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Eerste Versie MA Scriptie Esther Lugtigheid1 Name: Esther Lugtigheid Student number: 250206 Study program: Children’s and Young Adult Literature Date: 19 August 2014 Coaches: Dr. S.J. Lehtonen and Prof. dr. W.H.L. van Lierop- Debrauwer Co -reader: Drs. A.W.M. Duijx “I’ve found fanfiction as a learning plateau to be very amusing”: Improving Second Language and Writing Skills by Creating Online Fan Fiction by Esther Lugtigheid Improving Second Language and Writing Skills by Creating Online Fan Fiction Master Thesis Esther Lugtigheid June 2014 1 Disclaimer The author declares that the text and work presented in this master thesis are original and no other sources mentioned in the text and the reference lists have been used in writing this thesis. The copyright of this master thesis rests with the author. The author is responsible for its contents. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the student and do not necessarily express the views of Tilburg University. Improving Second Language and Writing Skills by Creating Online Fan Fiction Master Thesis Esther Lugtigheid June 2014 2 Acknowledgements Although most students I know have an utter dislike for writing theses, I have found it to be the most enjoyable and rewarding aspect of my academic career. However, it was also stressful at times. Especially during periods of time when you are juggling your thesis, courses, work and personal life one can feel a bit overwhelmed. I would hereby like to take the opportunity to thank the people who were there for me during such moments. First of all I would like to thank my second supervisor/Masters programme coordinator Helma van Lierop-Debrauwer for creating the only MA programme that focuses on children’s and young-adult literature in The Netherlands and for guiding me through the programme. I would like to thank my parents for their love and support. Thank you for giving me the final push to embark on another educational journey. I would also like to thank my friends for the countless study dates at the Tilburg University library and for the motivational speeches that I know I need at times. The two people that I would like to thank most of all are my boyfriend and my supervisor. Thank you boyfriend, for comforting me when I felt overwhelmed (which was, to be honest, most of the time) and for being so understanding. Then - yes, I am saving the best for last - my main supervisor Sanna Lehtonen. Aside from the fact that you spent so many hours reading (and re-reading) my chapters and providing me with valuable and detailed feedback, you also scheduled in an appointment with me nearly every week, which caused me to keep working on my thesis until I finally enjoyed writing again after suffering from writer’s block. Improving Second Language and Writing Skills by Creating Online Fan Fiction Master Thesis Esther Lugtigheid June 2014 3 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to determine whether writers, whose mother tongue is Dutch but who write online fan fiction in English, show improvement in writing and second language skills without receiving constructive feedback from their readers. The main research question is: Does the act of writing fan fiction in a passionate affinity space such as FanFiction.net with its own norms, rules and guidelines help to improve one’s second language writing skills? The sub questions are: What kinds of writing skills are demonstrated in the examined texts in terms of language use and narrative techniques? Are there any developments in the examined texts regarding language use and narrative techniques over time? I conducted a textual analysis of twelve texts written by four writers based on narrative structure, characterisation, style and spelling and grammar. Three out of four writers show improvement in writing skills and second language skills, both according to fan fiction and formal norms. This analysis could thus support previous research that suggests that writing online fan fiction in a passionate affinity space could improve one’s second language and writing skills. Keywords: fan fiction, fanfiction, fandom, literacy, literacies, second language acquisition, online learning, informal learning, fandom, passionate affinity space Improving Second Language and Writing Skills by Creating Online Fan Fiction Master Thesis Esther Lugtigheid June 2014 4 Inhoud Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 3 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................ 12 2.1 What is Online Fan Fiction? 12 2.1.1 Terms and Definitions...................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Multimodality and Intermediality ................................................................................... 15 2.2 What Puts the ‘Fan’ in Fan Fiction?: Fandom, Identity and Participatory Culture ............ 16 2.2.1 What Is a Fan and What Is Fandom? ............................................................................... 17 2.2.2 The Demographics of Fan Fiction .................................................................................... 20 2.3 Online Fan Fiction, Literacy and (In)Formal Learning ....................................................... 24 2.3.1 Fan Fiction and Literacy ................................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Fan Fiction, Writing Skills and Norms in Informal Settings ............................................. 31 2.3.3 “Caught not taught”: Fan Fiction in Formal Settings? ..................................................... 33 2.3.4 How Fan Fiction Could Help Acquire a Second Language ............................................... 24 3.1 Research Question and Aims 35 3.2 Data 37 3.3 Analytical Framework 41 Chapter 4: Analysis ........................................................................................... 45 4.1 Mosquito 45 4.1.1 Killing Me Softly ............................................................................................................... 45 4.1.3 Oops.. A Rabbit! ............................................................................................................... 58 4.1.4 An Overview .................................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Aydine 68 4.2.1 Interfering with Salvation Chapter 1 ............................................................................... 68 4.2.2 Interfering with Salvation Chapter 2 ............................................................................... 73 4.2.3 Vodka or Scotch for Whiskey? ......................................................................................... 76 4.2.4 An Overview .................................................................................................................... 80 4.3 Maartje87 83 4.3.1 I Will Always Be with You ................................................................................................ 83 Improving Second Language and Writing Skills by Creating Online Fan Fiction Master Thesis Esther Lugtigheid June 2014 5 4.3.2 The Vision ........................................................................................................................ 87 4.3.3 Redemption ..................................................................................................................... 90 4.3.4 An Overview .................................................................................................................... 93 4.4 Angie-Face 97 4.4.1 Can I Do Anything? .......................................................................................................... 97 4.4.2 Life’s Reward ................................................................................................................. 102 4.4.3 Revenge ......................................................................................................................... 106 4.4.4 An Overview .................................................................................................................. 109 4.5 Comparative overview 111 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion ............................................................ 114 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 114 5.2 Synthesis of Empirical Findings and Answers to Research Questions ....... 115 5.3 Discussion/ Policy Relevance and Implications ......................................... 116 5.4 Limitations of the Study and Recommendations for Future Research ...... 117 5.6 Final Conclusion ....................................................................................... 118 Works Cited .................................................................................................... 119 Notes.............................................................................................................. 121 Improving Second Language and Writing Skills by Creating Online Fan Fiction Master Thesis Esther Lugtigheid June 2014 6 Chapter 1: Introduction Fan fiction (also known as fanfiction, fan fic, or fanfic) could broadly be defined as fan-made content that is based on pre-existing media formats, such as television series, films or books.
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