Perspective, 97 Key Concepts, 98 Discussion Questions, 98 5 URBANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES 99 The Stages of Urban Growth, 99 The Colonial Period: 1630 to 1812, 101 The Era of Industrial Expansion: 1812 to 1920, 105 The Rise of the Metropolis: 1920 to 1960, 114 Key Concepts, 122 Discussion Questions, 122 6 SUBURBANIZATION, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE MULTICENTERED REGION 123 Deindustrialization and Globalization: Processes That Have Changed Both Cities and Suburbs Since the 1960s, 130 Globalization and Uneven Development, 131 How Deindustrialization and Globalization Affected Suburbs, 133 Beyond Suburbia: The Emergence of the Multinucleated Region, 138 Recent Trends in Metropolitan Regions, 141 The Shift to the Sun Belt, 144 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 10:55 AM Page ix CONTENTS ix Key Concepts, 153 Discussion Questions, 154 7 PEOPLE AND LIFESTYLES IN THE METROPOLIS: URBAN AND SUBURBAN CULTURE 155 Class Differences and Spatial Location, 156 Women, Gender Roles, and Space, 165 The City as a Special Place: Nightlife, Urban Culture, and Regeneration of Downtowns, 171 Urban Culture and City Revitalization, 172 Ethnicity and Immigration, 176 Conclusion: Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Across the Metropolis, 182 Key Concepts, 183 Discussion Questions, 184 8 MINORITY SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, NEIGHBORHOODS, AND COMMUNITIES IN THE MULTICENTERED METRO REGION 185 Voluntary and Involuntary Movements of Minorities, 185 Neighborhoods and Community, 194 The Difference Between Neighborhood and Community, 200 New Forms of Community, 202 Social Networks as Communities Without Proximity, 205 Summary, 206 Key Concepts, 207 Discussion Questions, 207 9 METROPOLITAN PROBLEMS: RACISM, POVERTY, CRIME, HOUSING, AND FISCAL CRISIS 209 The Sociospatial Approach to Social Problems, 210 Racism and Poverty, 211 Increasing Income Inequality, Unemployment, and Poverty, 221 The Housing Crisis and Society’s Failure to Provide Adequate Affordable Housing, 222 Homelessness, 227 Crime, 229 The Fiscal Crisis and Public Service Problems, 239 Summary, 241 9780813344256-text_Layout 1 5/10/10 9:34 AM Page x x CONTENTS Key Concepts, 242 Discussion Questions, 243 10 URBANIZATION IN THE DEVELOPED NATIONS 245 Western Europe, 248 Eastern Europe, 265 Japan, 271 Summary, 276 Key Concepts, 278 Discussion Questions, 278 11 GLOBALIZATION AND URBANIZATION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD 279 Changing Perspectives on Urbanization, 283 The Demographic Transition, 287 Primate City Development Patterns, 289 Shantytown Development, 290 The Informal Economy and Coping Strategies, 294 Urban Social Movements and Politics, 295 Patterns of Urbanization, 297 Summary, 317 Key Concepts, 318 Discussion Questions, 318 12 METROPOLITAN PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 321 Sprawl, 323 A Short History of Metropolitan Planning, 326 The Sociology of Land-Use Planning, 329 Utopian Schemes: Howard, Le Corbusier,
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