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Chemical, Morphological, and Thermogravimetric of Terminalia Catappa Linn Orquídea Vasconcelos Dos SANTOS1*, Natasha Dantas LORENZO2, Suzana Caetano Da Silva LANNES2

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Chemical, Morphological, and Thermogravimetric of Terminalia Catappa Linn Orquídea Vasconcelos Dos SANTOS1*, Natasha Dantas LORENZO2, Suzana Caetano Da Silva LANNES2 a Food Science and Technology ISSN 0101-2061 DDOI 10.1590/1678-457X.0090 Chemical, morphological, and thermogravimetric of Terminalia catappa Linn Drquídea Vasconcelos dos SANTDS1*, Natasha Dantas LDRENZD2, Suzana Caetano da Silva LANNES2 Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the chemical composition, morphology, and the thermogravimetric behavior of the pulp of Terminalia catappa, also known as tropical almond. The analytical results show, based mainly on its lipid content, that this fruit has a considerable energy value. Its fiber content contributes to enhance the functional properties of the fruit. Morphological characteristics show a spongy-like structure with dispersion of starch granules and high concentration of fiber bundles, confirming the results of the chemical composition analysis. The thermogravimetric behavior exhibited by this fruit pulp when submitted to progressive temperature increase under dynamic air atmosphere shows that this raw material has great potential for industrial use due to its high absorption rate of water soluble and/or lipid-based compounds, allowing its use as a dietary complement or supplement ingredient in food products. Keywords: thermogravimetric; micrographs; fruits. Practical Application: The possibility of using this raw material as a dietary enrichment was evidenced by its functional and technological properties. The spongy aspect of the post-extraction material shows its high water and oil absorption capacity, confirming its suitability for use in the food industry. 1 Introduction Terminalia catappa Linn is a member of the Combretaceae These by-products can have technological applications such family, which comprises approximately 600 species. However, as in the preparation of baked goods (breads, cakes, pastries, the two most common genera are Combretum and Terminalia, biscuits, cookies, cereal or protein bars, and pasta in general). each consisting of about 250 species and wide applicability in the These applications have led to the deepening of studies to traditional African, Asian, and Indian medicine (Fyhrquist et al., investigate their potential functional properties. Therefore, 2002; Saleem et al., 2002; Martini et al., 2004). Terminalia catappa this fruit can arouse more interest of pharmaceutical, chemical, is a drupe with a fleshy pulp. During maturation, it changes color oleochemical, and other industries (Teixeira, 2010; Sousa et al., from green to dark purplish-red; it has an oleaginous kernel 2011; Santos et al., 2012, 2013). coated with a thin film (Thomson & Evans, 2006; Ivani et al., Some studies on the biological properties of Terminalia 2008; González-Mendoza et al., 2009). catappa Linn, have been carried out in the area of human health, Tropical almonds or Terminalia catappa Linn are edible and its antioxidant (Lin et al., 2001; Ko et al., 2002; Chyau et al., 2002, 2006) anti-inflammatory (Fan et al., 2004), antitumoral fruits used in foods, especially for children and birds and (Chen et al., 2000; Liu et al., 1996), antiviral (Tanaka et al., other animals. Its kernels, which are also edible, are a source of 1986), and antidiabetic (Nagappa et al., 2003) potential have proteins and lipids (Cavalcante et al., 1986; Matos et al., 1992; been described. Ivani et al., 2008). Its macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, Traditionally, only the fallen leaves of Terminalia catappa can help the body in the daily diet by supplying energy and basic Linn are boiled or brewed as a drink (tea). These leaves have substances for the growth and maintenance of body functions; been used in folk medicine as an antidiarrheal and antipyretic lipids and proteins are the most significant macronutrients in India, Philippines, and Malaysia. In Taiwan, it has been used present in Terminalia catappa kernel and pulp of (Lima, 2012). to prevent liver tumors and to treat hepatitis. Its micronutrients, on the other hand, help regulate In terms of its technological use, separating the edible parts of human functions (Roach, 2009) and can be classified as: this fruit increase its use in various products as a raw material in electrolytes (potassium, chloride, and sodium), macro the enrichment and/or supplementation of existing formulations minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur) in the food industry. The use of appropriate technologies can trace minerals or trace elements (iron, zinc, copper, iodine, promote the separation of this fruit’s fractions and process them chromium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, and nickel) into flour, pulp, and oils. and ultratrace elements (fluorine, cobalt, silicon, vanadium, Received 26 Nov., 2015 Accepted 12 Jan., 2016 1Faculdade de Nutrição – FANUT, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde – ICS, Universidade Federal do Pará – UFPA, Belém, PA, Brasil 2Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil *Corresponding author: [email protected] Food Sci. Technol, Campinas, 36(1): 151-158, Jan.