Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods a Contextual Approach Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods a Contextual Approach

Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods A Contextual Approach Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods A Contextual Approach

Edited by

Pauline Boss University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota William J. Doherty University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota Ralph LaRossa Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia Walter R. Schumm Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas Suzanne K. Steinmetz Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana

Springer Editors' Pauline Boss William J. Doherty Department of Family Social Science Department of Family Social Science University of Minnesota University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108, USA St. Paul, MN 55108, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Ralph LaRossa Walter R. Schumm Department of Sociology School of Family Studies and Georgia State University Human Services Atlanta, GA 30302, USA Kansas State University [email protected] Manhattan, KS 66506, USA [email protected] Suzanne K. Steinmetz Department of Sociology Indiana University Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA [email protected]

ISBN: 978-0-306-44264-3 (hardcover) e-ISBN: 978-0-387-85764-0 ISBN: 978-0-387-85763-3 (softcover) DO|: 10.1007/978-0-387-85764-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937527

9 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2004, First softcover printing 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed on acid-free paper springer.com To our families and to all families everywhere Contributors

ALAN C. ACOCK PAULINE G. Boss* Department of Human Development and Family Department of Family Social Science Sciences University of Minnesota Oregon State University St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Corvallis, Oregon 97331 INGE BRE.THERTON BERT N. ADAMS Child and Family Studies Department of Sociology University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Madison, Wisconsin 53706 MARGARET M. BUBOLZ KATHERINE R. ALLEN Department of Family and Child Ecology Department of Family and Child Development College of Human Ecology Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Michigan State University University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 WESLEY R. BURR ELAINE A. ANDERSON Department of Family Sciences Department of Family and Community Brigham Young University Development Provo, Utah 84602 University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742 LINDA M. BURTON Department of Human Development and DENNIS A. BAGAROZZI Families Studies Human Resources Consultants Pennsylvania State University Atlanta, Georgia 30324 University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

DAVID A. BAVrISTE,JR. THOMAS L. CAMPBELL HCA Sun Valley Regional Hospital Departments of Family Medicine and Psychiatry Las Cruces, New Mexico 88005 University of Rochester Rochester, New York 14620 VERN L. BENGTSON Department of Sociology and the Gerontology ELY CHERTOK Research Institute Department of Sociology University of Southern California Whitman College Los Angeles, California 90089 Walla WaUa, Washington 99362

vii .to VIII CONTRIBUTORS

ANNA L. COLE MARY ANN FITZPATRICK Private Practice Center for Communication Research Ames, Iowa 50010 University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53705 CHARLES LEE COLE Department of Human Development and Family DEBORAH D. GODWIN Studies Department of Housing and Consumer Iowa State University Economics Ames, Iowa 50010 University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 LARRY L. CONSTANTINE Private Practice VIRGINIAGOLDNER Acton, Massachusetts 01720 Ackerman Institute of Family Therapy New York, New York 10021 MARGARET CROSBIE-BURNETT Department of Educational and Psychological JABER F. GUBRIUM Studies Department of Sociology University of Miami University of Florida Coral Gables, Florida 33124 GainesviUe, Florida 32611

FRAN DICKSON LINDA HAAS Department of Human Communication Studies Department of Sociology University of Denver Indiana University Denver, Colorado 80208 Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 PEGGYE DILWORTH-ANDERSON CHARLES F. HALVERSON, JR. Department of Child Development and Family Department of Child and Family Development Relations University of Georgia University of North Carolina at Greensboro Athens, Georgia 30602 Greensboro, North Carolina 27412

KENNETH V. HARDY WILLIAM J. DOHERTY* Department of Child and Family Studies Department of Family Social Science Syracuse University University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Syracuse, New York 13210

JEFFREY EDLESON JAMES A. HOLSTEIN School of Social Work Social and Cultural Sciences University of Minnesota Marquette University Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233

KEITH FARRINGTON GEORGE W. HOWE Department of Sociology Center for Family Research Whitman College Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Walla Walla, Washington 99362 Sciences George Washington University Medical Center ERIK FILSINGER Washington, D.C. 20037 Private Industry Scottsdale, Arizona 85260 LEANOR BOULIN JOHNSON Department of Family Resources and Human LucY ROSE FISCHER Development Wilder Research Center Arizona State University St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Tempe, Arizona 84287 CONnm3uTom ix

