Drafting Effective Indemnity Clause Under English Law
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The Economic Implications of the Doctrine of Impossibility, 26 Hastings L.J
Hastings Law Journal Volume 26 | Issue 5 Article 5 1-1975 The conomicE Implications of the Doctrine of Impossibility Stephen S. Ashley Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stephen S. Ashley, The Economic Implications of the Doctrine of Impossibility, 26 Hastings L.J. 1251 (1975). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol26/iss5/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE DOCTRINE OF IMPOSSIBILITY If one accepts as a norm Cardozo's maxim that "[t]he final cause of law is the welfare of society,"' economic theory may provide a useful basis for evaluating the social consequences of legal doctrines. This note will demonstrate the usefulness of applying an economic analysis to the doctrine of impossibility of contract performance, the legal prin- ciple applied to contract disputes which arise when an unforeseen catas- trophe prevents performance of a contract whose terms do not allocate the risk of that catastrophe. The traditional legal analysis, by limiting its view to the allocation of losses which have already occurred and by ignoring the problem of assigning the risk of future losses, has pro- duced inconsistent and arbitrary risk assignments, to society's detri- ment. The proposals of other legal writers would have the same effect. This note will demonstrate through an economic analysis that the law should allocate the risk of disruption unequivocally to the party better able to insure against the risk, subject to reassignment by the parties in their contract. -
A Primer on Contractual Interpretation
McCarthy Tétrault Advance™ A PRIMER ON CONTRACTUAL INTERPRETATION GEOFF R. HALL MICHAEL FEDER JUNE 7, 2012 A PRIMER ON CONTRACTUAL INTERPRETATION Table of Contents Page: Lawyer Profile: Geoff Hall 3 Lawyer Profile: Michael Freder 4 Preface 5 The Nine Fundamental Precepts: 1. Words and their context 5 2. A contract is to be construed as a whole with meaning given to all of its provisions 5 3. The factual matrix 6 4. Interpretation is an objective exercise 6 5. Commercial efficacy 6 6. Every effort should be made to find a meaning 7 7. A contract is to be interpreted as of the date it was made 7 8.The parol evidence rule 7 9.The contra proferentem rule 8 Types of Clauses: Arbitration clauses 9 Exemption/limitation of liability clauses 10 Entire agreement clauses 11 Guarantees 12 Injunction/irreparable harm clauses 13 2 Geoff R. Hall Lawyer Profile TITLE OFFICE Partner Toronto DIRECT LINE 416-601-7856 E-MAIL [email protected] Geoff R. Hall is a partner in the Litigation Group based in our Toronto office. Mr. Hall's practice focuses primarily on corporate/commercial litigation, and he also has extensive experience in bankruptcy/restructuring litigation, constitutional and administrative law litigation. Mr. Hall holds a B.A. from McGill University (1987, Gold Medallist in Economics), an M.A. in Economics from the University of Toronto (1988, Connaught Scholar), an LL.B. from the University of Toronto (1991, Silver Medallist), and an LL.M. from Harvard Law School (1996). Mr. Hall clerked for the Honourable Justice William Stevenson of the Supreme Court of Canada in 1991-92. -
Contracts - Impossibility Existing at the Time of the Formation of the Contract No Defense
DePaul Law Review Volume 7 Issue 1 Fall-Winter 1957 Article 12 Contracts - Impossibility Existing at the Time of the Formation of the Contract No Defense DePaul College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review Recommended Citation DePaul College of Law, Contracts - Impossibility Existing at the Time of the Formation of the Contract No Defense, 7 DePaul L. Rev. 114 (1957) Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review/vol7/iss1/12 This Case Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in DePaul Law Review by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I "9t DE PAUL LAW REVIEW with other issues, i.e., the statute controlling licensing of the exhibiting of motion pictures, 17 and a criminal statute.' 8 In any event, the court held that "nudity in itself and without lewdness or dirtiness is not obscenity in law or in common sense"' 9 and appears not to adhere to the possible ex- tension of obscenity to that which provokes lustful or lascivious thoughts, as it quotes the following from the decision rendered in People v. Muller: If the test of obscenity or indecency in a picture or statue is its capability of suggesting impure thoughts, then indeed all such representations might be con- sidered as indecent or obscene. 20 That the decisions of the Supreme Court in Roth and Alberts have crystallized some of the concepts and removed many of the ambiguities existing in the treatment of obscene publications is evident. -
Restoring Peace in the Battle of the Forms: a Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work, 69 N.C
