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The Evolution of the Character Sherlock Holmes Within the Fan Fiction Narratives and Discourse

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The Evolution of the Character Sherlock Holmes Within the Fan Fiction Narratives and Discourse Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature British Cultural Studies Programme THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHARACTER SHERLOCK HOLMES WITHIN THE FAN FICTION NARRATIVES AND DISCOURSE Tuğçe SOYGÜL Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2019 THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHARACTER SHERLOCK HOLMES WITHIN THE FAN FICTION NARRATIVES AND DISCOURSE Tuğçe SOYGÜL Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature British Cultural Studies Programme Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2019 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not have been possible without the strong effort of several people, for that reason I would like to express my sincere thanks of gratitude to a number of special people. First and foremost, I owe a deep debt of gratitude to my advisor, Assist. Prof. Dr. Alev KARADUMAN. Her generosity with her time and her patience can only be a match to her tireless support and will to see me succeed. The value of her encouraging comments cannot be overstated as I improve my academic self, and my personality during these past few years. Her vast knowledge and motivation helped me overcome all the hardships I faced throughout the process of research and writing of this thesis. I value our countless meetings provided constructive insights, and many ideas about how to continue writing my thesis from the beginning till the end. Apart from my advisor, I would like to give a special acknowledgement to the head of our department, Prof. Dr. Burçin EROL, who gave me the golden opportunity to work on this exciting thesis on the topic of fan fiction. Additionally, I am really thankful to the rest of my thesis committee, Prof. Dr. Aytül ÖZÜM, Assist. Prof. Dr. Pınar TAŞDELEN, Assist. Prof. Dr. Defne Ersin TUTAN and Assist. Prof. Dr. Aslı DEĞİRMENCİ for the time they spared in order to make an insightful reading and positive contributions. Their keen eye for detail has made my thesis much better than I would do on my own. I am also grateful to the other members of Department of English Language and Literature who make themselves available whenever I asked for assistance, in particular, Assist. Prof. Dr. Sinan AKILLI for introducing me to this new field of study and to the prominent theorists, Henry Jenkins and John Fiske. His willingness to discuss and read my thesis proposal has comforted me to shape most of my discussion. My sincere thanks go to my dear friends, Fereşte GARBALCHI, Gizem AKSOY, and Mehmet ŞEN. I have found great relief in their laughers and jokes whenever I needed to take a break from all the things keeping me awake. I would like to extend my thanks to Esra ERDEM who helped me a lot to get through this journey by participating in it with her own thesis. I also owe a special thank you to my beautiful housemate, Elif Simge v GÜZELERGENE, as well as Beren İPEK and Özge AYVALI for keeping me company with their intimate friendship throughout those sleepless nights. Moreover, another word of gratitude belongs to Enes TURGUT for his ceaseless encouragement and support in which I have found great strength that helped me keep up my spirits, without him I would not have reached the end. Thanks for being such brilliant and supportive friends, I could not have imagined having better ones. I am also indebted to a variety of Holmesian fan communities, the Baker Street Irregulars, The Sherlock Holmes Society of London, the Baker Street Babes, the Adventuresses of Sherlock Holmes, and many other countless, but no less supportive Holmesians for their knowledge about Sherlock Holmes and his adventures. Most of all, I am grateful to and for my family. If it had not been for their presence, I could not have finalised this thesis. Nor would I have been able to attempt starting this journey. Therefore, thank you Şuhule KÖKSAL, my one in a million mother for your ceaseless advice, support and financial assistance. It is her unfaltering support I can always rely on throughout my life. And thank you Teoman SOYGÜL, my precious brother for never missing an opportunity to be there for me the moment I needed you with your unique love and support. I owe them more than I can ever repay. This thesis is dedicated to my precious ones. “For the Quest is achieved, and now all is over. I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam.” (J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings) vi ABSTRACT SOYGÜL, Tuğçe. The Evolution of the Character Sherlock Holmes within the Fan Fiction Discourse, Master’s Thesis. Ankara, 2019. Soon after the publication of the first Sherlock Holmes short story written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930), the character Sherlock Holmes and his adventurers become immensely popular among readers. This popularity leads to the creation of the “Holmesian” fan community