JOAN A. JumcH ELIZABETH G. MENAGHAN Child Development and Family Studies Department of Sociology Purdue University Ohio State University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Columbus, Ohio 43210

EDWARD L. KAIN Am NEUSTADTL Department of Sociology Department of Sociology University of Maryland Southwestern University Georgetown, Texas 78626 College Park, Maryland 20742 MARIE WITHERS OSMOND DAVID V. KEITH Department of Sociology Department of Psychiatry Florida State University State University of New York Tallahassee, Florida 32306 Health Science Center at Syracuse Syracuse, New York 13210 B. KAY PASLEY Department of Human Development and Family NANCY KINGSBURY Studies Department of Family Sciences University of North Carolina Texas Women's University Greensboro, North Carolina 27412 Denton, Texas 76204 ROBERT S. PICKETT CFCS Department DAVID M. KLEIN Syracuse University Department of Sociology Syracuse, New York 13210 University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 JoE F. PITTMAN Department of Family and Child Development RALPH LARossA* Auburn University Department of Sociology Auburn, Alabama 36849 Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia 30303 DAVID REISS Center for Family Research Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral GARY R. LEE Sciences Department of Sociology The George Washington University Medical University of Florida Center Gainesville, Florida 32611 Washington, D.C. 20037

EDITH A. LEWIS DONALD C. REITZES School of Social Work Department of Sociology University of Michigan Georgia State University Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 Atlanta, Georgia 30303

L. DAVID RITCHIE HARRIETT PIPES MC,~-DOO Department of Communication Department of Family and Child Ecology Portland State University Michigan State University Portland, Oregon 97207 East Lansing, Michigan 48824 RoY H. RODGERS HOWARDJ. MARKMAN School of Family and Nutritional Sciences Department of Psychology University of British Columbia University of Denver Vancouver, British Columbia Denver, Colorado 80208 Canada V6T 1W5 X CONTRIBUTORS

PAUL C. ROSENBLATT NGOH T1ONG TAN Department of Family Social Science Department of Social Work and Psychology University of Minnesota National University of Singapore St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Singapore 0511

CANDYCE S. RUSSELL JAY D. TEACHMAN Department of Human Development and Family Center on Population, Gender, and Social Studies Inequality Kansas State University Department of Sociology Manhattan, Kansas 66506 University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742

RONALD M. SABATELL1 BARRIE THORNE School of Family Studies Department of Sociology University of Connecticut University of Southern California Storrs, Connecticut 06269 Los Angeles, California 90089

JOHN SCANZONI KAY MICHAEL TROOST Department of Sociology Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and University of Florida Social Work Gainesville, Florida 32611 North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 WAUFER R. SCHUMM* Department of Human Development and Family KAREN S. WAMPLER Studies Department of Human Development and Family Kansas State University Studies Manhattan, Kansas 66506 Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409 JAY D. SCHVANEVELDT Department of Family and Human Development OUIDA E. WESTNEY Utah State University Department of Human Development Logan, Utah 84322 School of Education Howard University Washington, D.C. 20904 CONSTANCE L. SHEHAN Department of Sociology GAIL G. WHITCHURCH University of Florida Family Research Institute Gainesville, Florida 32611 Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 M. SUZANNESONTAG Department of Human Environment and Design JAMES M. WHITE College of Human Ecology School of Family and Nutritional Sciences Michigan State University University of British Columbia East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T 1W5 SUZANNE K. STE1NMETZ* Department of Sociology and Family Research MARGARET H. YOUNG Institute Department of Family and Human Development Indiana University Utah State University Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 Logan, Utah 84321

