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Biogeography of the Freshwater Fish of the Iberian Peninsula

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Biogeography of the Freshwater Fish of the Iberian Peninsula BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE FRESHWATER FISH OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA J. A. Hernando and M. C.-Soriguer Faculty of Marine Science, University of Cádiz. Biology. Ap. de Correos no. 40. 11510 Puerto Real. Cádiz, Spain. Keywords: Iberian fish, Distribution, Biogeography, Allochthonous species, Sectorisation, Iberian peninsula, . ABSTRACT This paper reviews and presents new data on the composition and distribution of fish species in the continental waters of the Iberian Peninsula, and proposes a division of the Peninsula into three subregions: the Ebro-Cantabrian, the Atlantic and the Betico-Mediterranean, based on the distribution of the 45 species (native and endemic) in the 22 river basins with surface aseas of 990 square kilometres os more. INTRODUCTION sea and freshwater. The ecosystems of variable salinity lead us to consider marine species as forming part of the Iberian The lberian Peninsula is enormously interesting from an continental fauna. ichthyological point of view. Located at the Southwestern tip of Europe, it is a point of contact between North Atlantic and tropical coastal fish fauna. Much of its coastline is on the THE ICTHYOFAUNA OF THE IBERIAN Mediterranean, the Straits of Gibraltar, which separate the PENINSULA Mediterranean from the Atlantic, have always been more of a bridge than a barrier for North African and Iberian fauna. MYERS (1960) classified freshwater fish into three cate- The epicontinental fish fauna has also been affected by gories: primary, secondary and peripheral (vicariant, diadro- the geological history of the Peninsula. Possibilities for mous, sporadic and complementary). Under this classifica- dispersion have been, and still are, limited, due to the isola- tion, the continental fauna of the Iberian Peninsula consists tion caused by the Pyrenees and the Straits of Gibraltar. The of 64 species in 24 families (table 1). Of these, 45 are number of species relative to the surface asea is lower than autochthonous (native os endemic) and 19 allochthonous, in the rest of Europe, leading to a comparatively less diverse with differing degrees of acclimatization (SOSTOA et al., ichthyofauna. Isolation, along with the orographic and 1984; ICONA, 1986). To these we should add 18 sporadic climatic peculiarities of the Peninsula, has led to the deve- os sedentary marine species which thrive in the estuaries, lopment of endemisms. Most of the large rivers flow East- marshlands, coastal lagoons, marshes and salt flat ecosys- West, to the Atlantic, and the variable rainfall means that tems, and belong to 16 marine families (table 2), raising the many of the rivers are torrential, while others are confined to number of species to 98. small survival areas in the long dry season (June - October). The taxonomy of the species has been studied by Al1 of this means that extreme life conditions are imposed ALMACA (1964, 1967, 1972), COLLARES-PEREIRA on the animals which live in the rivers, favouring the deve- (1 983), DOADRIO (1 984, 1987) and ELVIRA (1 987), and lopment of adaptation mechanisms. their distribution in some river basins by HERNANDO From the point of view of the ecological characteristics (1975a, 1975b), DEMESTRE et al., (1977), GARCIA DE of the rivers, the ecosystems forming a frontier between sea JALON & GONZALEZ DE TANAGO (1983), GARCIA and freshwater should not be forgotten: estuaries, wetlands, DE JALON & LOPEZ (1983), FERNANDEZ-DELGADO coastal lagoons, marshlands and salt marshes, which for et al., (1986), LOBON-CERVIA rt al., (1989) and SOSTOA different periods, experience the alternating influences of & LOBON-CERVIA (1989). Linirietica, 8: 243-253 (1992) O Asociación Española de Limnologia, Madrid. Spain Table 1. Freshwater fish fauna of the Iberian peninsula. Type is the character of the specie (N: native; E: endemic: 1: introdu- ced, with date of introduction in brackets). Con. is the present preservation according to ICONA (1986) and LOBON-CERVIA & ELVIRA (1989); here we have used the IUCN categories. (1: indeterminate; IC: insufficient knowledge; NA: not endange- red; P: endangered; R: rare; V: vulnerable). A: anadromous; C: catadromous; F and B: fresh and salt water. - Scientific name Common name TYP~ Con. Familia Petromyzontidae Lampetra planeri F Lamprea de río Petromyzon marinus A Lamprea marina Familia Acipenseridae Acipenser sturio A Esturión o sollo N P Familia Clupeidae Alosa alosa A Sábalo Alosa fallax A Saboga Familia Angullidae Ang~~illaanguilla C Anguila N V Familia Salmoidae Hucho hucho F Huchón 1 (1968) R Salmo fontiriulis F Salvelino 1 (XIX) R Salmo gaidneri F Trucha arco iris 1 (XIX) NA Salmo salar A Salmón N V Salmo trutta trutta F Trucha común N NA Salmo trutta fario B Trucha marisca o reo N NA Familia Esocidae Esos lucius F Lucio 1 (1949) NA Familia Cyprinidae Anaecypris hispanica F Jarabugo E R Barbus bocagei bocagei F Barbo ibérico E NA Barbus bocagei graellsi F B. ibérico de Graells E N A Barbus bocagei sclateri F B. ibérico de Sclater E N A Barbus comiza F