Persicaria Hydropiper Click on Images to Enlarge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Species information Abo ut Reso urces Hom e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Persicaria hydropiper Click on images to enlarge Family Polygonaceae Scientific Name Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Delarbre, A. (1800) Flore de la ci-devant Auvergne. Flore d' Auvergne Edn. 2, 2: 518 Common name Flowers. Copyright CSIRO Water Pepper; Pepper, Water Stem Usually flowers and fruits as a weedy shrub about 1-2 m tall. Leaves Leaf blades about 12.5-13 x 1.5-2 cm, petioles about 1-1.5 cm long, slightly winged. Stipules about 1.8-2.1 cm long, fused to form a fringed sheath enclosing the stem. Lateral veins about 18-20 or more on each side of the leaf blade. Scale bar 10mm. Copyright CSIRO Flowers Perianth segments about 2-3 mm long, with numerous small glands on the outer surface. Stamens 7 alternating with 7 small glands at the base. Fruit Style and stigma persistent at the apex and the rest of the fruit enclosed in the persistent perianth. Each nut about 2-2.5 x 1.5-2 mm, seeds solitary, slightly smaller. Embryo white, about 1.5-2 mm long. Cotyledons shorter but wider than the radicle. Seedlings Cotyledon stage, epigeal germination. Copyright CSIRO Cotyledons about 7-8 x 4 mm, petioles about 2-3 mm long. First pair of leaves elliptic to ovate, about 17 x 6 mm, apex acute to apiculate, base cuneate to attenuate. At the tenth leaf stage: petiole with sheathing membranous base which surrounds the stem for about 5-20 mm. Seed germination time 27 days. Distribution and Ecology Occurs in WA, NEQ, CEQ and southwards to Victoria and westwards to Western Australia. Altitudinal range in NEQ not known but collected at 600 m. In NEQ grows in disturbed rain forest in close proximity to water. Widespread in the northern hemisphere. Herb (herbaceous or woody, under 1 m tall) 10th leaf stage. Copyright CSIRO X Shrub (woody or herbaceous, 1-6 m tall) X Synonyms Polygonum hydropiper L., Species Plantarum 2: 361(1753), Type: Habitat in Europae subhumidis. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach, Histoire Naturelle des Vegetaux 10: 536 (1841). RFK Code 3351 CC-BY Australian Tropical Herbarium unless otherwise indicated in the images. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Stace Edition 4: Changes
STACE EDITION 4: CHANGES NOTES Changes to the textual content of keys and species accounts are not covered. "Mention" implies that the taxon is or was given summary treatment at the head of a family, family division or genus (just after the key if there is one). "Reference" implies that the taxon is or was given summary treatment inline in the accounts for a genus. "Account" implies that the taxon is or was given a numbered account inline in the numbered treatments within a genus. "Key" means key at species / infraspecific level unless otherwise qualified. "Added" against an account, mention or reference implies that no treatment was given in Edition 3. "Given" against an account, mention or reference implies that this replaces a less full or prominent treatment in Stace 3. “Reduced to” against an account or reference implies that this replaces a fuller or more prominent treatment in Stace 3. GENERAL Family order changed in the Malpighiales Family order changed in the Cornales Order Boraginales introduced, with families Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginaceae Family order changed in the Lamiales BY FAMILY 1 LYCOPODIACEAE 4 DIPHASIASTRUM Key added. D. complanatum => D. x issleri D. tristachyum keyed and account added. 5 EQUISETACEAE 1 EQUISETUM Key expanded. E. x meridionale added to key and given account. 7 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 1 HYMENOPHYLLUM H. x scopulorum given reference. 11 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 2 HYPOLEPIS added. Genus account added. Issue 7: 26 December 2019 Page 1 of 35 Stace edition 4 changes H. ambigua: account added. 13 CYSTOPTERIDACEAE Takes on Gymnocarpium, Cystopteris from Woodsiaceae. 2 CYSTOPTERIS C. fragilis ssp. fragilis: account added.