*Served on editorial team. Preface

Origins

We call this book on theoretical orientations and methodological strategies in family studies a sourcebook because it details the social and personal roots (i.e., sources) from which these orientations and strategies flow. Thus, an appropriate way to preface this book is to talk first of its roots, its beginnings. In the mid-1980s there emerged in some quarters the sense that it was time for family studies to take stock of itself. A goal was thus set to write a book that, like Janus, would face both backward and forward--a book that would give readers both a perspective on the past and a map for the future. There were precedents for such a project: The Handbook of Marriage and the Family edited by Harold Christensen and published in 1964; the two Contemporary Theories about theFamily volumes edited by Wesley Burr, Reuben Hill, F. Ivan Nye, and Ira Reiss, published in 1979; and the Handbook of Marriage and the Family edited by Marvin Sussman and Suzanne Steinmetz, then in production. But these volumes were seen as either in need of revision or, in the case of the second handbook, more substantive than theoretical or methodological. At the time the present volume was conceived, people seemed to want--indeed, some people seemed to be crying out for--a book on theories and methods that would capture the spirit of family studies in the twentieth century and, equally if not more important, help to prepare researchers, practitioners, and educators for the century to come. Wesley Burr, Reuben Hill, F. Ivan Nye, and Ira Reiss--coeditors of the Contempo- rary Theories about the Family volumes--can be credited with getting the ball rolling. At the 1985 Pre-Conference Workshop on Theory Construction and Research Meth- odology, which was held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the National Council on Family Relations in Dallas, Burr and his colleagues presented a paper entitled "Con- temporary Theories about the Family: What Next?" (Sadly, Reuben Hill had died only two months before. The session, appropriately enough, was dedicated to his memory. ) In the tradition of the workshop, which provides a forum for unfinished and developing ideas, the paper had been circulated beforehand and discussants invited to comment on it. David Klein, David Reiss, and Suzanne Steinmetz gave formal responses, and numerous other participants offered input from the floor. It was a lively session all around. At the 1986 workshop, another panel session was held. Alan Acock, Ralph LaRossa, Jetse Sprey, Suzanne Steinmetz, and Catherine Surra formally presented their ideas for the new book. Again, many workshop members offered suggestions from the floor. A three- person committee was formed, consisting of the past, present, and incoming chairs of the

xi xii PREFACE

workshop. They were Patricia Voydanoff, Walter Schumm, and Suzanne Steinmetz. Their task was to plan the next phase of the project. By October 1987, a steering committee was chosen to supervise the writing and production of the manuscript. The five of us constitute that committee. Why us? We were selected, in part, not only to acknowledge but also to reinforce the cross-disciplin- ary nature of family studies. Pauline Boss is a family therapist and family process researcher; William Doherty is a medical family therapist and family health researcher; Ralph LaRossa is a family sociologist who specializes in qualitative and historical research; Walter Schumm is a family life educator with expertise in quantitative methodology and statistics; and Suzanne Steinmetz is a family sociologist and a quantitative- qualitative researcher. Although we have had the privilege of being the editors and coordinators of this project, we emphasize that, from the beginning, this book has been a collaborative, multidisciplinary effort. Many people who represent different areas and perspectives helped to shape these contents. In 1988, the prospectus for the book was submitted for approval to members of both the Theory Construction and Research Methodology Work- shop and the Research and Theory Section of the National Council on Family Relations. (Indeed, the Research and Theory Section provided a grant to support the project.) Throughout the process, we asked for and received feedback from countless colleagues. That over 155 authors and reviewers contributed directly to the book is testi- mony to the team effort that was involved. Comments made from the floor at various sessions and meetings at which the project was discussed, face-to-face encounters with faculty members and students at our respective institutions, lengthy phone calls with colleagues, conversations over dinners with family and friendsmall are part of this volume. It is fair to say that through this project, through this Sourcebook, family studies breathes--and thrives. We hope this Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods will help readers to reflect on the roots and context of family studies and to examine its evolving story and identity. For future growth, it is necessary to be aware of the emerging themes in family studies, and to know the relevance of theory and methods to actually helping families.

Features

A number of features about the Sourcebook differentiate it from previous stocktak- ing volumes in family studies. First, this book uniquely emphasizes not only family theories but also research methods and the relationship between the two. In keeping with this emphasis, the methods chapters do not include all the "how-to" details of typical research methodology books but rather emphasize how methods interact with family theories and vice versa. In turn, each theory chapter describes research methods that are identified most prominently with that theory. With this balanced presentation, we hope readers will recognize that theory and methods are inextricably entwined and are best studied in tandem. The second unique feature of this Sourcebook is its sociohistorical approach. We present the story of the development of family theory from its earliest seeds in religion and philosophy through the theory construction and methodology of the mid-twentieth century and of the newly emerging models of the late twentieth century. Each theory and method is placed in the sociohistorical context that influenced its formulation. We hope this book communicates to readers the idea that family theory and methods are not constructed in a void but rather are influenced by cultural values and beliefs as well as by social, economic, technological, and political events and by germinal ideas such as Darwin's theory of evolution. PREFACE X111