Barbo comiza o comiza E N A Barbus haasi F Barbo culirroyo E NA Barbus meridionalis F Barbo de montaña N N A Barbus microcephalus F Barbo cabecicorto E IC Carassius auratus F Carpín dorado 1? IC Carassius carassius F Carpín 1 (XVII) NA Cyprinus carpio F Carpa 1 (11 b C) NA Chondrostoma polylepis polylepis F Boga de río E N A Chondrostoma polylepis willkommi F Boga del Guadiana E N A Chorzdrostoma to,uostoma toxosostma F Madrilla N N A Table 1. Freshwater fish fauna of the lberian peninsula. Type is the character of the specie (N: native; E: endemic; 1: introdu- ced, with date of introduction in brackets). Con. is the present preservation according to ICONA (1986) and LOBON-CERVIA & ELVIRA (1989); here we have used the IUCN categories. (1: indeterminate; IC: insufficient knowledge; NA: not endange- red; P: endangered; R: rase; V: vulnerable). A: anadromous; C: catadromous; F and B: fresh and salt water. Scientific name Common name TYP~ Con. Chondrostoma toxostoma arrigonis F Madrilla N NA Gobio gobio F Gobio 1 (XIX) NA Iherocypris palaciosi F Bogardilla E IC Leuciscus carolitertis F Cacho E IC Leuciscus cephalus F Bagre N NA Leuciscus pyrenaicus F Cachuelo E IC Phoxinus phoxinus F Piscardo E NA Rutilus alburnoides F Calandino E NA Rutilus arcasii arcasii F Bermejuela E NA Rutilus arcasii macrolepidotus F Bermejuela E N A Rutilus lemmingii F Pardilla E NA Rutilus rutilus F I(1910s) NA Scardinius erythrophthalmus F Gardí I(1910s) R Tinca tinca F Tenca N NA Familia Cobitidae Cohitis calderoni F Lamprehuela Cohitis rnuroccana F Colmilleja Familia Homalopteridae Noemacheilus barbatulus F Lobo de río Familia Siluridae Silurcls glanis F Siluro Familia Ictaluridae Ictalurus melas F Pez gato Familia Cyprinodontidae Aphanius iherus FB Fartet Fundulus heteroclitus FB Valencia hispanica FB Samaruc Familia Poecillidae Gumhusiu affinis FB Gambusia Familia Atherinidae Atherinu hoyeri FB Pejerrey * Endemism Iberian North-African Table l. Freshwater fish fauna of the Iberian peninsula. Type is the character of the specie (N: native; E: endernic; 1: introdu- ced, with date of introduction in brackets). Con. is the present preservation according to ICONA (1986) and LOBON-CERVIA & ELVIRA (1989); here we have used the IUCN categories. (1: indeterminate; IC: insufficient knowledge; NA: not endange- red; P: endangered; R: rare; V: vulnerable). A: anadromous; C: catadromous; F and B: fresh and salt water. --- - Scientific narne Common name TYP~ Con. Familia Gasterosteidae Casterosteus acilleatus FB Espinoso Familia Syngnathidae Syrrgnatlrus ahuster FB Aguja de río Familia Cottidae Cottus gobio F Cavilat Familia Percidae Perca flui~iatilis F Perca Stizostediori luc.iopercu F Lucioperca Familia Moronidae Dicentrarchus lahrax FB Lubina o Robálo Dicentrarchus punctata FB Baila Familia Centrarchidae Leponzis gihhosus F Perca sol Micropter~lssalmoides F Perca americana Familia Mugilidae Chelon lahrosus FB Lisa Liza auratu FB Galupe Liza ramada FB Morragute o albur Lizu salierzs FB Galúa o Cachorreña Mugil cephal~rs FB Capitán o pardete Familia Blennidae Blennius flur~iatilis F Fraile Familia Gobiidae Pomatoschistus rnicrops FB Cabuxino enano Pomatoschistiis minurus FB Cabuxino Familia Pleuronectidae Platichthys ,flexus FB Platija Familia Cichlidae Cichlasonza fucetum F Chanchito The Cyprinidae genera which inhabit the southern provin- B. h. sclateri, B. m. meridionalis and B. rrr. graellsi ces originated in Siberia, and arrived in Europe through the (LOZANO, 1935). Later, ALMACA (1967), revising the drying out of the Sea of Obi during the Holocene period, the genera, considered that it was necessary to raise some subs- time of Alpine orogenesis, when the Pyrenees were formed. pecies such as B. sclateri, B. hocagei, B. graellsi. B. cornizu During the same period, the Oligocenic transgression divi- was maintained, and two new species were defined: R. ded Europe allowing communication of the North Sea and microcephalus and B. steindachner-i. Finally, DOADRIO the Tethys Sea via Southern Russia (TERMIER, 1960). (1984) changed the taxonomy, classifying five species, B. Both of these created a great barrier to the arrival of hocugei, B. comiza, B. haasi, B. microcephal~~sand B.meri- freshwater fish in the Iberian Peninsula (MYERS, 1960; dionalis, al1 without subspecies except for the first, the BANARESCU, 1972), and therefore the colonization of the Iberian barbel, which he divided into 3 subspecies: B. h. Peninsula must have happened before the end of the Oligo- hocagei, B. h. graellsi und B. h. sclateri. cene. As for zoogeographical origin, ALMACA (1984) divides The Siberian immigrants (BANARESCU, 1973a, 1973b) Iberian barbels into two groups: 1 (hocagei, graellsi and are of the genera Pseudopholtinus (Phoxinell~*.s),Tropidop- sclateri), together with North African and Asian barbels, ho.~inellus,Tinca, Chondrostoma, Rutili~~sand Leucisus; and and 11 (comiza, wiicrocephalu.s and sreindachneri) related to the Barhus from East Asia. The differentiation of species Western Asian and North African barbels. such as Barhus meridionalis appears to arise in to this There are two species of the Chondro.stoma gerius in the period, while the Iberian endemisms of post-Oligocenic Iberian Peninsula, Ch.
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