[Show full text]
Persicaria Thought to Be Native to South-West Australia
Persicaria thought to be native to south-west Australia Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed Flower spike, loose, pink- white (to 5mm wide) x1 Leaves often with purplish blotch on upper side 1.5cm Known distribution in Western Australia Persicaria decipiens is a sprawling annual herb native to south-west Australia, the Kimberly, eastern Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Africa and Malesia. It is the most common Persicaria in south-west Australia occurring in swamps, lakes and rivers of the region. Acknowledgements Compiled by Kate Brown and Grazyna Paczkowska, Urban Nature, CALM Mapping: by Paul Gioia. Image used with the permission of the Western Australian Herbarium, CALM (http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/help/copyright). Accessed on Tuesday, 14 March 2006. Persicaria thought to be native to south-west Australia Persicaria hydropiper Water Pepper X 1 Flower spikes greenish-white elongated, lax and slender 0.5cm Known distribution in Western Australia Persicaria hydropiper is an erect annual herb to 1m. It also is considered native to Queensland, NSW and Victoria and is widespread in the northern hemisphere. Acknowledgements Compiled by Kate Brown and Grazyna Paczkowska, Urban Nature, CALM Illustration: Botanic Gardens Trust (2006) in PlantNET - The Plant Information Network System of Botanic Gardens Trust, Sydney, Australia , http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au Mapping: by Paul Gioia. Image used with the permission of the Western Australian Herbarium, CALM (http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/help/copyright). Accessed on Tuesday, 14 March 2006. Persicaria thought to be native to south-west Australia Persicaria prostrata Creeping Knotweed 2 cm 1 cm Known distribution in Western Australia Persicaria prostrata is a sprawling perennial herb with hairy stems and short, dense greenish flower spikes.
[Show full text]
Polygonaceae of Alberta
AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE POLYGONACEAE OF ALBERTA Compiled and writen by Lorna Allen & Linda Kershaw April 2019 © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et. al. (1999) and the Flora North America Associaton (2005). Taxonomy follows VAS- CAN (Brouillet, 2015). The main references are listed at the end of the key. Please let us know if there are ways in which the kay can be improved. The 2015 S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). POLYGONACEAE Buckwheat Family 1a Key to Genera 01a Dwarf annual plants 1-4(10) cm tall; leaves paired or nearly so; tepals 3(4); stamens (1)3(5) .............Koenigia islandica S2 01b Plants not as above; tepals 4-5; stamens 3-8 ..................................02 02a Plants large, exotic, perennial herbs spreading by creeping rootstocks; fowering stems erect, hollow, 0.5-2(3) m tall; fowers with both ♂ and ♀ parts ............................03 02b Plants smaller, native or exotic, perennial or annual herbs, with or without creeping rootstocks; fowering stems usually <1 m tall; fowers either ♂ or ♀ (unisexual) or with both ♂ and ♀ parts .......................04 3a 03a Flowering stems forming dense colonies and with distinct joints (like bamboo
[Show full text]
Persicaria Perfoliata (Polygonaceae) Reaches North Carolina
Poindexter, D.B. 2010. Persicaria perfoliata (Polygonaceae) reaches North Carolina. Phytoneuron 2010-30: 1–9. PERSICARIA PERFOLIATA (POLYGONACEAE) REACHES NORTH CAROLINA DERICK B. P OINDEXTER I.W. Carpenter, Jr. Herbarium Department of Biology Appalachian State University Boone, NC 28608, USA ABSTRACT Persicaria perfoliata is documented as established for the first time in North Carolina. This taxon is a state-listed Class A noxious weed that has very aggressive naturalizing tendencies. At least three distinct populations have been discovered in north central Alleghany County. Plants in all localities are fruiting rampantly and spreading to adjacent disturbed areas. A key is provided to help differentiate similar congeners in North America and color photos show features of the habitats and plants. KEY WORDS: Persicaria perfoliata , Polygonum , Polygonaceae, Mile-a-minute, North Carolina Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross. Mile-a-minute-vine, Asiatic Tearthumb North Carolina. Alleghany Co.: Piney Creek Township, Amelia. Located off of Elk Creek Church Rd. (SR 1344), ca. 0.3 km from the Virginia State Line and ca. 2.9 km north of Amelia at 36°34’10.6”N, 81°12’23.8”W, elev. 826 m. Growing in a roadside drainage area, along Elk Creek,. Infrequent (30+ individuals); 3 Sep 2008, D.B. Poindexter 08-1149 (BOON, NCU). Piney Creek Township, Amelia. Located along Reeves Ridge Rd. (SR 1346), ca. 1.7 km sw of the NC 93 jct. at 36°31'57.4"N, 81°12'41.8"W, elev. 800 m. Growing in disturbed areas along the road/fence line adjacent to a mowed pasture. Occasional (50-100 individuals); 19 Jul 2010, D.B.
