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Cycas Rumphii Miq. di Sepanjang Sungai Maningo, Taman Wisata Alam Cani Sirenreng Deden Mudiana UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Purwodadi LIPI, Pasuruan, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Abstract Cycas rumphii Miq. belongs to Cycadaceae family, one of ancient species on the world. Sulawesi is one of distribution area for this species. This research aimed to do inventory, habitat and distribution study of Cycas rumphii along Maningo river in Cani Sirenreng Forest Park. Collected data were diameter breast height, height of trunk, altitude, geografphic position (with GPS), and number of individu. Thirty two individuals were recorded on location. Most of them grew in shading area, clay and sandy soil, at 386-417 meter above sea level. Key word : Cycas rumphii, forest park, river,habitat, species 1. Pendahuluan Masyarakat Indonesia secara umum Cycas adalah salah satu marga dari suku mengenalnya dengan nama pakis aji. Jenis ini memiliki Cycadaceae yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok potensi sebagai tanaman hias, bahkan saat ini telah tumbuhan Gymnospermae atau tumbuhan biji banyak dikembangkan oleh nurseri-nurseri sebagai terbuka. Sebanyak 99 nama jenis Cycas yang tercatat tanaman hias yang memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi. ada di dunia (Hill et.al., 2004). Di Wilayah Asia Pemanfaatan dan pengambilan dari alam secara terus diperkirakan terdapat 63 jenis yang tersebar pada menerus dapat menyebabkan populasinya di alam beberapa wilayah. Pusat-pusat distribusinya semakin berkurang. Hal ini sejalan dengan pendapat mencakup wilayah Vietnam (24 jenis), China (21), Hill, Chen, and Loc (2003), yang mengemukakan tiga Thailand (10), Indonesia (7), Papua New Guinea ancaman Cycas di wilayah Asia. Ancaman tersebut (PNG) (6), Philippines (5), dan Malaysia (3) (Hill, berupa : (1). Berkurangnya habitat alaminya akibat Chen, and Loc, 2003). Tujuh jenis yang tersebar konversi lahan untuk berbagai peruntukan, (2) tersebar di wilayah Indonesia adalah : Cycas apoa, Pengambilan dari alam untuk berbagai keperluan, C. litoralis, C. papuana, C. rumphii, C. falcata, C. seperti diperdagangkan sebagai tanaman hias, obat javana, dan C. scratchleyana. Backer & Bakhuizen dan lainnya, (3) Penyebab lainnya, antara lain : (1963) menyebutkan bahwa di jawa hanya ada dua lambatnya laju regenerasi dan pertumbuhannya, jenis, yaitu: C. rumphii dan C. revoluta. hilangnya atau berkurangnya polinator alaminya, Cycas rumphii memiliki sinonim Cycas celebica menurunnya viabilitas jenis karena kecil dan Miq. Nama rumphii diberikan sebagai penghargaan terisolasinya kelompok-kelompok populasi yang ada, terhadap seorang ahli botani Belanda bernama Georg terjadinya kompetisi dengan jenis-jenis invasiv Eberhard Rumpf, yang dikenal dengan Rumphius. lainnya. Pada tahun 1997, Cycas celebica termasuk Pusat penyebaran alaminya adalah di wilayah ke dalam IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants lists Kepulauan Maluku. Distribusi kearah timur hingga dengan status rare (R) (Hill, 2008). Ada kekhawatiran Papua dan ke arah barat hingga Sulawesi bagian keberadaan populasinya di alam akan semakin langka. utara. Sementara penyebarannya ke arah barat Meskipun telah dikenal cukup luas, namun masih mencakup wilayah selatan Borneo dan bagian utara sedikit masyarakat yang mengetahui keberadaan dan timur Pulau Jawa (Hill, 2008). Keberadaan jenis ini di kondisi lingkungan tempat tumbuhnya di alam. India dilaporkan terdapat di Pulau Andaman dan Upaya konservasi tumbuhan secara umum Pulau Nicobar ( Muniappan and Viraktamath, 2006). dapat dilakukan dengan dua pendekatan, yaitu 167 Jurnal Bumi Lestari, Volume 9 No. 2, Agustus 2009, hlm. 167 - 172 perlindungan dan proteksi jenis tumbuhan di habitat dengan cara menyusuri tepian Sungai Maningo alaminya (in situ conservation) dan upaya