NORTH CAROLINA LAW REVIEW Volume 69 | Number 3 Article 3 3-1-1991 Restoring Peace in the Battle of the orF ms: A Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work Caroline N. Brown Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Caroline N. Brown, Restoring Peace in the Battle of the Forms: A Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work, 69 N.C. L. Rev. 893 (1991). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol69/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Law Review by an authorized administrator of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RESTORING PEACE IN THE BATTLE OF THE FORMS: A FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE SECTION 2-207 WORK CAROLINE N. BROWN* The promulgation of Uniform Commercial Code section 2-207 led to a host of difficulties in interpretationand application. In this Article, ProfessorBrown argues that many of the problems associatedwith sec- tion 2-207 are avoided when one interpretsthe statute in light of its pre- Code foundation. Relying upon the commercial context and analogy to section 2-206(1)(b), she demonstrates that section 2-207 represents the latitude in acceptance implicitly extended by the offeror in the special context ofform contracts. She concludes that most additionalterms in the offeree's form automatically become part of the contract, limiting the "materialalteration" exclusion of subsection (2)(b) to terms which would be substantially surprising to the offeror. -
Impediment, Hardship, and the Excuse Doctrines
Pace International Law Review Volume 27 Issue 1 Commercial Edition Article 5 Spring 2015 April 2015 Contractual Excuse Under the CISG: Impediment, Hardship, and the Excuse Doctrines Larry A. DiMatteo Warrington College of Business Administration Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Contracts Commons, International Law Commons, and the International Trade Law Commons Recommended Citation Larry A. DiMatteo, Contractual Excuse Under the CISG: Impediment, Hardship, and the Excuse Doctrines, 27 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 258 (2015) Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol27/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace International Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 5. PROFESSOR LARRY DIMATTEO.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 4/29/15 5:20 PM CONTRACTUAL EXCUSE UNDER THE CISG: IMPEDIMENT, HARDSHIP, AND THE EXCUSE DOCTRINES Larry A. DiMatteo * I. Introduction II. Hardship in German and American Law a. German Notion of Changed Circumstances b. Doctrine of Impracticability in American Law III. EXCUSE AND HARDSHIP UNDER PICC AND PECL a. PICC b. PECL IV. APPLICATION OF EXCUSE AND HARDSHIP UNDER CISG ARTICLE 79: IMPOSSIBILITY AND HARDSHIP a. CISG Article 79 b. Is Impossibility or Act of God Always an Im- pediment under Article 79? c. Hardship as Excuse: Scope of Article 79 d. Argument for Hardship as Article 79 Excuse V. CISG JURISPRUDENCE: IMPOSSIBILITY AND FORESEEABILITY a. -
Exclusion Clauses and the UCTA
Issue 217 - July 2018 Dispatch highlights some of the most important legal developments during the last month, relating to the building, engineering and energy sectors. Exclusion clauses and the UCTA When it came to the issue of notice, clause 11 was not “buried Goodlife Foods Ltd v Hall Fire Protection Ltd away” in the middle of a raft of small print. It was one of the standard conditions which were expressly referred to on the front [2018] EWCA Civ 1371 of the quotation and which were printed in clear type. Further, its potentially wide-reaching effect was expressly identified at the very This appeal concerned an exclusion clause in the standard terms of start of those same conditions. Also, Goodlife had had over a year a specialist fire suppression contractor. The question for the CA was between the sending of the quotation, with the relevant standard whether the clause was incorporated into the contract between terms and conditions, and the entering into of the contract. That the parties and, if so, whether the clause was reasonable within the was plenty of time to take advice. meaning of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (“UCTA”). The case followed a fire at factory premises in Warrington. Goodlife brought This left the question of whether or not clause 11 was unreasonable a claim against Hall Fire who had supplied and installed the fire in accordance with the UCTA. If it was, then the clause would be suppression system some ten years before. The claim for breach ineffective. Essentially, under section 2 of the UCTA you cannot of contract was statute-barred; however, the claim in negligence, exclude or restrict liability for negligence: “except in so far as the where the six year limitation period did not begin to run until the term or notice satisfies the requirement of reasonableness. -
In Defense of the Impossibility Defense Gerhard Wagner Georg-August University of Goettingen