In addition to this focus on the larger sociohistorical context, we also tried to include some personal or biographical information on the various theorists and meth- odologists. We think, for example, that family development theory is better understood by knowing something about the lives and work of such luminaries as Reuben Hill and Evelyn Millis Duvall. The third unique feature of this Sourcebook is that leading family practitioners and scholars (family therapists, family life educators, policy experts, social workers, and health care professionals) were asked to write about the implications of the theories for helping contemporary families to cope with problems and to enhance the quality of their lives. These "Applications" follow each theory chapter and address a question frequently asked by students: How would this theory be applied in the "real world?" The fourth unique feature is that all authors were asked to weave into the theory chapters a discussion of how the theory takes into account differences in age, ethnicity, race, and gender. Our purpose is to emphasize the multicultural dimensions of both our subject matter (families) and our field (family studies).

Organization

The overall organization of the book, after the introductory section, reflects the chronological emergence of different family theories and methods during the twentieth century. We placed the theories and methods into the decade when they first became prominent in the family field, which in some cases is later than they were originally developed. Since theories and methods arise in dialogue with their predecessors, pre- senting them in historical sequence is consistent with the contextual approach underly- ing this book. In order to make the chapters comprehensive as well as to simplify the comparison of the various theories and methods, we gave the contributing authors some guidelines to follow. We did not expect or want them to force their chapters to conform to a rigid pattern but instead to try to cover the set of topics and questions that we believe are important to every theory and method. The order of presentation was left up to the authors. Theory chapter authors and methods chapter authors had their own special guidelines, which we present here.

Guidelines for Theory Chapters

1. Origins and Initial Sociocultural Milieu 9the historical period during which the theory emerged 9influences of major historical events, cultural shifts, and developments in related academic disciplines 2. Historical Development of the Theory 9emergence of the theory itself, including the backgrounds of founders, earliest publications, and level of acceptance of the emerging theory in the field 9introduction of major concepts of the theory as they were used by the founders 3. Core Assumptions of the Theory 9assumptions and values implied or stated in the theory about human nature and about families (their goals and functions) 9philosophy of science (e.g., reductionism versus holism; subjectivity versus ob- jectivity; possibility of verifying theory) XlV PREFACE

4. Summary of the Main Problems or Questions Addressed by the Theory 9aspects of family life the theory most clearly addresses 9major questions the theory is especially equipped to ask 9major family problems the theory can help explain 5. Major Contemporary Concepts in the Theory 9conceptual definitions of major concepts in the theory as they are being used in contemporary research 9operationalization of concepts in variables used in family research 6. Modeling the Theory: How the Major Concepts Link 9how major concepts interrelate in the theory, including issues of causal, circular, interactive, and mediating relationships among the concepts 9graphic diagrams (if appropriate) depicting major concepts and hypothesized links 7. Examples of Research Emerging from the Theory 9content areas in family research in which the theory has been used extensively, including classic studies or important groups of studies that have supported the theory or have been informed by the theory 9how these studies have influenced the development of the theory 8. Limitations of the Theory 9areas of family life not addressed or not addressed systematically by the theory 9summaries of major critiques of the theory 9current problems in conceptualizing and operationalizing the theory and in em- pirically supporting the theory 9. The Growing Edge: Future Directions of the Theory 9recently emerging trends and emphases in the theory 9new areas of family life being addressed 9new methodologies being applied or considered 9future prospects for the theory

Guidelines for Methods Chapters

1. Historical Origins of Methodology 9origins of methodology, both general and with respect to applications to family research 9critical historical events, technological developments 9key people 2. Basic Assumptions of the Methodology 9theoretical assumptions, both general and those more specifically related to family theories, the latter being of crucial importance 9if applicable, statistical assumptions 9fit between both types of assumptions and the actual complexity of family life 9whether methodology's assumptions properly reflect or improperly oversimplify reality 3. Overview of the Methodology 9concepts used, models used to tie the concepts together, specific techniques 9relationship of methodology to other phases and aspects of overall research process 4. Summary of the Main Questions the Methodology Can Address 9general questions and questions specific to family processes or theories the methodology can address with varying degrees of effectiveness 9gender differences 9individual versus family levels of analysis PREFACE XV

