Fotosferas, Envelopes E Evoluç˜Ao Na Seqüência Principal Ronaldo

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Fotosferas, Envelopes E Evoluç˜Ao Na Seqüência Principal Ronaldo Estrelas Be: Fotosferas, Envelopes e Evolu¸c˜ao na Seq¨uˆencia Principal Ronaldo Savarino Levenhagen Orientador: Prof. Dr. Nelson Vani Leister Tese apresentada como requisito para a obten¸c˜ao do grau de Doutor em Ciˆencias Departamento de Astronomia Instituto de Astronomia, Geof´ısica e Ciˆencias Atmosf´ericas Universidade de S˜ao Paulo Brasil Outubro 2004 Dedicada `a minha querida Rose e meu pequeno Bruno Estrelas Be: Fotosferas, Envelopes e Evolu¸c˜ao na Seq¨uˆencia Principal Ronaldo Savarino Levenhagen Resumo As estrelas Be compreendem uma grande faixa de massas e temperaturas. Por defini¸c˜ao, s˜ao objetos de tipo B com classe de luminosidade entre V e III que apre- sentam, ou apresentaram alguma vez, linhas de Balmer em emiss˜ao (eventualmente metais uma vez ionizados) e/ou linhas com padr˜oes de absor¸c˜ao shell1, possivelmente formadas em um envelope circunstelar. Embora se saiba h´a muito tempo que esses objetos s˜ao rodadores r´apidos e que giram pelo menos 1,5 a 2 vezes mais r´apido do que as estrelas B normais, ainda ´e incerto se esses objetos s˜ao ou n˜ao em m´edia rodadores cr´ıticos, n˜ao obstante as re- centes observa¸c˜oes interferom´etricas de HD 10144 (Achernar)2 (uma estrela Be t´ıpica) indicarem se tratar de um rodador cr´ıtico. Devidoas ` suas altas taxas de rota¸c˜ao, as quais originam distor¸c˜oes geom´etricas e distribui¸c˜oes n˜ao uniformes de temperatura dependentes da latitude estelar, os valores de velocidade de rota¸c˜ao derivados por m´etodos cl´assicos s˜ao sistematicamente subes- timados. Al´em disso, os efeitos da rota¸c˜ao, aliadosapresen¸ ` ca do envelope circunstelar, mascaram as condi¸c˜oes f´ısicas desses objetos, resultando em diferen¸cas significativas em seus est´agios evolutivos na seq¨uˆencia principal. Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados do estudo espectrosc´opico de estrelas Be em duas vertentes. Na primeira tratamos o tema da forma¸c˜ao e estrutura do envelope circunstelar de estrelas Be, atrav´es das an´alises de duas estrelas, HD 127972 (η Cen) e HD 10144 (Achernar). Nesse estudo identificamos e caracterizamos seus 1Neste trabalho, palavras, express˜oes e siglas estrangeiras, `a exce¸c˜ao de nomes pr´oprios, ser˜ao apresentadas em it´alico. 2As estrelas ser˜ao referenciadas, sempre que poss´ıvel, por seus c´odigos Henry-Drapper (HD). No caso de estrelas muito conhecidas, estas ser˜ao explicitadas com seus nomes entre parˆenteses. iv modos de pulsa¸c˜ao, os quais se constituem em um poss´ıvel mecanismo de perda de massa e forma¸c˜ao do envelope. Al´em disso, estudamos a estrutura de seus envelopes circunstelares atrav´es da modelagem de perfis de Balmer em emiss˜ao. Na segunda vertente quantificamos as condi¸c˜oes f´ısicas de 141 estrelas de campo, onde 114 s˜ao de tipo Be e 27 estrelas s˜ao B normais. Nesse estudo, comparamos os est´agios evolutivos desses objetos obtidos atrav´es de m´etodos cl´assicos com os est´agios evolutivos corrigidos dos efeitos da rota¸c˜ao elevada. Concluimos que o “fenˆomeno Be” pode ocorrer em todas as fases da evolu¸c˜ao estelar na seq¨uˆencia principal. Be Stars: Photospheres, Envelopes and Evolution in the Main Sequence Ronaldo Savarino Levenhagen Abstract Be stars encompass a large mass and temperature range. By definition, they are B-type objects with luminosity classes V to III that have, or have shown at least once, Balmer lines in emission (eventually single-ionized metals) and/or lines with shell ab- sorption patterns possibly formed in a circumstellar envelope. Though it has long been known that these objects are fast rotators and that they rotate at least 1.5 to 2 times faster than normal B stars, it is still uncertain whether or not these objects are in average critical rotators, although recent interferometric observations on Achernar (a typical Be star) pointed it out to be a critical rotator. Due to their high rotation rates which originate geometrical distortions and non- uniform temperature distributions dependent on the stellar latitude, the rotation velocity values derived from classical methods are systematically underestimated. Moreover, the rotation effects allied to the continuum emission due to the presence of a circumstel- lar envelope disguise the physical conditions of these objects, resulting in significative differences of their main-sequence evolutionary stages. In this work we present the results of the spectroscopic study of Be stars in two approaches. In the first one we treat the subject of formation and structure of the cir- cumstellar envelope of Be stars through the analyses of two stars, HD 127972 (η Cen) and HD 10144 (Achernar). In this study we identify and characterize their pulsation modes, which constitute in a possible mechanism of mass loss and envelope formation. Moreover we study the structure of their circumstellar envelopes through the modelling of Balmer profiles in emission. In the second approach we quantify the physical condi- tions of 141 field stars, where 114 are Be-type stars and 27 stars are normal B stars. In this study, we compared the evolutionary stages of these objects obtained through classical methods with evolutionary stages corrected for high rotation effects. We con- vi clude that the “Be phenomenon” can occur at whatever stage of the stellar evolution on the main sequence. Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Nelson Vani Leister pela orienta¸c˜ao, confian¸ca, amizade, paciˆencia e incentivo. Ao Prof. Dr. Jean Zorec pela acolhida durante meu est´agio no Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, pela ajuda, incentivo, amizade e discuss˜oes acadˆemicas. Aos meus pais, irm˜aos e familiares pelo apoio e carinho. A` minha esposa Roseli e meu filho Bruno, por tudo. Aos colegas do IAG pelos bons momentos... em especial ao Eduardo Amˆores, Mauro, Marcus Vin´ıcius, Anselmo, Fab´ıola e C´assio. Ao pessoal da secretaria, Marina, Carminha, Ana L´ucia e Concei¸c˜ao. Aos colegas do IFUSP pela amizade, em especial ao Henady, Benˆe, Haddad, Lamas, AlbertoeAlexandreSanches. A` FAPESP pelo suporte financeiro sob contrato 00/10029-6 e aux´ılio 1998/10138-8. vii “En fait de decouvertes nouvelles, il ne faut pas trop se presser de raisoner, quoiqu’on en ait toujours assez d’envie: et les vrais philosophes sont comme les ´el´ephants, qui en marchant ne posent jamais le second pied `a terre que le pre- mier ne soit bien affermi.” Fontenele (si`ecle XVII) ´Indice Resumo iii Abstract v Agradecimentos vii 1 Introdu¸c˜ao 1 1.1 Descri¸c˜aodaTese.............................. 3 2 Fundamentos Te´oricos 5 2.1AsestrelasBe................................ 5 2.1.1 Defini¸c˜ao do “fenˆomenoBe”.................... 5 2.1.2 Caracter´ısticasdosperfisespectrais................ 6 2.1.3 Caracter´ısticas do cont´ınuo..................... 8 2.1.4 Variabilidades . 10 2.2 Parˆametros fundamentais da estrela central . 15 2.2.1 Propor¸c˜aodeestrelasBe...................... 15 2.2.2 Rota¸c˜ao............................... 16 2.2.3 Temperatura efetiva, massa e luminosidade . 17 2.2.4 Idades................................ 19 2.3EnvelopescircunstelaresdeestrelasBe.................. 20 2.3.1 Modelos baseados na rota¸c˜aoelevada............... 20 2.3.2 Modelos baseados em ventos impulsionados por radia¸c˜ao.... 21 2.3.3 Modelos baseados em ventos e rota¸c˜ao.............. 22 2.3.4 Mecanismos adicionais de forma¸c˜aodoenvelope......... 23 ix ´Indice x 2.4 Teoria das Pulsa¸c˜oes N˜aoRadiais..................... 24 2.4.1 Caracteriza¸c˜aodosmodospulsacionais.............. 26 3 Amostragem e redu¸c˜ao de dados 28 3.1 Dados: origens, caracter´ısticas e redu¸c˜ao................. 28 4An´alise sismol´ogica e circunstelar 36 4.1 HD 127972 . 36 4.1.1 Varia¸c˜oesdosperfisdelinhaobservadas............. 36 4.2 HD 10144 . 45 4.2.1 Varia¸c˜oesobservadasdosperfisdelinha............. 45 4.3 Modelagem de perfis de Balmer em emiss˜ao............... 47 4.3.1 Modelagem para HD 127972 e HD 10144 . 55 5 Estudo da fotosfera de estrelas Be 59 5.1 S´ınteseespectral............................... 59 5.1.1 Modelos de atmosferas estelares e transferˆencia radiativa . 59 5.2 M´etodo cl´assico de estimativa de parˆametros fotosf´ericos........ 61 5.3 Dependˆencia das raz˜oesdelinhasdeh´elio com a abundˆancia...... 67 5.4 Corre¸c˜ao dos parˆametros por efeitos da rota¸c˜ao............. 71 5.5Resultados.................................. 73 6 Data¸c˜ao do “fenˆomeno Be” 80 6.1 Ocorrˆencia do “fenˆomenoBe”....................... 80 6.2Idades,luminosidadesemassas...................... 82 7 Conclus˜oes e perspectivas 92 Bibliografia 95 Anexo 107 A Trabalhos publicados 107 A.1Anaisdecongresso............................. 107 A.2Artigoscompletos.............................. 110 Lista de Figuras 2.1 Localiza¸c˜ao no diagrama HR dos principais grupos de estrelas vari´aveis (adaptado de Unno et al. 1989). 24 4.1 Amostragem de espectros observados no MCT/LNA, centrados em He i λ 6678 A....................................˚ 37 4.2 Periodograma da linha de He iλ6678 A˚ de HD 127972, obtido a partir de espectros observados no MCT/LNA no per´ıodo 1997/1998. 38 4.3 Espectros dinˆamicos da linha de He iλ6678 A,˚ obtido a partir dos res´ıduos de todos os 652 espectros observados no MCT/LNA. (Esquerda) Dia- grama em fase com o sinal de 1,48 c/d. (Centro) Diagrama em fase com o sinal de 3,8 c/d. (Direita) Diagrama em fase com o sinal de 5,3 c/d. 38 4.4 Varia¸c˜oes em velocidade radial, largura equivalente e largura a meia altura das linhas de He iλ6678 A˚ de HD 127972, obtidos a partir de espectros observados no MCT/LNA no per´ıodo de 1996 a 2000. 40 4.5 Curva de luz de HD 127972 constru´ıda a partir de dados de fotometria obtidos com o sat´elite Hipparcos no per´ıodo de 1990 a 1992, em fase com a principal freq¨uˆencia detectada em an´alises fotom´etricas e espec- trosc´opicas(1,5c/d)............................
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