Government Response to the Communities and Local Government Select Committee Report: Devolution for England - the Case for Local Government
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The Sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit Era
Island Studies Journal, 15(1), 2020, 151-168 The sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era Maria Mut Bosque School of Law, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain MINECO DER 2017-86138, Ministry of Economic Affairs & Digital Transformation, Spain Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, UK [email protected] (corresponding author) Abstract: This paper focuses on an analysis of the sovereignty of two territorial entities that have unique relations with the United Kingdom: the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories (BOTs). Each of these entities includes very different territories, with different legal statuses and varying forms of self-administration and constitutional linkages with the UK. However, they also share similarities and challenges that enable an analysis of these territories as a complete set. The incomplete sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and BOTs has entailed that all these territories (except Gibraltar) have not been allowed to participate in the 2016 Brexit referendum or in the withdrawal negotiations with the EU. Moreover, it is reasonable to assume that Brexit is not an exceptional situation. In the future there will be more and more relevant international issues for these territories which will remain outside of their direct control, but will have a direct impact on them. Thus, if no adjustments are made to their statuses, these territories will have to keep trusting that the UK will be able to represent their interests at the same level as its own interests. Keywords: Brexit, British Overseas Territories (BOTs), constitutional status, Crown Dependencies, sovereignty https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.114 • Received June 2019, accepted March 2020 © 2020—Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada. -
Local Government Primer
LOCAL GOVERNMENT PRIMER Alaska Municipal League Alaskan Local Government Primer Alaska Municipal League The Alaska Municipal League (AML) is a voluntary, Table of Contents nonprofit, nonpartisan, statewide organization of 163 cities, boroughs, and unified municipalities, Purpose of Primer............ Page 3 representing over 97 percent of Alaska's residents. Originally organized in 1950, the League of Alaska Cities............................Pages 4-5 Cities became the Alaska Municipal League in 1962 when boroughs joined the League. Boroughs......................Pages 6-9 The mission of the Alaska Municipal League is to: Senior Tax Exemption......Page 10 1. Represent the unified voice of Alaska's local Revenue Sharing.............Page 11 governments to successfully influence state and federal decision making. 2. Build consensus and partnerships to address Alaska's Challenges, and Important Local Government Facts: 3. Provide training and joint services to strengthen ♦ Mill rates are calculated by directing the Alaska's local governments. governing body to determine the budget requirements and identifying all revenue sources. Alaska Conference of Mayors After the budget amount is reduced by subtracting revenue sources, the residual is the amount ACoM is the parent organization of the Alaska Mu- required to be raised by the property tax.That nicipal League. The ACoM and AML work together amount is divided by the total assessed value and to form a municipal consensus on statewide and the result is identified as a “mill rate”. A “mill” is federal issues facing Alaskan local governments. 1/1000 of a dollar, so the mill rate simply states the amount of tax to be charged per $1,000 of The purpose of the Alaska Conference of Mayors assessed value. -
Act No. 57 of 2012
SPECIAL ISSUE Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 221 (Acts No. 57) REPUBLIC OF KENYA KENYA GAZETTE SUPPLEMENT ACTS, 2012 NAIROBI, 9th January, 2013 CONTENT Act — PAGE The Finance Act, 2012 2263 NATIONAL COUNCIL T OR LAW REPORTING RECEIVED 0 6 FEB ,7.013 P, C.), 9o< I - CH:100 NA 4 R031, KEN sr"A T t 2719231 FAX: 2712694 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT PRINTER, NAIROBI 2263 THE FINANCE ACT, 2012 No. 57 of 2012 Date of Assent: 7th Jalillaly, 2013 Date of Commencement: See Section / AN ACT of Parliament to amend the law relating to various taxes and duties and for matters incidental thereto ENACTED by the Parliament of Kenya, as follows- PART I-PRELIMINARY 1. This Act may be cited as the Finance Act, 2012, and Short title and shall come into operation, or be deemed to have come into commencement. operation, as follows- (a) sections 2, 6, 8, 16(b)(ii), 17(a)(iii), 23(a), 23(c), and 25(a)(i) on the 15th June, 2012; (b) sections 9(a), 9(b), 10(a), 10(b), 11 and 12, on the 1st July, 2012; (c) sections 4, 5, 7, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 and 58, on the 1st January, 2013; (d) section 18 on 1st July, 2013; '(e) sections 26 and 27, upon the final announcement of all the results of the first general elections for Parliament under the Constitution of Kenya, 2010; (f) all other sections, on publication. -