[Show full text]
The Taxonomic Consideration of Floral Morphology in the Persicaria Sect
pISSN 1225-8318 − Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 48(3): 185 194 (2018) eISSN 2466-1546 https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2018.48.3.185 Korean Journal of RESEARCH ARTICLE Plant Taxonomy The taxonomic consideration of floral morphology in the Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon (Polygonaceae) Min-Jung KONG and Suk-Pyo HONG* Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea (Received 29 June 2018; Accepted 12 July 2018) ABSTRACT: A comparative floral morphological study of 19 taxa in Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon with four taxa related to Koenigia was conducted to evaluate the taxonomic implications. The flowers of P. sect. Ceph- alophilon have (four-)five-lobed tepals; five, six, or eight stamens, and one pistil with two or three styles. The size range of each floral characteristic varies according to the taxa; generally P. humilis, P. glacialis var. gla- cialis and Koenigia taxa have rather small floral sizes. The connate degrees of the tepal lobes and styles also vary. The tepal epidermis consists of elongated rectangular cells with variation of the anticlinal cell walls (ACWs). Two types of glandular trichomes are found. The peltate glandular trichome (PT) was observed in nearly all of the studied taxa. The PT was consistently distributed on the outer tepal of P. sect. Cephalophilon, while Koenigia taxa and P. glacialis var. glacialis had this type of trichome on both sides of the tepal. P. crio- politana had only long-stalked pilate-glandular trichomes (LT) on the outer tepal. The nectary is distributed on the basal part of the inner tepal, with three possible shapes: dome-like, elongated, and disc-like nectary.
[Show full text]
Persicaria Nepalensis (Polygonaceae), a New Potentially Invasive Anthropophyte in the Polish Flora
Polish Botanical Journal 59(2): 255–261, 2014 DOI: 10.2478/pbj-2014-0031 PERSICARIA NEPALENSIS (POLYGONACEAE), A NEW POTENTIALLY INVASIVE ANTHROPOPHYTE IN THE POLISH FLORA Tomasz Kowalczyk1, Artur Pliszko & Szymon M. Drobniak Abstract. Persicaria nepalensis (L.) Mill. is an annual herb occurring natively in South, East and Southeast Asia, having a range extending from Oceania to East Africa. Here we report the first Polish stand of this species, found in 2011 near Baligród (Western Bieszczady Mountains), followed by the discovery of two more stands in the surrounding area up to 2013. The floristic composition of vegetation impacted by P. nepalensis is presented, and the invasive potential and pathways of introduction of the species are briefly discussed. Key words: alien species, Bieszczady Mts, Carpathians, distribution, Persicaria nepalensis, Poland Tomasz Kowalczyk & Artur Pliszko, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, M. Kopernika 27, Kraków 31-501, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Szymon M. Drobniak, Institute of Environmental Science, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland, and Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland Introduction Persicaria (L.) Mill. (Polygonaceae) is one of the Materials and methods species-richest genera in the alien flora of Europe, especially in the southern part of the continent Persicaria nepalensis was discovered during floristic sur- veys done in 2011–2013 in the Pogórze Leskie foothills (Lambdon et al. 2008). Some of its species are dis- and in the northern part of the Western Bieszczady Mts tant intercontinental introductions, such as P. pen- (Eastern Carpathians). The researched area is bounded sylvanica (L.) M.
