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Impact of HOXB7 Overexpression on Human Adipose-Derived

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Impact of HOXB7 Overexpression on Human Adipose-Derived Foppiani et al. Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2019) 10:101 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1200-6 RESEARCH Open Access Impact of HOXB7 overexpression on human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitors Elisabetta Manuela Foppiani1,3, Olivia Candini1,3, Ilenia Mastrolia1, Alba Murgia1, Giulia Grisendi1,3, Anna Valeria Samarelli1, Giulia Boscaini2, Lucrezia Pacchioni2, Massimo Pinelli2, Giorgio De Santis2, Edwin M. Horwitz4, Elena Veronesi5 and Massimo Dominici1,3* Abstract Background: The ex vivo expansion potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) together with their differentiation and secretion properties makes these cells an attractive tool for transplantation and tissue engineering. Although the use of MSC is currently being tested in a growing number of clinical trials, it is still desirable to identify molecular markers that may help improve their performance both in vitro and after transplantation. Methods: Recently, HOXB7 was identified as a master player driving the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors. In this study, we investigated the effect of HOXB7 overexpression on the ex vivo features of adipose mesenchymal progenitors (AD-MSC). Results: HOXB7 increased AD-MSC proliferation potential, reduced senescence, and improved chondrogenesis together with a significant increase of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) secretion. Conclusion: While further investigations and in vivo models shall be applied for better understanding, these data suggest that modulation of HOXB7 may be a strategy for innovative tissue regeneration applications. Keywords: MSC, HOXB7, Aging, bFGF Introduction significant questions remain [11]. In particular, the role Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are progenitor of MSC and their biological behavior in different physio- cells that have been isolated and expanded from a wide logical and pathological conditions in humans need to range of tissues [1–7]. Their ability to differentiate and be clarified aiming for a more solid therapeutic impact. secrete supporting factors makes them attractive thera- For this reason, it is important to dissect the behaviors peutic tools for regenerative medicine [8]. For these and functions of MSC in these different contexts to iden- reasons, MSC transplantation has received increased tify the molecular players that may help improve the attention in different clinical settings [9, 10]. Progress in performance of MSC ex vivo or after transplantation [12]. preclinical models and recent data obtained from clinical It is known that aging is a complex process that trials have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of involves every cell and organ of the body and leads to MSC in tissue regeneration and repair. However, the degeneration of many functions over a lifespan. Tissues progressively lose their regenerative and homeo- * Correspondence: [email protected] static ability with age. The homeostatic and regenerative 1Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for activities of these tissues can be attributed to the resident Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via stem cells. The age-related changes may be reflections of a del Pozzo, 71, 41100 Modena, Italy 3Rigenerand srl, Modena, Medolla, Italy decline in stem cell function [13]. However, the mecha- Full list of author information is available at the end of the article nisms underlying the control of the aging process in © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Foppiani et al. Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2019) 10:101 Page 2 of 12 human cells remain poorly understood, which has an differentiation assays were performed after four culture impact on the development of cell-based therapies. passages (P4) as described below. By focusing on epigenetic regulation, we discovered that miR-196 is one of the molecular markers that deter- MigRI-HOXB7 vector for viral infection mine the changes in MSC during aging [14]. Starting The bi-cistronic murine stem cell virus-derived retroviral from miR-196, we identified HOXB7 as an age-related vector (pMIGR1) encoding the green fluorescence protein gene that is inversely correlated with senescence in vitro (GFP) was modified to carry HOXB7 (NM_004502.3), as and in vivo. HOX genes are fundamental components of previously described [14]. The coding sequence was embryonic patterning and morphogenesis with persistent