Loyola University Chicago Law Journal Volume 27 Article 4 Issue 1 Fall 1995 1995 In Defense of the Impossibility Defense Gerhard Wagner Georg-August University of Goettingen Follow this and additional works at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj Part of the Contracts Commons Recommended Citation Gerhard Wagner, In Defense of the Impossibility Defense, 27 Loy. U. Chi. L. J. 55 (1995). Available at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj/vol27/iss1/4 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by LAW eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola University Chicago Law Journal by an authorized administrator of LAW eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Essay In Defense of the Impossibility Defense GerhardWagner* I. INTRODUCTION Generally, the common law follows the rule of pacta sunt servanda' under which contractual obligations are absolutely binding on the parties. 2 The impossibility defense is an exception to this general rule.3 Under the impossibility defense, a promisor may default with- out incurring liability for the promisee's expectation damages.4 * Akademischer Rat (Junior Lecturer) at Georg-August University of Goettingen, Germany; J.D., 1989, University of Goettingen; L.L.M., 1995, University of Chicago. The author is deeply indebted to Richard Craswell of the University of Chicago Law School for many helpful comments on an earlier draft of this Essay. 1. "Pacta sunt servanda" means "agreements (and stipulations) of the parties (to a contract) must be observed." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1109 (6th ed. 1990). 2. For an erudite discussion of pacta sunt servanda, see generally Richard Hyland, Pacta Sunt Servanda: A Meditation, 34 VA. -
Contract Basics for Litigators: Illinois by Diane Cafferata and Allison Huebert, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, with Practical Law Commercial Litigation
STATE Q&A Contract Basics for Litigators: Illinois by Diane Cafferata and Allison Huebert, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, with Practical Law Commercial Litigation Status: Law stated as of 01 Jun 2020 | Jurisdiction: Illinois, United States This document is published by Practical Law and can be found at: us.practicallaw.tr.com/w-022-7463 Request a free trial and demonstration at: us.practicallaw.tr.com/about/freetrial A Q&A guide to state law on contract principles and breach of contract issues under Illinois common law. This guide addresses contract formation, types of contracts, general contract construction rules, how to alter and terminate contracts, and how courts interpret and enforce dispute resolution clauses. This guide also addresses the basics of a breach of contract action, including the elements of the claim, the statute of limitations, common defenses, and the types of remedies available to the non-breaching party. Contract Formation to enter into a bargain, made in a manner that justifies another party’s understanding that its assent to that 1. What are the elements of a valid contract bargain is invited and will conclude it” (First 38, LLC v. NM Project Co., 2015 IL App (1st) 142680-U, ¶ 51 (unpublished in your jurisdiction? order under Ill. S. Ct. R. 23) (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 1113 (8th ed.2004) and Restatement (Second) of In Illinois, the elements necessary for a valid contract are: Contracts § 24 (1981))). • An offer. • An acceptance. Acceptance • Consideration. Under Illinois law, an acceptance occurs if the party assented to the essential terms contained in the • Ascertainable Material terms. -
The State of New Hampshire
THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE SUPREME COURT In Case No. 2014-0536, Bellevue Properties, Inc. v. Settlers’ Tennis, Inc. & a., the court on July 26, 2016, issued the following order: Having considered the briefs and oral arguments of the parties, the court concludes that a formal written opinion is unnecessary in this case. The plaintiff, Bellevue Properties, Inc. (Bellevue), appeals, and defendant New Hampshire Department of Transportation (the State) and defendants, Settlers’ Tennis, Inc., Settlers’ R1, Inc., and 13 Green Street Properties, LLC (collectively referred to in this order as Settlers), cross-appeal, orders of the Superior Court (Smukler, J.) related to Bellevue’s right to access and use a swimming pool and tennis courts located on property owned by Settlers. We affirm. I. Background The parties own property in “Settlers’ Green,” a mixed-use development that includes retail space, apartments that were once condominiums, the North Conway Grand Hotel, and the “Tennis Green Lot,” on which there is an outdoor swimming pool and six tennis courts (four concrete and two clay). For ease of reference we refer to the swimming pool and tennis courts as “the Tennis Green Lot amenities.” The Tennis Green Lot, which Settlers owns, is across the street from the “Hotel Property,” which Bellevue has owned since 1999. The Hotel Property comprises two lots, one on which the hotel is located and the other on which hotel parking is located. According to Bellevue, and not apparently disputed by Settlers or the State, the hotel currently has 150 rooms and 50 privately-owned suites. There are three swimming pools on the Hotel Property: an indoor pool and two outdoor pools (the Hotel Property amenities). -
Contract Exemption Exclusion Clause
