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AIM2 Inflammasome Is Critical for Influenza-Induced Lung Injury And

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AIM2 Inflammasome Is Critical for Influenza-Induced Lung Injury And Published April 28, 2017, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600714 The Journal of Immunology AIM2 Inflammasome Is Critical for Influenza-Induced Lung Injury and Mortality Hongbo Zhang,* Jiadi Luo,*,† John F. Alcorn,* Kong Chen,* Songqing Fan,*,† Joseph Pilewski,‡ Aizhong Liu,x Wei Chen,* Jay K. Kolls,* and Jieru Wang* The absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome plays an important role in many viral and bacterial infections, but very little is known about its role in RNA virus infection, including influenza A virus (IAV). In this study, we have designed in vivo and in vitro studies to determine the role of AIM2 in infections with lethal doses of IAVs A/PR8/34 and A/California/07/09. In wild-type mice, IAVinfection enhanced AIM2 expression, induced dsDNA release, and stimulated caspase-1 activation and release of cleaved IL-1b in the lung, which was significantly reduced in AIM2-deficient mice. Interestingly, AIM2 deficiency did not affect the transcription of caspase-1 and IL-1b. In addition, AIM2-deficient mice exhibited attenuated lung injury and significantly improved survival against IAV challenges, but did not alter viral burden in the lung. However, AIM2 deficiency did not seem to affect adaptive immune response against IAV infections. Furthermore, experiments with AIM2-specific small interfering RNA–treated and AIM2-deficient human and mouse lung alveolar macrophages and type II cells indicated a macrophage-specific function of AIM2 in regulation of IAV-stimulated proinflammatory response. Collectively, our results demonstrate that influenza infection activates the AIM2 inflammasome, which plays a critical role in IAV-induced lung injury and mortality. AIM2 might serve as a therapeutic target for combating influenza-associated morbidity and mortality without compromising the host antiviral responses. The Journal of Immunology, 2017, 198: 000–000. he inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that activates fense against the cytosolic bacterium Francisella and Listeria caspase-1 (Casp1) and results in cleavage of IL-1b (1, 2). monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (12–14). To T Different from other host defense mechanisms, the date, very little is known about whether the AIM2 inflammasome inflammasome uses intracellular pattern recognition receptors to is activated during RNA virus infections, including influenza A sense pathogen and danger-associated molecular patterns to virus (IAV), which can cause life-threatening diseases, especially guard the host. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), a member of in high-risk groups. the pyrin and HIN200 domain-containing protein family (3–5), IAV, an ssRNA virus, is one of the most important pathogens is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that can form an for seasonal and pandemic respiratory illness. In severe cases of inflammasome by directly binding to dsDNA from virus, bac- lower respiratory tract infection, IAV infects lung epithelial cells teria, or the host itself (5–7). The role of the AIM2 inflamma- and macrophages, and causes diffuse alveolar damage and ex- some has been reported in many viral infections including cessive inflammatory responses (12, 15, 16). By analyzing our murine CMV, vaccinia, and HSV (7–11), and is critical in de- previously published microarray data (17, 18), we found that IAV significantly increased expression of AIM2 in both human primary alveolar type II (ATII) cells and alveolar macrophages *Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; †Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Xiangya Hospital, Central (AMs), the important targets for influenza infection (12, 15, 16). South University, Changsha 410078, China; ‡Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care This led us to hypothesize that AIM2 might participate in reg- Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; and xDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, ulating the influenza-induced proinflammatory response. In this School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China study, we sought to determine the role of AIM2 in influenza- ORCIDs: 0000-0002-9689-9350 (H.Z.); 0000-0001-6980-5454 (K.C.); 0000-0002- induced disease using in vitro human and mouse lung primary 0893-1155 (J.P.). cells in combination with an in vivo mouse model of influenza A Received for publication April 28, 2016. Accepted for publication March 24, 2017. infections. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants R03AI101953 and Our results indicate that IAVs A/PR8/34 (PR8, a widely used R01HL113655, startup funding from the University of Pittsburgh (to J.W.), and the mouse adaptive strain) and A/California/07/09 (CA07, a clinical Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Research Development Program. isolate) activate the AIM2-dependent inflammasome. AIM2 is Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jieru Wang, Department of Pe- diatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos critical for virus-induced Casp1 activation and cleavage and release 9126, Pittsburgh, PA 15224. E-mail address: [email protected] of IL-1b from the lung, but not for virus-stimulated increase The online version of this article contains supplemental material. in transcription of these two genes. Deficiency in AIM2 leads to Abbreviations used in this article: AIM2, absent in melanoma 2; AM, alveolar mac- attenuated lung injury and inflammation, and significantly im- rophage; ATII, alveolar type II; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; BALF, BAL fluid; proves survival following lethal IAV infections. AIM2 deficiency CA07, A/California/07/09; Casp1, caspase-1; cCasp1, cleaved Casp1; cIL-1b, cleaved IL-1b; dpi, day postinfection; hpi, hour postinfection; IAV, influenza A virus; appears to be dispensable for host antiviral defense and shaping LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; moi, multiplicity of infection; PR8, A/PR8/34; siAIM2, the adaptive immune response. In addition, AIM2 plays a proin- AIM2-specific siRNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; WT, wild-type. flammatory role specifically in human and mouse AMs, but not This article is distributed under The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., ATII cells. Our results suggest that the function of AIM2 is fo- Reuse Terms and Conditions for Author Choice articles. cused on the innate immune response, and AIM2 is a detrimental Copyright Ó 2017 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/17/$30.00 host factor for influenza-induced lung injury and mortality. www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1600714 2 AIM2 DEFICIENCY CONVEYS PROTECTION AGAINST IAV INFECTION Materials and Methods BAL and lung tissue processing Human lung donors At the indicated time points, mice were euthanized by i.p. injection of Deidentified patient lungs that were not suitable for transplantation and sodium pentobarbital (Henry Schein Animal Health, Lake Forest, IL). donated for medical research were obtained through the International In- The lungs were lavaged with 1 ml of sterile saline solution, and BALF was stitute for the Advancement of Medicine (Edison, NJ) and the Airway collected and centrifuged at 4˚C, 3000 rpm for 10 min. An aliquot of Epithelial Core at the University of Pittsburgh as we described previ- 100 ml of cell-free BALF was snap frozen by dry ice-ethanol bath for ously (17, 19). The Committee for Oversight of Research and Clinical evaluation of viral burden by plaque assay. Another aliquot of 200 mlof Training Involving Decedents and University of Pittsburgh Institutional cell-free BALF was treated with protease inhibitors (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and stored at 280˚C for analysis of protein expression by Review Board approved use of the human tissues. The donors used in 2 this study included eight male and eight female donors with average age Western blotting. The rest of the BALF was stored at 80˚C for detection of 50.2 years; there were seven current smokers, one ex-smoker, and of albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cytokine by ELISA. BAL eight nonsmokers. cell cytospin slides were stained with a HEMA-3 stain kit (Fisher Scien- tific) for inflammatory cell differential counts. Right superior, middle, and Mice inferior lobes were collected and homogenized in 1 ml of sterile ice-cold PBS at 4˚C using gentleMACS Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec, San Diego, 2 2 2 2 AIM2 knockout ( / ), NLRP3 / , and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice CA). Tissue-free lung homogenates were collected and stored at 280˚C for 2 2 were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME); ASC / use in plaque assay and Western blotting as described earlier. The post- mice were from Genentech (San Francisco, CA). All mice were bred in- caval lobe was saved for RNA assay. Left lobe was fixed with 10% neutral 2 2 house, and AIM2 / mice were further backcrossed with C57BL/6J mice buffered formalin (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) and subjected to sub- for two more generations. Mice were maintained under pathogen-free sequent H&E staining. conditions within the animal facilities at the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. All animal studies Real-time RT-PCR were performed on age- and sex-matched mice and conducted with ap- proval from the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Animal Care and Use Lung tissue RNA was extracted from the postcaval lobe using TRIzol re- Committee. agent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and cellular RNA was extracted using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). One microgram of RNA was Viruses used as a template to generate cDNA using qScript cDNA Synthesis kit (Quanta Bioscience, Gaithersburg, MD). cDNA was then used in standard Influenza PR8, a laboratory-adapted H1N1 virus, was originally provided by real-time PCR to measure gene expression using the Applied Biosystems Dr. K. Hartshorn from Boston University and CA07, a 2009 pandemic 7900HT (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Reaction conditions were 95˚C H1N1 virus, was provided by Dr. T. Ross at University of Georgia. Both for 15 s and 60˚C for 1 min, repeated for 40 cycles, with a 10-min hot start viruses were propagated in MDCK cells as previously described (19); the at 95˚C.
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