Taxes, Institutions, and Governance: Evidence from Colonial Nigeria
Taxes, Institutions and Local Governance: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Colonial Nigeria Daniel Berger September 7, 2009 Abstract Can local colonial institutions continue to affect people's lives nearly 50 years after decolo- nization? Can meaningful differences in local institutions persist within a single set of national incentives? The literature on colonial legacies has largely focused on cross country comparisons between former French and British colonies, large-n cross sectional analysis using instrumental variables, or on case studies. I focus on the within-country governance effects of local insti- tutions to avoid the problems of endogeneity, missing variables, and unobserved heterogeneity common in the institutions literature. I show that different colonial tax institutions within Nigeria implemented by the British for reasons exogenous to local conditions led to different present day quality of governance. People living in areas where the colonial tax system required more bureaucratic capacity are much happier with their government, and receive more compe- tent government services, than people living in nearby areas where colonialism did not build bureaucratic capacity. Author's Note: I would like to thank David Laitin, Adam Przeworski, Shanker Satyanath and David Stasavage for their invaluable advice, as well as all the participants in the NYU predissertation seminar. All errors, of course, remain my own. Do local institutions matter? Can diverse local institutions persist within a single country or will they be driven to convergence? Do decisions about local government structure made by colonial governments a century ago matter today? This paper addresses these issues by looking at local institutions and local public goods provision in Nigeria. -
Reimagine Local Government
Reimagine Local Government English devolution: Chancellor aims for faster and more radical change English devolution: Chancellor aims for faster and more radical change • Experience of Greater Manchester has shown importance of Councils that have not yet signed up must be feeling pressure strong leadership to join the club, not least in Yorkshire, where so far only • Devolution in areas like criminal justice will help address Sheffield has done a deal with the government. complex social problems This is impressive progress for an initiative proceeding without • Making councils responsible for raising budgets locally a top-down legislative reorganisation and instead depends shows radical nature of changes on painstaking council-by-council negotiations. However, as all the combined authorities are acutely aware, the benefits • Cuts to business rates will stiffen the funding challenge, of devolution will not be realised unless they act swiftly and even for most dynamic councils decisively to turn words on paper into reality on the ground. With so much coverage of the Budget focusing on proposed Implementation has traditionally been a strength in local cuts to disability benefits, George Osborne’s changes to government. But until now implementation of new policies devolution and business rates rather flew under the radar. They has typically taken place within the boundaries of individual should not have done more attention. These reforms are likely local authorities. These devolution deals require a new set of to have lasting and dramatic impact on public services. skills – the ability to work across boundaries with neighbouring Osborne announced three new devolution deals – for East authorities and with other public bodies. -
Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Sierra Leone
Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Sierra Leone Benjamin Edwards, Serdar Yilmaz and Jamie Boex IDG Working Paper No. 2014-01 March 2014 Copyright © March 2014. The Urban Institute. Permission is granted for reproduction of this file, with attribution to the Urban Institute. The Urban Institute is a nonprofit, nonpartisan policy research and educational organization that examines the social, economic, and governance problems facing the nation. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders. IDG Working Paper No. 2014-01 Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Sierra Leone Benjamin Edwards, Serdar Yilmaz and Jamie Boex March 2014 Abstract Sierra Leone is a small West African country with approximately 6 million people. Since 2002, the nation has made great progress in recovering from a decade-long civil war, in part due to consistent and widespread support for decentralization and equitable service delivery. Three rounds of peaceful elections have strengthened democratic norms, but more work is needed to cement decentralization reforms and strengthen local governments. This paper examines decentralization progress to date and suggests several next steps the government of Sierra Leone can take to overcome the remaining hurdles to full implementation of decentralization and improved local public service delivery. IDG Working Paper No. 2014-01 Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Sierra Leone Benjamin Edwards, Serdar Yilmaz and Jamie Boex 1. Introduction Sierra Leone is a small West African country with approximately 6 million people. Between 1991 and 2002 a brutal civil war infamous for its “blood diamonds” left thousands dead. -
———————— Number 9 of 2012 ———————— FINANCE ACT 2012 ———————— ARRANGEMENT of SECT
———————— Number 9 of 2012 ———————— FINANCE ACT 2012 ———————— ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART 1 Income Levy, Universal Social Charge, Income Tax, Corporation Tax and Capital Gains Tax Chapter 1 Interpretation Section 1. Interpretation (Part 1). Chapter 2 Universal Social Charge 2. Universal social charge: miscellaneous amendments. 3. Universal social charge: surcharge on use of property incentives. Chapter 3 Income Levy and Income Tax 4. Share-based remuneration. 5. Amendment of Schedule 23A (specified occupations and professions) to Principal Act. 6. Amendment of section 470B (age-related relief for health insurance premiums) of Principal Act, etc. 7. Amendment of section 126 (tax treatment of certain benefits payable under Social Welfare Acts) of Principal Act. 8. Relief for key employees engaged in research and develop- ment activities. 9. Amendment of section 244 (relief for interest paid on certain home loans) of Principal Act. 1 [No. 9.]Finance Act 2012. [2012.] 10. Amendment of section 472A (relief for the long term unemployed) of Principal Act. 11. Amendment of section 473A (relief for fees paid for third level education, etc.) of Principal Act. 12. Deduction for income earned in certain foreign states. 13. Amendment of section 825B (repayment of tax where earn- ings not remitted) of Principal Act. 14. Special assignee relief programme. 15. Provisions relating to PAYE. 16. Changes relating to tax relief for lessors, carried forward losses and balancing charges. 17. Provisions in relation to property incentives and capital allowances. 18. Retirement benefits. Chapter 4 Income Tax, Corporation Tax and Capital Gains Tax 19. Amendment of section 176 (purchase of unquoted shares by issuing company or its subsidiary) of Principal Act. -
1 Decentralization and Centralization in a Federal System : the Case Of
Rev. Sociol. Polit. vol.1 no.se Curitiba 2006 Decentralization and centralization in a federal system: the case of * democratic Brazil Maria Hermínia Tavares de Almeida University of São Paulo Abstract: This paper discusses the contradictory impulses towards decentralization and centralization in Brazil during the 1990s and early 2000s. After discussing the analytical issues related to the specific nature of decentralization in federal systems, the paper examines two sets of policy issues: those regulating the fiscal relations between national and sub-national governments and those redefining responsibilities for social services provision (basic education, health care, social assistance). Against conventional academic wisdom, it sustains that although there has been some re-centralization of fiscal decisions and of targeted income transfer programs, a clear re-centralization tendency cannot be siad to exist. Decentralization and centralization trends coexist propelled by different forces, with different motives and different outcomes. Keywords: centralization; de-centralization; democratization; fiscal relations; social welfares. After a decade of steadfast decentralization is Brazilian federation undergoing a process of re-centralization? Academic conventional wisdom, both within and outside Brazil, seems to say that indeed it is. Decentralization was a major issue of the Brazilian democratization agenda, during the 80s. The bureaucratic-authoritarian regime (1964-1984) concentrated decisions, financial resources and administrative capacities at federal level. The country became an extreme case of centralized federalism1, almost undistinguishable from a unitary polity. Therefore, it was only too natural that democratic opposition to military rule took decentralization as one of its most cherished aims, together with social justice, rule of law and citizens participation. Decentralization to the local level was argued for in the name of democracy as much as in the name of governmental efficiency and efficacy. -
How Do Citizens Participate in the Government?