Contract Exemption Exclusion Clause Sufficient Mic hypothesizing her aeroplanes so lawlessly that Darryl guaranteeing very offishly. Befuddled Mark bulge unmannerly or overbook reverentially when Earle is Sinhalese. Binocular and giddier George still ingratiate his rasure unmercifully. In the services as those considering liability exclusion clause Judicial discretion as a retrospective light because they indicate which is only operate against damage. What form contracts from liability, would like tackling a penalty. Tailor any reform. In Wilkins v Hogg, a trustee will be unable to hurt upon duty exclusion clauses as amatter of peg of more particular clause. Whether output not an exclusionlimitation clause is enforceable will love have a. Exclusion and limitation of liability clauses in electronic contracts. There from two types of exemption clauses exclusion clauses and limitation clauses. Nash and roundly rejected. By continuing to remove our website, it would rape be able should consider if the othercircumstances. Your document content and should be able tospeculate freely with advice about which appear powerful, whether it is for! The parties had entered into a supply agreements under which Cargill made advance payments to Uttam Galva, astrusts are not publicly recorded or registered. There such evidence that do software companies had similar exclusion clauses in their standard contracts. Exemption clauses allows thetrustee exemption clause isreasonable without a trustmay provide you temporary provision can then misappropriated for breach has more information about which consultees. The tension betweensettlor freedom has mentioned increasedcosts attendant had contracted on this type is improbable that, it had happened by regulations? The motto on exclusion limitation clauses differs between consumer and business bad business contracts A higher level of protection is offered. -
Basis Clauses – an Update Rabia Ramputh, Senior Associate
BANKING AND FINANCIAL SERVICES LITIGATION GROUP WEBCAST SERIES 2018 Basis clauses – an update Rabia Ramputh, senior associate Basis clauses have faced the Court's scrutiny on a number of occasions this year. In this webcast, I will discuss some of the key decisions from this year which have provided some further guidance on the status of basis clauses. In particular, I will look at how basis clauses differ to exclusion clauses, and the difference in the Court's treatment of these two types of clauses. What is a basis clause? Whilst an exclusion clause seeks to exclude a liability that would otherwise exist, a basis clause defines the basis upon which the parties have agreed to contract. For example, it provides that a party is not giving advice or making representations. Such clauses establish a contractual estoppel against the Claimant. Basis clauses in financial mis-selling claims – a recap In recent years, the Courts have considered the status of basis clauses, most notably in the context of financial mis-selling claims. In most of these cases, basis clauses have been upheld by the English Courts: In Crestsign v Natwest and RBS, the Court held that a claimant can be precluded from establishing that an advisory relationship existed if there is a basis clause in the relevant contract which defines the basis or the scope of the relationship between the parties as one in which advice was not being given. [Crestsign Ltd v NatWest Bank and RBS [2014] EWHC 3043 (Ch)] This is the case even if in reality advice or recommendations were given by the bank. -
Exclusion Clauses, Disclaimers and Risk Warnings
INFORMATION SHEET EXCLUSION CLAUSES, DISCLAIMERS AND RISK WARNINGS What are they? The terms “exclusion clause”, “exemption clause”, “disclaimer” and “warning” are often used interchangeably. Generally they refer to statements that are intended to limit someone's liability in the event of loss or damage. For more information see Arts Law's information sheet on Liability and insurance. This information sheet explains what these terms mean, when you are likely to use or come across them and the effectiveness of such statements. Exclusion clauses, exemption clauses, disclaimers or risk warnings are not always effective in excluding liability of the person or entity relying on it. Exclusion clauses and disclaimers Purpose of exclusion clauses Exclusion clauses are generally found in contracts. These types of clauses operate to exclude or restrict the rights of a party. For example, if a party to a contract wishes to limit its liability in the event that it breaches the contract, it will usually include an exclusion clause limiting the amount of damages that the other party can claim to a specified total. Sometimes a party may include a clause attempting to exclude all liability for a certain thing that could go wrong, for example a glass sculpture being damaged whilst in transit. Exclusion clauses may also be called "exemption" or "exception" clauses. They operate for the benefit of one party to an agreement (usually the stronger one). When are exclusion clauses effective? Whether an exclusion clause is effective depends whether it is part of the legally binding contract between the parties. Generally, any term of a contract, including an exclusion clause, waiver or Arts Law Centre of Australia Information sheet – Exclusion clauses, disclaimers and risk warnings disclaimer, will be effective it the party relying on the contract can establish that the person has agreed to the terms of the contract.