sepanjang 1 km. Data-data tersebut dicatat pada perlindungan di luar habitat aslinya (ex situ setiap perjumpaan dengan Cycas rumphii. Material conservation). Kegiatan eksplorasi flora yang tumbuhan dan herbariumnya di kumpulkan untuk dilakukan oleh Kebun Raya Purwodadi di Taman selanjutnya menjadi koleksi bagi Kebun Raya Wisata Alam (TWA) Cani Sirenreng, Kabupaten Purwodadi. Bone, Sulawesi Selatan, bertujuan untuk Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisa mengumpulkan material tumbuhan sebagai koleksi secara deskriptif untuk mengetahui jumlah individu kebun raya. Jenis-jenis prioritas yang dikumpulkan serta struktur dimensi pohonnya. Data GPS dan adalah jenis-jenis yang langka, endemik, ataupun altitude selanjutnya digunakan untuk memetakan memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan baik sebagai persebarannya di kawasan. Pemetaan ini tanaman hias, obat, pangan, dan lain sebagainya. menggunakan program map source. Tanaman koleksi tersebut selanjutnya dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan penelitian, pendidikan dan 3. Hasil dan Pembahasan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Kegiatan ini berkaitan dengan tugas dan fungsinya sebagai salah 3.1 Kondisi Lokasi Penelitian satu lembaga konservasi ex-situ tumbuhan. Cycas Secara umum kondisi lokasi penelitian di rumphii adalah salah satu jenis yang menjadi target kawasan TWA Cani Sirenreng memiliki keadaan alam pengoleksian bagi Kebun Raya Purwodadi. Di yang berbukit dan berlembah. Pada beberapa bagian samping karena status kelangkaan dan potensi kecil terdapat pula lokasi dengan kondisi relatif datar. pengembangannya, pengoleksian jenis ini juga Kondisi tanahnya tersusun atas tipe tanah kompleks dikarenakan koleksinya yang masih sedikit di kebun mediteran klat regusol dan litosol. Teksturnya raya. Hingga saat ini Kebun raya Purwodadi memiliki cenderung liat berlempung dengan pasir dan satu nomor koleksi Cycas rumphii. Koleksi tersebut kerikil. terdaftar sebagai koleksi nomor XIV.G.III.2 (Suprapto Di dalam kawasan terdapat beberapa aliran et.al. 2007). sungai, dengan sungai yang cukup besar adalah Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan sungai Maninggo. Sungai ini mengalir di lembah material tumbuhan Cycas rumphii serta mempelajari bukit dan perbukitan, yang akan berhubungan dan mendokumentasikan kondisi tempat tumbuh dengan Air Terjun Cani Sirenreng. Badan sungainya serta penyebarannya di alam, tepatnya di kawasan memiliki lebar sekitar 8-10 meter dengan kedalaman TWA Cani Sirenreng. hanya sekitar 50 cm pada kondisi normal. Dasar sungai terdiri atas batu-batu besar, kerikil dan pasir. 2. Metode Penelitian Kondisi airnya masih sangat baik dan digunakan Penelitian dilakukan di sepanjang sungai untuk sumber air bagi warga masyarakat Dusun Maningo. Sungai ini terletak dalam kawasan TWA Maninggo. Cani Sirenreng, tepatanya di Dusun Maningo, Desa Kawasan TWA Cani Sirenreng termasuk ke Tellu Bocoe, Kecamatan Ponre, Kabupaten Bone, dalam tipe iklim C berdasarkan pengelompokan tipe Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari iklim Schmidt dan Ferguson. Curah hujan rata-rata tanggal 19 Agustus 3 September 2008. Peralatan tahunnannya mencapai 3.000 mm dengan suhu rata- yang digunakan adalah : buku lapangan, alat tulis, rata antara 25oC 30oC. Kelembaban udaranya pita ukur diameter, GPS, kamera digital, label gantung, berkisar antara 40%-60% (Annonim, 2008). Hasil gunting setek, dan altimeter. pengukuran suhu dan kelembaban udara di lokasi Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi : data diameter penelitian selama kegiatan berkisar antara 20oC 26oC batang, tinggi pohon, posisi geografi, serta jumlah dengan kelembaban udara berkisar antara 80% - 94% individu. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan (Mudiana,D.,dkk.., 2008). 