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Housing in Lakes and Bay of Plenty

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Housing in Lakes and Bay of Plenty Housing in Lakes and Bay of Plenty December 2014 1 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................... 4 2 DATA SOURCES ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Census ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 Issues of Health and Wellbeing 2012 Population Survey ............................................. 4 3 DEPRIVATION ................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 The New Zealand Deprivation Index ............................................................................ 4 3.2 Spatial distribution of deprivation across the region ..................................................... 5 4 CROWDING....................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Crowding Indices ......................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Exposure to Crowding ................................................................................................. 8 4.2.1 Crowding trends over time .................................................................................... 9 4.2.2 Crowding and Ethnicity ....................................................................................... 10 4.2.3 Crowding and age ............................................................................................... 11 4.2.4 Crowding and housing conditions ........................................................................ 12 4.2.5 Geographical distribution of crowding.................................................................. 12 5 HOUSING CONDITIONS ................................................................................................. 17 5.1 BRANZ Housing condition survey .............................................................................. 17 5.2 General Social survey................................................................................................ 18 5.3 Issues of Health and Wellbeing 2012 Population Survey ........................................... 19 5.4 Warm up New Zealand EECA Insulation Retrofit Scheme ......................................... 20 6 HOUSING TENURE ......................................................................................................... 22 6.1 Affordability of rental housing ..................................................................................... 23 6.2 Housing New Zealand Corporation and Social Housing ............................................. 24 7 HOME ENERGY USE ...................................................................................................... 27 7.1 Issues of health and Wellbeing 2012 Population Survey ............................................ 27 7.2 Census ...................................................................................................................... 29 8 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 31 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... 32 Appendix: distribution of deprivation NZDep2006 ............................................................ 32 Appendix: Severe Housing Deprivation ........................................................................... 34 A definition of severe housing deprivation .................................................................... 34 People living in severe housing deprivation as of the 2006 Census ............................. 35 2 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 37 3 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this report is to update and be a companion document to the Housing and Health Report. The Housing and Health Report already describes in detail the housing related detriments of health. It does not cover the distribution of those determinants with the Bay of Plenty and Lakes region. This reports aims to describe the distribution of housing factors that influence health and identify gaps in the information base. 2 DATA SOURCES 2.1 Census The main source of information currently available is data from the census. Information from the 2001, 2006, and 2013 census is presented. There is a larger time interval between the 2006 and 2013 census due to the interruptions caused by the Christchurch earthquake. Some of the information on housing is taken directly from responses to census questions in the dwelling and individual forms while other information is derived from census data. The Deprivation Index is derived from the response to certain questions as is the crowding data. 2.2 Issues of Health and Wellbeing 2012 Population Survey The 2012 population survey was undertaken as a telephone survey. The sample was randomly selected from the white pages. The survey had a response rate of 54%. 1045 telephone interviews were completed with an approximately even number of interviews from Rotorua, Taupo, Western Bay of Plenty and Eastern Bay of Plenty. The results of the survey were adjusted for the probability of selection using a weighting regime in order to accurately reflect the characteristics of the population. The sample size of the survey restricts the level of detail that can be investigated. The uncertainties around the proportions obtain increase as the sample size decreases. For this reason it is often not possible to obtain statistically significant differences between age groups, region and ethnicity. However where there have been large differences it has been possible to detect statistically significant differences. The proportions calculate for the survey is weighted. For the purpose of this report where additional confidence intervals have been calculated for a weighted proportion the unweighted denominator has been used. These confidence intervals should be view with caution. 3 DEPRIVATION 3.1 The New Zealand Deprivation Index The New Zealand Deprivation index (NZDep) is a measure of socioeconomic position, based on data obtained from the New Zealand Census. The NZDep is score assigned to each small area within New Zealand. Each small area is assigned a decile according to its deprivation score. For this reason the higher deciles, in particular 9 and 10 have a much greater level of internal variation. In the NZDep2006, small area with deprivation scores of between approximately 1,100 and 1,500 are assigned a decile of 10 while deciles 1-9 have depravation scores between approximately 800 and 1,100. Caution must be used when making temporal comparisons for small areas because the deprivation score is a relative measure. The validity of temporal comparisons increases as the size of the area increases. 4 NZDep measures what people are lacking. It does not measure wealth. It is a small area measure. A deprivation score is given to a small area but does not necessarily apply to an individual living in that small area, however it usually will give a useful approximation of an individual’s circumstances. NZDep includes housing related variables in the calculation of the deprivation score. Table 1 lists the variables used for calculating the NZDep2006 and NZDep2013 scores. Table 1: Variables of deprivation included in the NZ (source: Atkinson, Salmond, & Crampton, 2014) Variable descript ion Weight 2006 2013 People aged <65 with no access to the internet at Not included 0.372 home People aged 18-64 receiving a means tested 0.371 0.364 benefit People living in equivalised* households with 0.356 0.356 income below an income threshold People aged 18-64 unemployed 0.332 0.338 People aged 18-64 without any qualifications 0.326 0.332 People not living in own home 0.334 0.322 People aged <65 living in a single parent family 0.333 0.317 People living in equivalised* households below a 0.318 0.303 bedroom occupancy threshold People with no access to a car 0.311 0.286 People with no access to any phone at home 0.314 Not included Percent of the variance explained 55.4% 60.7% *Equivalisation: methods used to control for household composition. Only two variables included in NZDep2006 and NZDep2013 are directly related to housing. However the majority of the remaining variables are regarding income and employment. These factors are likely to reflect the population’s ability to maintain housing at a standard that is not detrimental to health and wellbeing. For these reasons the distribution of deprivation across the region is likely to be of interest. 3.2 Spatial distribution of deprivation across the region Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the spatial distribution of deprivation in Lakes District Health Board (DHB) and Bay of Plenty DHB. Table 2 gives the deprivation score by local authority district. Deprivation has largely remained constant at district level with a few slight shifts. The level of deprivation in Opotiki has appears to have decreased between 2006 and 2013. It has moved from average deprivation decile of 10 to a decile of nine. Kawerau and Rotorua districts may have had meaningful increases in the deprivation score
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