5. Example of Application of the Methodology to Research with Families 9appropriate and inappropriate applications of the methodology to family research, with emphasis on theoretical and assumption issues rather than minor, more technical points 6. Limitations of the Methodology for Family Research 9concepts that the methodology cannot easily handle in either measurement or analysis 9difficulties in linking concepts together 9errors that can be caused by inappropriate application (how well-intentioned uses of the methodology can lead to incorrect conclusions about how families function) 9theoretical issues that may tend to be overlooked or overemphasized if too much dependence is placed on this particular methodology 7. Future Directions of the Methodology 9general trends and trends specific to family research

Pauline G. Boss William J. Doherty Ralph LaRossa Walter R. Schumm Suzanne K. Steinmetz Acknowledgments

In a collaborative process, there are many people to thank. First, we thank Bobbi Goess for her skill in assisting us in communicating with the authors and editors. Coordination would have been impossible without her participation on this team; the editors were located at four different universities, and one was recalled to the military during the Persian Gulf War. Second, we thank our respective academic departments; the work on this book inevitably drained time and energy from departmental and research work. Therefore, we gratefully acknowledge the support given by the Department of Sociology at Georgia State University; the Department of Sociology at Indiana Univesity-Indianapolis; the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Kansas State University; and the Department of Family Social Science at the University of Minnesota. We thank, too, the U.S. Army for allowing Walter, an Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel called to duty during the Gulf War, to respond to our queries when he could. Nothing in this book is the work of just one person; everything, including the editors' introduction, is the result of extensive review, self-relfection, and collegial collaboration. While the authors' academic freedom, in the end, guided the final manuscripts, much exchange, debate, and discussion preceded the end products--from the blind reviewers selected by the editors as well as reviewers selected by the authors themselves. In addition, several professors used material prepared for the book in family theory classes at Brigham Young University, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Georgia State Univer- sity, and the University of Minnesota. Reviews from the graduate students in these classes were especially helpful in improving the readability of the volume. We are indebted to the following reviewers for their assistance in improving the quality of this work.

Gerald Adams, University of Guelph/ Carlfred Broderick, University of Southern Ontario, Canada California Patricia Adler, University of Colorado/ Nancy Buerkel-Rothfuss, Central Michigan Boulder University Peter Adler, University of Denver Wesley R. Burr, Brigham Young Joan Aldous, University of Notre Dame, University, Provo, Utah Indiana John S. Butler, University of Texas at Jay Belsky, Pennsylvania State University Austin Marianne Blayney, University of Southern David Cheal, University of Winnipeg California Canada Alan Booth, Pennsylvania State Sheau-Er Chen, University of Minnesota University Donna Christensen, University of Arizona

