Al-Ghazālī on Divine Essence: a Translation from The

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Al-Ghazālī on Divine Essence: a Translation from The AL-GHAZĀLĪ ON DIVINE ESSENCE: A TRANSLATION FROM THE IQTIṢĀD FĪ AL-IʿTIQAD WITH NOTES AND COMMENTARY by Dennis Morgan Davis Jr. A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Middle East Studies/Arabic Department of Languages and Literature The University of Utah May 2005 Copyright © Dennis Morgan Davis Jr. 2005 All Rights Reserved T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F U T A H G R A D U A T E S C H O O L SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a dissertation submitted by Dennis Morgan Davis Jr. This dissertation has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F U T A H G R A D U A T E S C H O O L FINAL READING APPROVAL To the Graduate Council of the University of Utah: I have read the dissertation of Dennis Morgan Davis in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the supervisory committee and is ready for submission to The Graduate School. ABSTRACT A translation into English of the first sections of Al-IqÅisād fī al-iʿtiqad (Moderation in Belief), the major theological work of the Muslim thinker al- Ghazālī (d. 1111) is presented, with introduction, notes, and glossary. To the memory of George and Betty Davis who could not wait to see this work completed. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖviii NOTE ON CONVENTIONS ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..x AN INTRODUCTION TO AL-IQTIṢĀD FĪ AL-IʿTIQAD ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ...1 The Iqtiṣād fī al-itiqād ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖ...2 The Iqtiṣād in Translation ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ...ÖÖÖ.....5 Organization and Content of the Iqtiṣād ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ...Ö...7 The First Introduction ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖ8 The Second and Third Introductions ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖ10 The Fourth Introduction ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖ..14 The First Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖÖ20 The Second and Third Propositions ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖÖ..35 The Fourth through Eighth Propositions ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖÖ.40 The Ninth Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖÖÖ.44 The Tenth Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖÖÖ.50 Ghazālī on the Essence of God ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖÖÖ...57 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ60 [EXORDIUM]ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ...Ö71 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ....75 [EXPLANATORY] CHAPTER ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.79 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ83 FIRST INTRODUCTION ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..85 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ90 SECOND INTRODUCTION ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ92 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ98 THIRD INTRODUCTION ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..Ö100 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..104 FOURTH INTRODUCTION ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..105 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..120 PART ONE ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ123 The First Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..123 The Second Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.141 The Third Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ142 The Fourth Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..Ö147 The Fifth Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.149 The Sixth Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.150 The Seventh Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ...152 The Eighth Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..166 The Ninth Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖ.ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ...Ö180 The Tenth Proposition ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ...199 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ..209 vii GLOSSARY ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ...225 Notes ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.Ö.234 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.236 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my parents, Dennis and Anita Davis, for the love and support they have always shown me. Their courage and faith opened my eyes to how vast and wonderful the world was and is. I am also grateful for the many teachers, leaders, and mentors who have guided and helped me over the yearsó both academically and personally. Professor Daniel C. Peterson has given me some of the greatest opportunities of my life as it has been my privilege to work with him in developing the Islamic Translation Series at Brigham Young University. Professor Michael E. Marmura, with whom I have also been privileged to associate on that project, has been exceptionally patient with me and generous in sharing his unparalleled expertise. And professor Bernard Weiss, the chair of my committee, has gone out of his way to be helpful more times than I can tell and, I suspect, more times than I am even aware of. For his patient and careful supervision of my work I am truly grateful. This