[Show full text]
Status of an Ongoing Biological Control Program for the Invasive Vine, Persicaria Perfoliata in Eastern North America
BioControl DOI 10.1007/s10526-011-9417-z Status of an ongoing biological control program for the invasive vine, Persicaria perfoliata in eastern North America J. Hough-Goldstein • E. Lake • R. Reardon Received: 15 March 2011 / Accepted: 9 October 2011 Ó International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2011 Abstract Mile-a-minute weed, Persicaria perfoliat- human-assisted dispersal of R. latipes is reducing its a (L.) H. Gross (Polygonaceae), an aggressive annual negative effects. Here we review and assess the current vine native to Asia, has invaded forest edges, light status of the biological control program. gaps, open ﬁelds, and riparian borders in eastern North America. It was accidentally introduced into Pennsyl- Keywords Weed biocontrol Á Polygonaceae Á vania in the 1930s and has since expanded its range Caryophyllales Á Coleoptera Á Curculionidae north to Massachusetts, south to North Carolina, and west to Ohio. A biological control program was initiated in 1996, and in 2004, a permit was issued for release of Rhinoncomimus latipes Korotyaev (Cole- optera: Curculionidae), a host-speciﬁc weevil initially Introduction collected in China. Since 2004, the biology of the weevil in its introduced range has been studied, along Mile-a-minute weed, Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. with its impact on P. perfoliata, which can be Gross (Polygonaceae; Hinds and Freeman 2005)isan substantial. Weevils have been released in ten states aggressive annual vine native to Asia, which has been through 2010, and populations have increased consid- the subject of a biological control program since 1996. erably at many sites. Although P. perfoliata continues This program is ongoing, as the plant continues to to expand its North American range, natural and spread in the eastern U.S.
[Show full text]
Persicaria Capitata (Polygonaceae) Naturalized in Texas
Singhurst, J.R., J.N. Mink, and W.C. Holmes. 2013 . Persicaria capitata (Polygonaceae) naturalized in Texas. Phytoneuron 2013-51: 1–3. Published 25 July 2013. ISSN 2153 733X PERSICARIA CAPITATA (POLYGONACEAE) NATURALIZED IN TEXAS JASON R. SINGHURST Wildlife Diversity Program Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 3000 South IH-35, Suite 100 Austin, Texas 78704 [email protected] JEFFREY N. MINK Department of Biology McLennan Community College 1400 College Drive Waco, Texas 76708 WALTER C. HOLMES Department of Biology Baylor University Waco, Texas 76798-7388 ABSTRACT Persicaria capitata is documented as a naturalized species in the Texas flora. It was discovered in a calcareous prairie in Chambers County and is speculated to have arrived there from propagules from cultivated landscape plants in the nearby Houston area. KEY WORDS : Persicaria , Polygonum , Polygonaceae, chênière , Texas Continued field studies in Texas have resulted in the discovery of the following species, which is here reported as new to the naturalized flora of the state. Persicaria capitata (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) H. Gross (pink-head knotweed) Synonym = Polygonum capitatum Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don. Voucher specimen. TEXAS . Chambers Co. : Fisher Tract, 3.3 mi S of FM 565 and jct. of FM 3180 on FM 3180, then 1.8 mi E on private road to cooling station office, from office head 0.4 mi S along beach and chenier shell ridge along Trinity Bay, 24 May 2013, Singhurst 19352 (BAYLU). Figure 1. Persicaria capitata was discovered in Chambers County of the Gulf Coast and Prairies Ecoregion. The surrounding upland is a natural chênière (coastal woodlot) overlain by shell and black clay soils that was dominated by Celtis laevigata , Ulmus crassifolia , Quercus nigra , Maclura pomifera , Sabal minor , Cornus drummondii , Ilex vomitoria , Malvaviscus drummondii , Opuntia humifusa , Yucca sp., Vitis mustangensis , and Campsis radicans .
