LOGOS A Journal of Undergraduate Research Work by Missouri State University Undergraduate Students Volume 4 (Electronic Version) Fall 2011 Editor’s Note Due to image permission rights, this electronic version of LOGOS: A Journal of Undergraduate Research, Volume 4, excludes two images present in the print version on pages 31 and 32. © Copyright 2011 Missouri State University ISSN 2153-1560 (print) ISSN 2153-1579 (online) LOGOS Honors College Missouri State University 901 South National Avenue Springfield, MO 65897 [email protected] Editorial Statement LOGOS: A Journal of Undergraduate Research is dedicated to the publication of scholarship and artistry by undergraduate students (or undergraduate stu- dents coauthoring with faculty) of Missouri State University. It is open to sub- missions from all undergraduate students at the university and conforms to the highest standards of scholastic integrity in a blind, peer-review process conducted by distinguished undergraduate students and faculty. LOGOS is sponsored by the Missouri State Honors College, with faculty over- sight and governance provided by a Faculty Advisory Board (see membership below). The journal is produced by a managing editor, a chief editor, associate editors, and a small student editorial board, all Honors College students (listed below). LOGOS encourages submissions from all undergraduate students of Mis- souri State University (or former undergraduate students) who are seeking a professional venue for publication of their undergraduate research. Pro- spective contributors may contact the editor and associate editors with spe- cific questions about publication standards and the peer review process at [email protected]. Faculty Advisory Board Art Spisak: Associate Provost for Faculty Affairs / Director of the Honors Col- lege / Professor, Department of Modern and Classical Languages, College of Arts and Letters / Young Honors College Professor 2007–2011 John Chuchiak: Professor, Department of History, College of Humanities and Public Affairs / Young Honors College Professor 2007–2011 Tracy Dalton: Senior Instructor, Department of English, College of Arts and Letters Pawan Kahol: Acting Dean of the Graduate College/ Professor, Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Materials Science, College of Natural and Applied Sciences iii iv LOGOS: A Journal of Undergraduate Research • Missouri State University • Fall 2011 Editorial Staff Managing Editor: Derek Seevers Chief Editor: Amy Legg Associate Editor: John Connelly Associate Editor: Christy Ha Associate Editor: Cynthia Johnson Faculty Editorial Board James Baumlin Melissa Fallone Richard Neumann Leslie Baynes Martha Finch Kathy Pulley Stephen Berkwitz Lyn Gattis Paula Rector WD Blackmon Jerry Hatch Jenifer Roberts Bela Bodo John Heywood Pamela Sailors Sara Burge Jane Hoogestraat Patti Ross Salinas Marcus Cafagna Kevin Hughes Michelle Visio Brian Calfano Pawan Kahol Bethany Walker Heather Carmack Janis King Margaret Weaver Cigdem Cidam Lanya Lamouria Robert Willenbrink Mara Cohen-Ioannides Deborah Larson Shannon Wooden Susan Crain Michael A. Murray Carly Yadon Keith Ekstam Eric Nelson Student Editorial Board Allison Becker Sarah Hall Alexandria Robinette Elizabeth Breazeale Vanessa Lea Allison Schmitz Lindsey Bruckerhoff Heather Messick Hannah Schooler Lauren Davison Natalie Monzyk Kathrene Valentine Laura Dimmit Courtney Peck Cody Vaughn Mary Dollins Sarah Riccardi Kirsten Ward Kelsey Duncan Jacob Rickey The LOGOS staff would also like to express their appreciation for the help of Mr. Michael Frizell and the spring 2011 Bear CLAW Writing Consultants. Table of Contents Meredith Muenks Flight 1 Jennifer Bean Differential CCD Photometry of Yellow Supergiant Stars 3 Erika Blair Them’s Fightin’ Words: A Brief Look at New Atheism in America 9 Katherine Botts Thomas Hart Benton: How Mannerist Painting Influenced the Midwest American Mural Painter 28 Lauren M. Clark Movement Patterns and Quality of Life for Individuals with Down Syndrome: An Overview of Dance as Physical Therapy 37 Erin Hanson From Fidus to FKK: A History of German Nudism 49 Craig Hartenberger Goshen 63 v vi LOGOS: A Journal of Undergraduate Research • Missouri State University • Fall 2011 Emily Hendricks, Dr. Adena Young-Jones, and James Foutch To Cheat or Not to Cheat: Academic Dishonesty in the College Classroom 68 J.S. Kalil Homeboys Don’t Smile: Cross-Cultural Gender Transgressions in Men’s Fashion 76 Nicole Mardirosian-Brocaille Self-Efficacy and Motivation in Relation to Weight-Loss Reality Television 89 Katlyn Minard And How Do You Feel About Children? 