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C:\My Documents\Pagemaker Proje Plant Associations and Related Botanical Inventory of the Beaverhead Mountains Section, Montana Prepared for: United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management P.O. Box 36800 Billings, Montana 59107-6800 Submitted by: Stephen V. Cooper, Catherine Jean, and Bonnie L. Heidel December, 1999 Plant Associations and Related Botanical Inventory of the Beaverhead Mountains Section, Montana © 1999 Montana Natural Heritage Program State Library Building . P.O. Box 201800 . 1515 East Sixth Avenue . Helena, MT 59620-1800 . 406-444-3009 BLM Agreement Number 1422E930A960015 Task Order Number 16 This document should be cited as follows: Cooper, S. V., Jean, C. and B. L. Heidel. 1999. Plant associations and related botanical inventory of the Beaverhead Mountains Section, Montana. Unpublished report to the Bureau of Land Management. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 235 pp. Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Area ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Climate and related parameters........................................................................................................................ 3 Physiography and related parameters .............................................................................................................. 3 Subsection Descriptions................................................................................................................................... 5 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 Community Ecology: Data Collection ........................................................................................................... 10 Community Ecology: Data Analysis ............................................................................................................. 10 Botany: Plant Species of Special Concern ..................................................................................................... 11 Taxonomic Considerations ............................................................................................................................ 12 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 14 Community Ecology ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Landscapes of Significant Ecological Interest ............................................................................................... 17 Plant Species of Special Concern .................................................................................................................. 26 Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 30 The Classification: concepts and assumptions ............................................................................................. 31 The National Vegetation Classification ......................................................................................................... 31 Plant Associations of the Beaverhead Mountains Section: Vegetation key and descriptions ....................... 33 Use of the vegetation key .............................................................................................................................. 34 Instructions .................................................................................................................................................... 34 Caveats when using keys ............................................................................................................................... 35 Key to Physiognomic Types (Lifeform Categories) ..................................................................................... 37 Vegetation Classication: Descriptions of Types .......................................................................................... 76 Needle-leaved Evergreen Forests ................................................................................................................. 76 Needle-leaved Evergreen Woodlands............................................................................................................ 89 Montane or Boreal Cold-deciduous Forest .................................................................................................... 98 Shrublands ................................................................................................................................................... 104 Dwarf-Shrublands including Dwarf-Shrub Herbaceous .............................................................................. 126 Herbaceous Vegetation Lacking a Significant Shrub/Tree Component ...................................................... 142 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................................ 184 Appendices Appendix A: Flora of the Beaverhead Mountains Section ............................................................................ 194 Appendix B: Natural Heritage Global Rank Definitions and Their Modifiers .............................................. 220 Appendix C: Plant Associations of the Beaverhead Mountains Section ....................................................... 221 Appendix D: Plant Associations: Principal and Substantiating References ................................................. 230 i Index to Descriptions of Types .................................................................................................................... 243 Figures Figure 1. Beaverhead Mountains Study Area, Montana .................................................................................... 4 Figure 2. Beaverhead Mountains Section and Subsection Boundaries, Montana ............................................. 6 Figure 3. Locations of Select Globally Rare and Exemplary Plant Associations, Beaverhead Mountains Section ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 4. Locations of Plant Species of Special Concern, Beaverhead Mountains Section ............................ 27 Tables Table 1. Synonymy of dominant and indicator plant species for the Beaverhead Mountains Section ............ 13 Table 2. Distribution of community types by lifeform and global rank .......................................................... 15 Table 3. State and regional endemic plant species in the Beaverhead Mountains Section .............................. 19 Table 4. Globally rare plant species in the Beaverhead Mountains Section .................................................... 26 Table 5. State or globally rare plants known only from the Beaverhead Mountains Section .......................... 29 ii Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the USDI Bureau of Land Management (BLM): we especially appreciate the efforts of Brian Hockett, BLM range conservationist, Dillon, MT, in helping us locate and access field sites and for providing background information on such sites. Brian also shared his extensive knowledge of rangeland ecosystems of the ecoregion; should this document contain any misinterpretations of these systems the blame rests squarely with the authors. The USDA Forest Service, particularly Annie Greene of the Beaverhead National Forest and John Caratti of the R-1 Regional Office, were generous in supplying plot information in appropriate databases. Preceding ecologists/botanists at the Montana Natural Heritage Program who laid the groundwork for this publication in terms of plot sampling, data reduction and analysis include Peter Achuff, Alistair McAlpine, Lisa Roe, Jim Vanderhorst, and Bonnie Heidel; Rob DeVelice was instrumental in securing funding for these early efforts and served both as the primary field ecologist and data analyst. Bonnie Heidel, Peter Achuff, Ken Scow, Jim Vanderhorst and Lisa Roe provided valuable assistance in voucher specimen identification. Margaret Beer, John Hinshaw, Cedron Jones, Scott Lee- Chadde, Debbie Dover, Kathy Jurist and Diana Schwab are appreciated for their conscientious efforts in data entry, quality control, slide scanning and the myriad support activities that contributed to this document. iii bottomlands or riparian areas, and are at greatest risks from certain grazing practices, weeds, and in Executive some cases conversion to agriculture. Others occur as small patches in alpine or high subalpine Summary environments, and are not particularly threatened. Yet another community, Elymus lanceolatus / This project represents a comprehensive effort to Phacelia hastata, occurs in the Centennial Sandhills
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