[Show full text]
New York Non-Native Plant Invasiveness Ranking Form
NEW YORK NON -NATIVE PLANT INVASIVENESS RANKING FORM Scientific name: Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa (Polygonum caespitosum var. longiseta) USDA Plants Code: POCEL Common names: Creeping smartweed Native distribution: Asia (China, Japan) to the Phillipines, Java and Sumatra Date assessed: 22 April 2008 Assessors: Gerry Moore Reviewers: LIISMA SRC Date Approved: 28 May 2008 Form version date: 10 July 2009 New York Invasiveness Rank: Moderate (Relative Maximum Score 50.00-69.99) Distribution and Invasiveness Rank (Obtain from PRISM invasiveness ranking form ) PRISM Status of this species in each PRISM: Current Distribution Invasiveness Rank 1 Adirondack Park Invasive Program Not Assessed Not Assessed 2 Capital/Mohawk Not Assessed Not Assessed 3 Catskill Regional Invasive Species Partnership Not Assessed Not Assessed 4 Finger Lakes Not Assessed Not Assessed 5 Long Island Invasive Species Management Area Widespread Moderate 6 Lower Hudson Not Assessed Not Assessed 7 Saint Lawrence/Eastern Lake Ontario Not Assessed Not Assessed 8 Western New York Not Assessed Not Assessed Invasiveness Ranking Summary Total (Total Answered*) Total (see details under appropriate sub-section) Possible 1 Ecological impact 40 (20 ) 10 2 Biological characteristic and dispersal ability 25 (22 ) 15 3 Ecological amplitude and distribution 25 (25 ) 17 4 Difficulty of control 10 (6) 2 Outcome score 100 (73 )b 44a † Relative maximum score 60.27 § New York Invasiveness Rank Moderate (Relative Maximum Score 50.00-69.99) * For questions answered “unknown” do not include point value in “Total Answered Points Possible.” If “Total Answered Points Possible” is less than 70.00 points, then the overall invasive rank should be listed as “Unknown.” †Calculated as 100(a/b) to two decimal places.
[Show full text]
2008 (Publication)
HANBURYANA 3: 3–9 (2008) 3 New names in Persicaria virginiana J.M.H. SHAW c/o Botany Department, RHS Garden Wisley In recent years several Persicaria collections from China and Japan have come into cultivation and appropriate combinations and cultivar names are here provided. The occurrence of Persicaria virginiana in both eastern North America and eastern Asia provides an interesting example of the floristic relationship between the two areas that has been the subject of many publications, that by Li (1952) being particularly comprehen- sive. There has been considerable diversity of opinion as to the rank at which these disjunct populations merit recognition which, along with the equally diverse opinions over how Polygonum L. should be split generically, has led to a large number of botanical names being proposed. Now that Persicaria Mill. has gained wide acceptance and has been adopted for the RHS Plant Finder, it was noticed that no combination has been provided at varietal rank under Persicaria for the Asiatic plant in cultivation. Consequently the following new combination is made: Persicaria virginiana var. filiformis (Thunb.) J.M.H. Shaw comb. nov. Basionym: Polygonum filiforme Thunb., Fl. Jap.: 163 (1784). Synonyms: Sunania filiformis (Thunb.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 95 (1837). Polygonum virginianum var. filiforme (Thunb.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 380 (1909). Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai, Fl. Quelpart Is.: 41 (1914). Tovara filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai, Rigakki 29(4): 8 (1926). Tovara virginiana var. filiformis (Thunb.) Steward, Cont. Gray Herb. 88: 14 (1930). © Royal Horticultural Society 4 J.M.H. SHAW Tovara smaragdina Nakai ex Maekawa, Bot. Mag.