amplified from total human RNA using primers with expression into adulthood. Several studies support the short extensions containing cleavage sites for BglII (5′ end) involvement of HOX genes at several levels along the and EcoRI (3′ end): HOXB7 forward (5′-TATCAGATC stem cell hierarchy, including positional identity, stem TAAATCATCCGGCCAAATTATGAG-3′)andHOXB7 – cell self-renewal, and differentiation [15 17]. HOX genes reverse (5′-TATCGAATTCTGCCCTTTCTCCATCCCTC have been investigated in a variety of progenitor cells AC-3′). The amplicons were cleaved with BglII and EcoRI and it has been suggested their role in proliferation, and cloned into the BglII and EcoRI sites of the MigR1 – differentiation, and senescence [18 22]. (MSCV-GFP) vector. The resulting vector was defined When we forced HOXB7 expression in primary bone as pMIGR1-HOXB7. The empty MIGR1-GFP vector marrow MSC (BM-MSC), we observed that HOXB7 sig- was used as a control. Retrovirus production was per- nificantly increased cell proliferation by an unclear formed using the FLYRD18 packaging cell lines as pre- mechanism, which we originally related to an autocrine viously described [26]. bFGF loop. Furthermore, forced HOXB7 expression re- duced senescence, suggesting that HOXB7 might impact aging in addition to in vitro senescence. Therefore, in the FACS analysis present study, we investigated whether HOXB7 over- Cell surface antigen expression was investigated in the expression affected other well-known MSC sources, such control cell population, represented by AD-MSC-GFP and as adipose-derived MSC (AD-MSC) in an attempt to HOXB7-overexpressing AD-MSC. The following panels demonstrate the role of HOXB7 in other mesenchymal of monoclonal antibodies were assessed: APC-anti-CD45, cell populations. Adipose tissue represents a valid re- PE anti-CD14, PE anti-CD73, and PE anti-HLA-DR (BD servoir of mesenchymal progenitors [23–25]. Adipose Pharmigen, San Diego, CA, USA); APC-anti-CD146 tissue can be obtained in a significant amount under (MACS, Miltenyi Biotec Bergisch Gladbach, Germany); local anesthesia with minimum patient discomfort APC-anti-CD90 and APC-anti-CD105 (eBioscience, San and can be easily processed to release large numbers Diego, CA, USA); and isotype controls (BD Biosciences of AD-MSC. Therefore, it represents a suitable tool for and BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA). Samples were ana- tissue regeneration and gene therapy approaches [26]. lyzed using the FACSAria III flow cytometer (Becton Thus, the aim of this study has been to analyze the impact Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The data were ana- of HOXB7 overexpression on AD-MSC investigating lyzed using DIVA software (Becton Dickinson, Franklin whether its influence on AD-MSC is comparable to the Lakes, NJ, USA). Cell cycle distribution was evaluated by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Single suspensions of one observed with BM-MSC. This would allow a better 6 understanding of whether HOXB7 may impact on a 1×10 AD-MSC-GFP or AD-MSC-HOXB7 at passage variety of mesenchymal progenitors’ performance. 12 were fixed with ice-cold 70% ethanol and stored at − 20 °C overnight. Cells were washed in PBS and resus- μ Materials and methods pended in 200 l of Cell Cycle Solution containing PI, Isolation and expansion of AD-MSC RNase A, and Triton X-100 (Invitrogen, Molecular AD-MSC were obtained from lipoaspirate specimens Probe, USA). The samples were then incubated for 30 (n = 3 collected between hips/thighs, abdomen, or glu- min at room temperature in the dark and analyzed by teal region) from individuals (three Caucasian females FACSAria III and DIVA software. ranging from 44 to 66 years old) undergoing liposuc- tion for esthetic purposes at the Plastic Surgery Unit, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia. In- Total cellular RNA was isolated using TRIzol® (Invitrogen, formed consent was obtained, and the study was approved Carlsbad, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s by the local Ethical Committee. All AD-MSC samples instructions. First-strand complementary DNA (cDNA) were isolated and expanded, and cumulative population was synthesized from 2 μg total RNA using the RevertAid doubling (CPD) was calculated as previously reported H minus first-strand cDNA synthesis kit (Fermentas - [27]. RNA extraction, immunophenotypical analysis, and ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA). The cDNA was Foppiani et al. Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2019) 10:101 Page 3 of 12 quantified using a spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter ELISA DU® 730, Pasadena, CA, USA). The
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