xvii Joo XVlll ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Rand Conger, Iowa State University Susan Murphy, San Jose State University, Sheila M. Cooper, Indiana University, California Indianapolis Debra Nelson-Gardell, Florida State Lynda Cramer, University of Minnesota University Carla Dahl, University of Minnesota B. Kay Pasley, University of North Phillip Davis, Georgia State University Carolina Mary Jo Deegan, University of Nebraska/ Sarah Rengel Phillips, University of L in co In Minnesota Paula Dressel, Georgia State University Joseph F. Pittman, Auburn University/ John Edwards, Virginia Polytechnic Auburn, Alabama Institute and State University Karcn Polonko, Old Dominion University, Joyce E. Elliott, Empire State College/ Norfolk, Virginia New York Jill Quadagno, Florida State University Robert Emerson, University of California/ Kathryn Rettig, University of Minnesota Los Angeles Michael E. Roloff, Northwestern Keith Farrington, Whitman College, University, Evanston, Hlinois WallaWalla, Washington Norma Rowe, Minneapolis Community Polly Fassinger, Concordia College/ College, Minnesota Moorhead, Minnesota Wilma Ruffin, Auburn University, Mark A. Fine, University of Dayton, Ohio Alabama Donna Franklin, University of Chicago Candyce Russell, Kansas State University Pat Winstead Fry, Paulette, Vermont Sakinah Salahu-din, Kansas State Viktor Gecas, Washington State University University Jane F. Gilgun, University of Minnesota Thomas V. Sayger, University of Harold D. Grotevant, University of Wisconsin~Madison Minnesota Karen Schmid, St. Cloud State University, Gerald Handel, City College/CUNY Minnesota Graduate Centeg, New York Ryan Sheppard, University of Southern Michael Johnson, Pennsylvania State California University Arlene S. Skolnick, University of Stephen R. Jorgensen, Texas Tech California~Berkeley University Jetse Sprey, Case Westera Reserve Lori Kaplan, University of Minnesota University, Cleveland Ohio Lyle E. Larson, University of Alberta, Judith Stacey, University of California/ Canada Davis Pamela Larson, University of Minnesota Sheldon Stryker, Indiana University/ Reed Larson, University of illinois~ Bloomington Urbana-Champaign Darwin L. Thomas, Brigham Young Robert E. Larzelerc, Father Flanagan's University, Provo, Utah Boys Home, Boys Town, Nebraska Linda Thompson, University of Yoav Lavee, University of Haif~ Israel Wisconsin~Madison Vicki L. Loyer-Carlson, West Virginia Patricia Tomlinson, University of University Minnesota David Mangan, Minneapolis, Minnesota Eleanore Vaines, The University of British Teresa D. Marciano, Farleigh Dickinson Columbi~ Canada University~Rutherford New Jersey Brian Vargus, Indianapolis, Indiana Elaine Tyler May, University of Minnesota Samuel Vuchinich, Oregon State Lynn Meadows, University of Calgary, University Canada Kate Wambach, Florida State University Jan H. Mejer, University of Hawaii/Hilo Farrell Webb, University of Minnesota Richard Miller, Kansas State University Andrew Weigert, University of Notre Allison C. Munch, University of Arizona Dame, Indiana ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix

Ouida Westney, Howard University, David Wright, Kansas State University Washington, D. C. Scott D. Wright, University of Utah Gail G. Whitchurch, Indiana University, Kersti Yllo, Wheaton College, Norton, Indianapolis Massachusetts Jacqueline Wiseman, University of Maxine Baca Zinn, University of California/San Diego Michigan~Flint Contents

Part I. Overview

Chapter 1 Family Theories and Methods: A Contextual Approach ...... William J. Doherty, Pauline G. Boss, Ralph LaRossa, Walter R. Schumm, and Suzanne I~L Steinmetz

Chapter 2 Metatheory and Family Studies ...... 31 David M Klein and Joan A. Jurich

Part II. The Emergence of Family Theories and Methods

Chapter 3 Family Theory and Methods in the Classics ...... 71 Bert N Adams and Suzanne K~ Steinmetz

Chapter 3 Application Expanding the History of Family Theory and Methods: Another Point of View ...... 95 Wesley R. Burr

Chapter 4 Historical Methods in Family Research ...... 99 Jay D. Schvaneveldt, Robert S. Pickett, and Margaret H. Young

xxi xxii CONTENTS

Chapter 5 Comparative Methods in Family Research ...... 117 Gary R Lee and Linda Haas

Part III. Family Theories and Methods Emerging during 1918-1929

Chapter 6 Symbolic Interactionism and Family Studies ...... 135 Ralph LaRossa and Donald C Reitzes

Chapter 6 Application The Reconstruction of Family Life with Alzheimer's Disease: Generating Theory to Lower Family Stress from Ambiguous Loss .... 163 Pauline G. Boss

Chapter 7 Qualitative Family Research ...... 167 Paul C. Rosenblatt and Lucy Rose Fischer

Part IV. Family Theories and Methods Emerging during 1930-1945

Chapter 8 Quantitative Measurement in Family Research ...... 181 Karen S. Wampler and Charles F. Halverson, Jr.