168 Deden Mudiana : Cycas Rumphii Miq. di Sepanjang Sungai Maningo, Taman Wisata Alam Cani ..... Gambar 1. Peta kawasan TWA Cani Sirenreng 3.2 Cycas rumphii di Sepanjang Sungai Maningo Tabel 1. Sistematika Cycas rumphii Ciri-ciri lapangan yang mudah dikenali untuk jenis ini adalah perwakannya berupa pohon seperti Kerajaan : Tumbuhan palem dapat bercabang ataupun tidak dengan tinggi Divisi : Cycadophyta dapat mencapai sekitar 6 meter. Memiliki daun yang Kelas : Cycadopsoda tersusun pada bagian ujung batang, berupa daun Ordo : Cycadales majemuk menyirip dengan panjang dapat mencapai Subordo : Cycadineae 2,5 meter. Dalam setiap daun tersusun atas 50-150 Suku : Cycadaceae pasang anak daun. Bunganya berumah dua. Marga : Cicas Bunganya berbentuk cone (berbentuk kerucut-elips). Jenis : Cycas rumphii Miq. Bunga betina terletak pada bagian ujung batang Sinonim : Cycas celebica Miq. dengan panjang dapat mencapai 50 cm. Bunga jantan bertangkai pendek. Biji berbentuk ovoid-elips, Suku lainnya dari kelompok ordo Cycadales dengan ukuran 3-6 cm x 2,5-5 cm dan berwarna oranye adalah Stangeriaceae (terdiri atas 2 marga : Stangeria (Verheij & Coronel, 1992; van Steenis, 2003). dan Bowenia) dan Zamiaceae (terdiri atas 8 marga : Cycas rumphii termasuk ke dalam kelompok Ceratozamia, Chigua, Dioon, Encephalartos, tanaman purba yang masih tersisa hingga saat ini. Lepidozamia, Macrozamia, microcycas, dan Zamia) Pertama kali muncul sekitar 100 juta tahun yang lalu, (Lindblad and Costa, 2002). bertepatan dengan masa mesozoikum (Polunin, 1994; Tercatat sebanyak 32 individu yang terdata Lindblad and Costa, 2002). Jenis ini termasuk ke dalam penelitian ini. Jarak penyusuran sungai yang dalam kelompok suku Cycadaceae yang hanya dilakukan sekitar 1 km. Kebanyakan tumbuh pada memiliki satu marga tunggal yaitu Cycas. Setidaknya bagian tanggul sungai bagian dalam. Namun ada juga tercatat sebanyak 99 jenis Cycas yang ada di dunia. yang dijumpai tumbuh pada bagian atas tanggul. Pertelaan taksonomi untuk jenis ini adalah sebagai Letaknya tersebut dapat mengakibatkan berikut (Annonim, 2009) : keberadaannya dapat terendam pada saat air sungi
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  • The Genus Cycas (Cycadaceae) in the Philippines

    The Genus Cycas (Cycadaceae) in the Philippines

    Telopea 12(1) 119–145 The genus Cycas (Cycadaceae) in The Philippines A.J. Lindstrom1, K.D. Hill2 and L.C. Stanberg2 1Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden, Sattahip, Chonburi 20250, Thailand 2National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney 2000, Australia Abstract The genus Cycas is reviewed for The Philippines. Ten species are enumerated, with five described as new (Cycas saxatilis, C. aenigma, C. vespertilio, C. nitida and C. lacrimans). C. wadei, C. curranii and C. saxatilis are placed in the new Section Wadeae. Lectotypes are chosen for Cycas circinalis subsp. riuminiana var. curranii forma graminea J.Schust. and Cycas circinalis subsp. riuminiana var. curranii forma maritima J.Schust. The species are placed within an infrageneric classification previously outlined. Distribution of all taxa is mapped, conservation status is discussed and a key to species provided. Previous recordings of C. circinalis and C. rumphii from The Philippines are discussed. Introduction The genus Cycas is the single constituent genus of the family Cycadaceae, itself the basal lineage of the living cycads (Stevenson, 1992). It is also the sole living cycad group occurring in Asia. The only known fossil evidence for this genus is from the Eocene of China and Japan, and this, together with the occurrence of all major lineages in the genus in mainland Asia, supports a long-term presence and probable origin of this genus in that region (Hill 1995). Cycas consists of about 100 species, chiefly Indo- Chinese (about 40 species) and Australian (27 species). The genus also occurs in the Malesian region, Japan and India, extending to Micronesia and Polynesia, Madagascar and East Africa.