which is an immense Sherlock Holmes fan community, managing to enter the mainstream culture by altering the notion of a passive reader. “Fan-authors” of this community become active readers with the production of their fictional texts called “fan fiction” through the rereading and rewritings of the canonical Sherlock Homes stories. Additionally, being a fan is not equal to being a passive consumer, yet being a fan means having fandom with community ties in which they are given the opportunity to participate, produce and interact with each other by turning into active consumers since the boundaries between consumption and production are blurred in fandom. Accordingly, this thesis analyses how fans pave the way to the evolution of the well-known detective Sherlock Holmes in their fan fiction novels with their active participations in both the production and the consumption process of their favourite stories. It is asserted that fans’ creative works reveal the significance of fan fiction studies, becoming an interdisciplinary field from the nineteenth century onwards and the importance of fan fiction genre which emerges from participatory fan culture. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to make a comprehensive analysis between a canonical work (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s collection of Sherlock Holmes stories, The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes) and the selected works of “fanon,” in other words, works of fan fiction (Nicholas Meyer’s The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1974) and Michael Chabon’s The Final Solution (2004)) to discuss the evolution of the Sherlock Holmes character within the fan fiction narratives and discourse. vii Keywords Arthur Conan Doyle, The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, Nicholas Meyer, The Seven- Per-Cent Solution, Michael Chabon, The Final Solution, fan fiction viii ÖZET SOYGÜL, Tuğçe. Sherlock Holmes Karakterinin Fan Anlatıları ve Söylemi içerisindeki Evrimi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara, 2019. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) tarafından yazılan ilk Sherlock Holmes romanının yayınlanmasından kısa bir süre sonra Sherlock Holmes karekteri ve maceraları okuyucuları arasında son derece sevilir hale geldi. Bu sevgi edilgen okur kavramını değiştirerek ana kültüre girmeyi başaran, oldukça rağbet gören bir Sherlock Holmes fan topluluğu olan “Holmesian” fan topluluğunun ortaya çıkmasına yol açtı. Bu topluluğun “fan-yazarları,” kanonik dedektif hikayelerinin yeniden okunması ve yeniden yazılması yoluyla “fan kurgusu” adı verilen kurgusal metinlerinin üretiminde etkin okuyucular haline geldiler. Buna ek olarak, fan kültüründe fan olmak edilgen bir tüketici olmakla eşdeğer değildir. Tam tersine, tüketim ile üretim arasındaki sınırlar bulanıklaştığı için fan olmak demek topluluk bağlarına sahip etkin tüketicilere dönüşerek katılımda bulunma, üretme ve birbirleriyle etkileşime girme fırsatı bulabildikleri bir fan topluluğuna sahip olmak demektir. Bu doğrultuda, bu tez fanların hem üretim hem de tüketim sürecindeki etkin katılımları ile tanınmış dedektif Sherlock Holmes’un evrimine nasıl yol açtıklarının analizini yapmaktır. Ayrıca, fanların yaratıcı çalışmalarının, on dokuzuncu yüzyıldan itibaren disipline arası bir alan haline gelen fan kurgusu çalışmalarının önemini vurguladığı öne sürülmektedir. Bu bağlamda katılımcı taraftar kültüründen ortaya çıkan fan kurgusu türünün önemi ortaya konulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu tezin amacı Sherlock Holmes karakterinin fan anlatıları ve söylemi içerisindeki evrimini tartışmak için bir kanonik eser ile (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’un Sherlock Holmes hikayeleri koleksiyonu olan, Sherlock Holmes’un Anıları (1893)) seçili “fanon” eserleri, diğer bir değişle fan kurgusu eserleri, (Nicholas Meyer’in Yüzde Yedi Çözüm’ü (1974) ve Michael Chabon’un Son Çözüm’ü (2004)) arasında kapsamlı bir inceleme yapmaktır. ix Anahtar Sözcükler Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes’un Anıları, Nicholas Meyer, Yüzde Yedi Çözüm, Michael Chabon, Son Çözüm, fan kurgusu x TABLE OF CONTENTS KABUL VE ONAY ……………………………………………………………….. i YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI ……………..………. ii ETİK BEYAN ………………………………………………………….……...………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………….. iv ABSTRACT .………………………………………………………………..……... vi ÖZET ………...……….…………………………………………………...………. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..……………………………………………….. x INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….... 1 CHAPTER I: NICHOLAS MEYER’S THE SEVEN-PER-CENT SOLUTION (1974): EVOLVING UNIVERSE OF HOLMESIAN FAN FICTION …...……. 21 CHAPTER II: MICHAEL CHABON’S THE FINAL SOLUTION (2004): TRANSFORMING CANON INTO FANON ……………………………………. 55 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………. 86 WORKS CITED …………………………………………………………………… 92 APPENDIX 1: ORIGINALITY REPORTS ……………………………………. 102 APPENDIX 2: ETHICS BOARD WAIVER FORMS ………………………….. 104 1 INTRODUCTION Sherlock Holmes is a fictional
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