Chapter 9 Structural-Functionalism ...... 195 Nancy Kingsbury and John Scanzoni

Chapter 9 Application Functionalism May Be Down, But It Surely Is Not Out: Another Point of View for Family Therapists and Policy Analysts ...... 218 Joe F. Pittman

Part V. Family Theories and Methods Emerging during 1946-1960

Chapter 10 Family Development Theory ...... 225 Roy H. Rodgers and James M. White CONTENTS ~111eoe

Chapter 10 Application Family Development Theory as Revised by Rodgers and White: Implications for Practice ...... 255 Candyce S. Russell

Chapter 11 Longitudinal Research Methods and Family Theories ...... 259 Elizabeth G. Menaghan and Deborah D. Godwin

Chapter 12 Theoretical Contributions from Developmental Psychology ...... 275 Inge Bretherton

Chapter 12 Application The Social Cultural Contexts of Ecological Developmental Family Models ...... 298 Harriette Pipes McAdoo

Chapter 13 Simulation and Experimentation in Family Research ...... 303 George W. Howe and David Reiss

Part VI. Family Theories and Methods Emerging during 1960-1980

Chapter 14 Systems Theory ...... 325 Gail G. Whitchurch and Larry L. Constantine

Chapter 14 Application The Application of Systems Theory to the Study of Family Policy .... 353 Elaine A. Anderson

Chapter 15 Social Conflict Theories of the Family ...... 357 Keith Farrington and Ely Chertok

Chapter 15 Application Conflict and Family Violence: The Tale of Two Families ...... 382 Jeffrey L. Edleson and Ngoh Tiong Tan xxiv CONTENTS

Chapter 16 Exchange and Resource Theories ...... 385 Ronald M. Sabatelli and Constance L. Shehan

Chapter 16 Application Clinical Uses of Social Exchange Principles ...... 412 Dennis A. Bagarozzi

Chapter 17 Human Ecology Theory ...... 419 Margaret M. Bubolz and M. Suzanne Sontag

Chapter 17 Application Human Ecology Theory: Implications for Education, Research, and Practice ...... 448 Ouida E. Westney

Chapter 18 Analysis of Covariance Structures Applied to Family Research and Theory ...... 451 Alan C Acock and Walter R Schumm

Chapter 19 The Life Course Perspective Applied to Families Over Time ...... 469 Vern L Bengtson and Katherine R. Allen

Chapter 19 Application Family Change and the Life Course ...... 499

Edward L Kain

Chapter 20 Theories Emerging from Family Therapy ...... 505 William J. Doherty and David A. Baptiste, Jr.

Chapter 20 Application Family Therapy Theory Implications for Marriage and Family Enrichment ...... 525 Charles Lee Cole and Anna L. Cole CONTENTS xxv

Chapter 21 Theoretical Contributions from Social-- and Cognitive--Behavioral Psychology ...... 531 Margaret Crosbie-Burnett and Edith A. Lewis

Chapter 21 Application Applying the Social-Cognitive-Behavioral Model to Work with Stepfamilies ...... 558 B. Kay Pasley

Part VII. Family Theories and Methods Emerging during the 1980s

Chapter 22 Communication Theory and the Family ...... 565 Mary Anne Fitzpatrick and L. David Ritchie

Chapter 22 Application The Benefits of Communication Research: Intervention Programs for Couples and Families ...... 586 Fran C. Dickson and Howard J. Markman

Chapter 23 Feminist Theories: The Social Construction of Gender in Families and Society ...... 591 Marie Withers Osmond and Barrie Thorne

Chapter 23 Application Feminist Theories ...... 623 Virginia Goldner

Chapter 24 Reframing Theories for Understanding Race, Ethnicity, and Families 627 Peggye Dilworth-Anderson, Linda M. Burton, and Leanor Boulin Johnson

Chapter 24 Application Implications for Practice with Ethnic Minority Families ...... 646 Kenneth V. Hardy

Chapter 25 Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology, and Family Discourse ...... 651 Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein xxvi CONTENTS

Chapter 25 Application Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology, and Family Discourse: A Clinical Application ...... 673 David V. Keith

Chapter 26 Emerging Biosocial Perspectives on the Family ...... 677 Kay Michael Troost and Erik Filsingcr

Chapter 26 Application Applying a Biosocial Perspective on the Family ...... 711 Thomas L. Campbell

Chapter 27 Emerging Methods ...... 715 Jay D. Tcachman and Alan Neustadtl

Index ...... 729