[Show full text]
New Combinations of East Asian Species of Polygonum Sl
植物研究雑誌 J. J. Jpn. Bo t. 72: 72: 154-161 (1 997) New Combinations of East Asian Species of Polygonum s. l. Koji Koji YONEKURA and Hiroyoshi OHASHI Biological Biological Institute ，Graduate School of Science ， Tohoku University ， Aoba ，Sendai ，Miyagi ， 980-77 JAPAN (Received (Received on January 1， 1997) Classification Classification systems of P olygonum s. 1. applied to East Asian species are compared ， andcircumscriptions andcircumscriptions of Persicaria andFallopia are discussed. New combinations forthe species species of Aconogonon (one variety of A. molle) ，Bistorta (five species) ，Fallopia (one species species and five varieties) and Persicari α(four species and two varieties) previously included included in Polygonum s. 1. in East Asia are proposed. Polygonum L. (1753) is characterized by are some disaccordance between two systems herbaceous herbaceous or undershrubby habit ，4-5 parted proposed by Haraldson (1 978) and Ronse persistent persistent perianths ，6-8 stamens ，2 or 3 styles Decraene and Akeroyd (1 988) in the generic usually usually with capitate stigmata ，and lenticular circumscription of some genera ，especially or or trigonous achenes (Bentham and Hooker those of P ersicaria Mill. and F allopia Adans. 1880 ，Dammer 1894). Boundaries between The Asian species of Polygonum in the Polygonum and its allied genera (i.e. ， broad sense have been classified into many Atraphaxis ，Koenigia ，Muehlenbeckia ， small genera ， but circumscriptions of some Polygonella ，etc.) are ，however ，notclear. Many genera are different from each other as shown botanists botanists have tried to constract a natural sys- in Table 1. On the other hand; the traditional tem by dividing Polygonum into more natural system ofkeepingPolygonum s.
[Show full text]
Floron Risk Assessment of Four Asian Knotweeds in Europe
Risk assessment of four Asian knotweeds in Europe R. Beringen, R.S.E.W. Leuven, B. Odé, M. Verhofstad & J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg FLORON report 2018.049.e1 Publication details Publication status: Final Report number: FL2018.049.e1 Date of publication: November 2019 Title: Risk assessment of four Asian knotweeds in Europe Citation method: R. Beringen, R.S.E.W. Leuven, B. Odé, M. Verhofstad & J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg (2019). Risk assessment of four Asian knotweeds in Europe FLORON report: 2018.049.e1 Cover photograph: Overgrowth of Bohemian knotweed (Reynoutria × bohemica) near Oosterbeek (Photo: Ruud Beringen). Project number: FL2018.049 Project leader: Baudewijn Odé Implementation: FLORON and Radboud University Nijmegen Project team: Ruud Beringen, Rob Leuven, Baudewijn Odé, Michiel Verhofstad and Johan van Valkenburg Commissioned by: Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) J. Leferink Postbus 43006 3540 AA Utrecht Publication approval: B. Odé (FLORON project leader) Initials: © 2019 FLORON, Nijmegen. FLORON studies and protects wild plants. FLORON is a brand name of the RAVON Foundation. FLORON report no. 2018.049.e1 Contents Summary 7 Samenvatting 9 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Background 11 1.2 Research request 12 1.3 Document structure 12 2 Materials and method 13 2.1 Literature review 13 2.2 Taxonomy and nomenclature of the species being assessed 13 2.3 Delineation of species being assessed 13 2.4 Distribution in the Netherlands 14 2.5 Distribution in Europe 14 2.6 Risk assessment and classification using Harmonia+ 15 2.7 Comparison with other risk assessments 17 3 Reynoutria japonica – Japanese knotweed 18 3.1 Species description 18 3.1.1 Taxonomy 18 3.1.2 Nomenclature 18 3.1.3 Range 19 3.1.4 Characteristics 19 3.1.5 Reproduction and dispersal 20 3.1.6 Habitat and ecology 22 3.2.
[Show full text]