  • Palms, Cycads & Pandans

    Palms, Cycads & Pandans

    Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia Part 2: DESCRIPTIONS – Palms, cycads & pandans GROUP F: PALMS, CYCADS & PANDANS 491 Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia Part 2: DESCRIPTIONS – Palms, cycads & pandans Fig. 131. Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) Dransfield. (a) Leaf axis, with two leaflets still attached, (b) whip-like, hooked leaf-tip, (c) female inflorescence, (d) male inflorescence, and (e) base of leaf (leaf sheath) , showing insertion of spines. 492 Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia Part 2: DESCRIPTIONS – Palms, cycads & pandans ARECACEAE 131 Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) Dransfield Synonyms : Calamus aquatilis, Daemonorops erinaceus, Daemonorops leptopus Vernacular name(s) : Rotan Bakau (Mal., Ind.) Description : A robust, multiple-stemmed climbing palm (rattan) with whip-like hooks at the tips of its leaves. The stems climb up to 15-30m (or more), are 2-3.5 cm in diameter, but may be up to 6 cm wide if the enclosing sheaths are included. The sheaths are orange to yellowish-green, and are very densely armed with horizontal or slanted greyish- brown spines that are 2-35 mm long. The spines and the sheath epidermis are densely covered with fine grey scales. The 5-9 spines around the mouth of the leaf sheath point upward and are up to 6 cm long. The leaves are about 4.5 m long with numerous greyish-green leaflets that measure 2 by 40 cm; the leaf stalk is 20 cm. These are very regular, closely grouped, and hang laxly. They are armed with short bristles along the margins and on the veins on the underside of the leaflet. The lower surface also has minute brown scales and a thin layer of pale wax.
  • CLASSIC 1-STEM PHALAENOPSIS Phalaenopsis Amabilis

    CLASSIC 1-STEM PHALAENOPSIS Phalaenopsis Amabilis

    CLASSIC 1-STEM PHALAENOPSIS Phalaenopsis amabilis CLASSIC 1-STEM PHALAENOPSIS Phalaenopsis amabilis The Phalaenopsis Orchid,also called the Moth Orchid features large velvety blooms on a long arching stem that emerges from olive-green foliage. In their Mostly Indonesia & the Philippines native habitats, Phalaenopsis Orchids can be found growing in the nooks and Low Sunlight crannies of other plants and trees, dangling beautifully amidst the tropical landscape. The blooms of the Phalaenopsis Orchid can sometimes last as long as Elegant flowers 4 months in spaces with adequate humidity and consistently warm temperatures, making them a great economical choice as flowering houseplants. Slow While blooming, place the orchid Touch the moss for dryness anywhere out of direct sunlight. every 10-12 days. If top feels When not in bloom, bright indirect dry, add about a quarter cup of light is best. water per plant. Easy! Despite a misconceived Keep above 60F at night reputation as being hard to grow, and between 70-80F during Phalaenopsis Orchids are some of the day. Avoid fluctuating the easiest to maintain and get to temperatures as this will cause bloom again. unopened buds to drop. Use any balanced orchid fertilizer Plants in sphagnum moss at half-strength every week or two. require less frequent watering, Once a month flush out the potting but a mixture of moss and bark mix with clean water to remove any is best for long-term growth. salts that may build up. Blooms should last several months Yes! Phalaenopsis Orchids are and will then fall off on their own, non-toxic if consumed by dogs but if wilted, just prune or gently and cats.