How do citizens participate in the government? Autocratic/Autocracy Oligarchic/Oligarchy Democratic/Democracy Rule of ONE Rule of a FEW Rule of ALL Long definition: a country or nation that Long definition: a country or nation Long definition: a country or nation that is governed by a single person with controlled by a small group of people receives its power from the people (all unlimited power that hold the key to power the people hold the key to power) Examples of autocratic governments Examples of oligarchic governments Examples of democratic governments Dictatorship Theocracy Parliamentary democracy Absolute Monarchy Presidential democracy Theocracy How do citizens participate in the government? Autocratic/Autocracy Oligarchic/Oligarchy Democratic/Democracy Rule of ONE Rule of a FEW Rule of ALL Picture Picture Picture Long definition: Long definition: Long definition: Examples of autocratic governments Examples of oligarchic governments Examples of democratic governments How do governments distribute power? Unitary Confederation Federal Central government has all the power to Individual states make their own laws Power to make laws and decision for the make laws and decision for the people. and decision and are loosely aligned to a people is SHARED between central weak central government government and states Picture: Picture: Picture: Long definition: Long definition: Long definition: Examples of unitary governments Examples of confederation governments Examples of federal governments How do governments distribute power? Unitary Confederation Federal Central government has all the power to Individual states make their own laws Power to make laws and decisions for make laws and decision for the people. and decision and are loosely aligned to a the people is SHARED between a weak central government central authority and regional authorities Picture: Picture: Picture: Long definition: One central government Long definition: A weak or loose Long definition: Power is shared by a controls weaker states. -
State Laws Governing Local Government Structure and Administration
Contents Chapter l-Local Governments in the United States ..................................................... 1 Types of Local Governments ...................................................................... 1 The Overall Pattern of Local Governments ......................................................... 3 TheReport ...................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2-Summary of Findings ...................................................................... 7 Key Developments from 1978 to 1990 ............................................................... 7 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 11 Appendices .......................................................................................... 15 A-Interpretation ofthe Tables .................................................................... 17 B-State Laws Governing Local Government Structurc and Administration: 1990 ....................... 19 C-How the State Laws Changed: 1978-1990 ........................................................ 57 D-Citations to State Constitutions and Statutes. .................................................... 91 E-Survey Questions for 1978 and 1990 ............................................................. 115 vii Special districts are the most numerous units of local airports, fire, natural resources, parks and recreation, and government. They are created either directly by state cemeteries, and districts with multiple functions). -
National Identity Formation in Britain's Dominions and India William S
Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Research Papers Graduate School Spring 5-2011 Independent Personality: National Identity Formation in Britain's Dominions and India William S. Miller [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp Recommended Citation Miller, William S., "Independent Personality: National Identity Formation in Britain's Dominions and India" (2011). Research Papers. Paper 93. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/93 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Papers by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INDEPENDENT PERSONALITY: NATIONAL IDENTITY FORMATION IN BRITAIN’S DOMINIONS AND INDIA by William S. Miller B.A., Illinois Wesleyan University, 2009 A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts. Department of History in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale May 2011 RESEARCH PAPER APPROVAL “INDEPENDENT PERSONALITY: NATIONAL IDENTITY FORMATION IN BRITAIN’S DOMINIONS AND INDIA” By William S. Miller A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the field of History Approved by: Dr. Ras Michael Brown Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale April 15, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE SECTIONS Introduction ........................................................................................................ -
Queen's Or Prince's Consent
QUEEN’S OR PRINCE’S CONSENT This pamphlet is intended for members of the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel. Unless otherwise stated: • references to Erskine May are to the 24th edition (2011), • references to the Companion to the Standing Orders are to the Companion to the Standing Orders and Guide to Proceedings of the House of Lords (25th edition, 2017), • references to the Cabinet Office Guide to Making Legislation are to the version of July 2017. Office of the Parliamentary Counsel September 2018 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 QUEEN’S CONSENT Introduction. 2 The prerogative. 2 Hereditary revenues, the Duchies and personal property and interests . 4 Exceptions and examples . 6 CHAPTER 3 PRINCE’S CONSENT Introduction. 7 The Duchy of Cornwall . 7 The Prince and Steward of Scotland . 8 Prince’s consent in other circumstances . 8 Exceptions and examples . 8 CHAPTER 4 GENERAL EXCEPTIONS The remoteness/de minimis tests . 10 Original consent sufficient for later provisions . 10 No adverse effect on the Crown. 11 CHAPTER 5 THE SIGNIFICATION OF CONSENT Signification following amendments to a bill. 13 Re-signification for identical bill . 14 The manner of signification . 14 The form of signification . 15 CHAPTER 6 PRACTICAL STEPS Obtaining consent. 17 Informing the Whips . 17 Writing to the House authorities . 17 Private Members’ Bills. 17 Informing the Palace of further developments . 18 Other. 18 CHAPTER 7 MISCELLANEOUS Draft bills . 19 Consent not obtained . 19 Inadvertent failure to signify consent . 19 Consent in the absence of the Queen. 20 Consent before introduction of a bill . 20 Queen’s speech . 20 Royal Assent .