105 Amanda Nutt and Dr. Rose Utley Music Therapy for Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of the Literature 111 Alexandra Owens Limited by Stereotypes: Gender Bias in Stephanie Meyer’s Twilight Series 124 Evan Pennington Upheaval and the Unutterable: A Comparative Analysis of Post-Exilic and Post-Holocaust Jewish Poetry 138 Shiloh Peters Luck and the Principle of Relativity 154 Table of Contents • vii Mandi Reed May, June, and Julian 159 Sarah A. Riccardi From An Embryo to God’s Acre: A Turnerian Examination of Life in the Moravian Choir System 167 Matt Whitaker There’s No Breeze in Hell 183 Flight By Meredith Muenks Department of Art and Design Abstract In my Three-Dimensional Design class, we were assigned to make a sculpture out of a series of wooden planes that combined to make a dynamic piece. With my piece, I chose to start out with a specific shape and have it evolve into a completely different shape throughout the sculpture. As I went through the process of creating it, I had to think about how the edges of the planes will interact when they are stacked on top of each other, how the sculpture will hold itself up, and whether or not the finished piece will look too heavy on the top. But as I went along, I addressed these concerns by adapting my original design. One of the risks that I took with this piece was to sand some of the wooden pegs so that some of the planes would gradually rise at an angle. I believe this gives it more movement, adds more angles at which to observe the piece, and makes the sculpture appear lighter. I think this aspect of the piece also makes it look like it is taking off in flight, hence the title I chose for the piece. In addi- tion, I chose to paint the edges of each plane in a progression from dark blue to white to also create a sense of weightlessness. Every aspect of this piece was considered in great detail and all of these aspects came together to make a three-dimensional piece that I believe is aesthetically pleasing and successful. (Cover Image) 1 2 LOGOS: A Journal of Undergraduate Research • Missouri State University • Fall 2011 (Height: 9 in.) Meredith Muenks is a junior at Missouri State University majoring in Art Education and minoring in Spanish to obtain a BS in Art Education. In the future, she hopes to teach art, as well as create her own artwork to develop as an artist. Meredith is from Westphalia, Missouri. Differential CCD Photometry of Yellow Supergiant Stars By Jennifer Bean Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Materials Science Abstract This is a continuation of a research project headed by Dr. Robert S. Patterson to identify low-amplitude variation in Yellow Supergiant (YSG) stars. Spectral type F and G stars were selected from the Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical Data (SIMBAD) and were observed at Baker Observatory in fall 2010. The stars were observed from August to November and were evaluated using the Image Reduction and Analysis Facility (IRAF).1 As a quality check, a known variable star was included in the list of program stars. The variability of the stars was checked, and if the star appeared to be a variable, then a search was conducted for the star’s period. The programs used to calculate the period were the Phase Dispersion Minimization (PDM) program in IRAF and Analisis de Variabilidad Estelar (AVE). Introduction This project was conducted with another undergraduate student, Laurel Faris, observing YSG stars in fall 2010. We observed the stars to test if they were vari- able. The methodology used was most suited to finding low amplitude variable YSGs. Most YSGs that are observed are variable, but YSGs that are not variable have been observed. The purpose of this study was to determine if stars classi- fied as YSGs in SIMBAD are also variable. SIMBAD is an online database that “provides basic data, cross-identifications, bibliography and measurements for astronomical objects outside the solar system” (SIMBAD, 2010). Observations Observations were taken at Baker Observatory, an observatory near Marshfield, Missouri, that is owned by the physics department at Missouri State University, with a 14-inch (0.36-meter) diameter Schmidt-Cassegrain hybrid telescope. Images were recorded with a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, specifically 1 IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under contract with the National Science Foundation. 3 4 LOGOS: A Journal of Undergraduate Research • Missouri State University • Fall 2011 an Apogee Instruments, Inc. 512 by 512 pixel u77 thermoelectrically-cooled camera. The stars observed and analyzed are in Table 1. Program Stars Observed in Fall 2010 Identifier RA DEC Vmag Spectral Type HD 200803 21h 03m 39s +54° 01’ 08.42” - A2 HD 191010 20h 07m 20s +25° 46’ 31.0” 8.17 G3Ib HD 194525 20h 25m 23s +30° 34’ 0.62” 7.94 G2Ib-II BD+46 3122 20h 58m 23s +47° 13’ 38.3” 8.69 G8Ib HD 200805 21h 04m 09.7s +45° 09’ 22.4” 8.32 F5Ib HD 218600 23h 09m 15s +57° 01’ 48.78” 8.49 F2Ib Table 1: Contains five possible Cepheid Variable Stars and a control pair, HD 200803. The information for this chart was taken from SIMBAD. RA is the right ascension, which is similar to longitude, and DEC is declination, which is similar to latitude.