-Mar. 2016 151 Morphology, the thermogravimetric of Terminalia catappa tin, lead, mercury, boron, lithium, strontium, cadmium, and 2.4 Biometric analysis arsenic) (Manganaro, 2008). The ultratrace and trace elements The fruits were randomly selected and the cutting point are essential for the proper body function and are required was chosen considering the presence of mechanical injury or in small amounts (Roach, 2009). uniformities that prevented the accurate measurements of their The presence of phenolic compounds - aromatic compounds diameters. Subsequently, they were weighed using an analytical resulting from the secondary metabolism of plants - was balance (QUIMIS- Bioprecisa electronic balance FA-2104N), also identified (Kim et al., 2003). These compounds have an and the largest and smallest diameters were measured using a adaptive protective role in the defense mechanism, and their caliper (VDNDER). importance has been demonstrated in several studies, particularly flavonols, anthocyanins, and antoxantins, confirming their 2.5. Physicochemical characterization of tropical almonds ability to capture free radicals thus preventing cardiovascular Physicochemical properties of pulp and peel and circulatory diseases, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s (Wang & Mazza, 2002; Stoclet et al., 2004; Abdille et al., 2005; Khatoon et al., 2008). • Water activity: obtained by direct measurement using an AquaLab thermo hygrometer Series 3TE (DECAGDN) According to Nagappa et al. (2003), the presence of with internal temperature control of 25 °C; phenolic compounds indicates that the fruit has the potential • pH: measured according to the ADAC official method to prevent and possibly treat certain diseases. Accordingly, 981.12 (Association of Dfficial Analytical Chemists, 2000) the extracts from tropical almond (Terminallia C. Linn) have using a potentiometer (QUIMIS) previously calibrated been described as hypoglycemic agents capable of regenerating with buffer solutions of pH 4 and 7; pancreatic β-cells due to the presence of methanol and aqueous extracts. • Soluble solids: determined by refractometry according to the IAL method (Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 1985) using an Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the nutritional and AR200 manual digital refractometer (Tecnal). colorimetric composition, morphology and thermogravimetric of tropical almond in order to obtain practical knowledge to • Total Acidity: determined according to the ADAC official method 22.058 (Association of Dfficial Analytical Chemists, add value to this fruit. 2000) that measures the acidity of substances. 2 Materials and methods • Humidity: determined according to the ADAC official method 920 151 (Association of Dfficial Analytical 2.1 Fruit harvest Chemists, 2000) by drying in a forced-air oven at 105 °C The tropical almond (Terminalia catappa Linn) fruits used in until constant weight; this study (2014 fruit season), about 5.0 kg, were collected from • Crude protein: determined according to the micro-Kjeldahl as adult trees in the city of Belém - PA. This fruit was registered in described by the ADAC official method 950.48 (Association the João Pires Murça (MG) Herbarium, also known as “herbárium of Dfficial Analytical Chemists, 2000), which is based on Amazanicum Musei paraenses” under the code # MG70506. determining the total amount of nitrogen existing in the The fruits were selected according to the maturity stage in which sample; crude protein content is calculated by multiplying they are ready for consumption (dark purplish-red). The fruits the total nitrogen by 6.25 (% N × 6.25); were picked directly from the trees according to their external • Total lipids: determined by solvent extraction on a Soxhlet appearance. apparatus according to the ADAC official method 948.22 (Association of Dfficial Analytical Chemists, 2000) using 2.2 Sample preparation petroleum ether as solvent; The fruit samples were transported in low density polyethylene • Fixed mineral residue: ash content was determined by (LDPE) bags to the Laboratory Food Analysis, Federal University incinerating the sample in a muffle furnace at 550 °C, of Pará, where they were rinsed with tap water, submerged in a according to the ADAC official method 930.05 (Association sanitizing solution of 150 ppm available chlorine for 5 minutes, of Dfficial Analytical Chemists, 2000); drained, manually pulped separating the pulp from the kernels, • Crude fiber: determined using the acid detergent (ADF), and stored at 7 °C. according to the method developed by Van Soest
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