dissertation has been a labor of love in more ways than one. Each of my children has suffered long and been kind, and no person, including myself, has sacrificed more to see it through to completion than my wife and their mother, Kristina. She and they have shown me what pure love is. x NOTE ON CONVENTIONS Works cited in the notes and commentary herein are always given in short form. Primary texts in translation are cited under the translatorís name rather than that of the original author. Full information on each work is provided in the selected bibliography. Words of Arabic origin which appear in The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary are not italicized but are spelled and treated as regular English words. In quotations from the work of other scholars, however, I have retained their treatment of those terms. There are two separate sequences of numbers set in square brackets throughout the translation text. Those marked with an ìAî refer to the page numbers of the Spanish translation of Miguel Asín Palacios. Those with no letter refer to the critical Arabic text of Ghazālīís Iqtiṣād produced by Çubukçu and Atay, for which page and line numbers are given. In the translation, I have occasionally divided paragraphs differently than the Arabic text. In cases where I have combined paragraphs, I have retained the page and line number where the assimilated paragraph began. Parentheses are occasionally used as punctuation, but square brackets are used only for page references and around words or phrases that have no direct correspondents in the Arabic but which are understood to be indicated there, or are my interpolations so as to render what I take to be the meaning of the text more clearly. Because Arabic is a language that typically relies heavily on conjunctions rather than punctuation to demarcate sentences, I have often begun sentences in the translation with conjunctions in order to preserve, at least to some degree, the tone and internal cohesion of the original text. xii AN INTRODUCTION TO AL-IQTIṢĀD FĪ AL-IʿTIQAD Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (d. 1111 C.E.) ranks as one of the most prominent figures in the history of Islamic thought. His works have been published, studied, and commented upon widely by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. In the Western tradition of orientalist scholarship, Ghazālī has received no small amount of attention, and, as is often the case when a variety of perspectives and talents are brought to bear upon a particular subject, the amount of controversy has tended to increase while what can be affirmed with certainty or without opposition has commensurately diminished. The raft of questions and debates about Ghazālīís basic beliefs and attitudes, their origins, and their impact on subsequent thinkers is, by now, robust. At the same time, there are large portions of Ghazālīís oeuvre that remain inaccessible to those who might be interested in these questions but who lack the necessary familiarity with classical Arabic to read them. In this dissertation I will provide an English translation of a significant portion of Ghazālīís lengthiest and most systematic work of kalam, 2 Al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād. It is hoped that the translation, together with the notes and commentary that accompany it, will be a further contribution to the ongoing conversation about al-Ghazālī and his thought. The Iqtiṣād fī al-itiqād The Iqtiṣād is the fulfillment of an intention Ghazālī stated in Tahāfut al- falāsifah to write a constructive work of theology. Michael E. Marmura has argued, on the basis of George Houraniís revised chronology,1 that although the descriptor Ghazālī uses to forecast the work he will write is Qawāʿīd al-ʿaqāʾid, which became the title of a later treatise he incorporated into the Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al- dīn, the Iqtiṣād, coming as soon after the Tahāfut as it does, actually fulfils the commitment better.2 In fact, Ghazālī even uses a phrase that recalls the titles of both works on the first page of the Iqtiṣād. He writes, ìIndeed, the norm that must needs be followed in principles of belief (qawāʾīd al-iʿtiqād) is moderation (iqtiṣād) and restraint upon the straight pathî (1.14ñ15). The Iqtiṣād has been called Ghazālīís ìchief work of dogmatics.î W. Montgomery Watt, following Maurice Bouges, indicates that it was ìprobably composed shortly before or shortly after his departure from Baghdad [c. CE 3 1095].ì3 In his revised chronology of Ghazālīís works, George F. Hourani argued that the Itiqṣād along with Mīzān al-ʿamāl was completed before or during Ghazālīís crisis of faith which led him to abandon his prestigious post at the Niẓāmiyya school in Baghdad and enter upon the Sufi path in a personal quest for authentic religious certitude. Hourani plausibly reasons that it was unlikely Ghazālī composed the Iqtiṣād after he began his journey, ìfor it is hard to believe that this prosaic piece of kalām was one of the first products of his new life as a Ṣūfī.î4 In fact, he argues, the likelihood was that Mīzān was composed even after Iqtiṣād and still in the final year before Ghazālī left Baghdad. The seeming lack of coherence in Mīzān might even be an indication of Ghazālīís troubled state of mind at that time.5 To this evidence we would add that the pedagogical nature of the Iqtiṣādóit is addressed to studentsóalso argues for its completion while Ghazālī was still in his profession at the Niẓāmiyya.
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