Pruning, Training, and Grape Canopy Management
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Powdery Mildew of Grapes
report on RPD No. 773 PLANT December 2019 DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES DISEASE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN POWDERY MILDEW OF GRAPE Powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Uncinula necator. This fungus was reported in North America in 1834. Powdery mildew occurs in most grape growing areas of the world. If not managed effectively on susceptible cultivars, the disease can reduce vine growth, yield, quality, and winter hardiness. Cultivars of Vitis vinifera and its hybrids (French hybrids) are generally much more susceptible to powdery mildew than are native American cultivars such a Concord. Symptoms Uncinula necator can infect all green tissues of the grapevines. The fungus penetrate only epidermal cells, sending haustoria into them to absorb nutrients. Although haustoria are found only in epidermal cells, neighboring noninvaded cells may become necrotic. The presence of mycelia with conidiophores and conidia on the surface of the host tissue gives it a whitish gray, dusty or powdery appearance. Both surfaces of leaves of any age are susceptible to infection (Figure 1). _____________________________________________________________________________ For further information concerning diseases of small fruits, contact Dr. Mohammad Babadoost, Extension Specialist in Fruit and Vegetable Pathology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. University of Illinois Extension provides equal opportunities in programs and employment. - 2 - Young expanding leaves that are infected become distorted and stunted (Figure 2). Petioles and cluster stems are susceptible to infection throughout the growing season. Once infected, they become brittle and may break as the season progresses. When green shoots are infected, the affected tissues appear dark brown to black in feathery patches (Figure 3), which later appear reddish brown on the dormant canes. -
Grapevine Survey for Viruses of Potential Economic Importance in Norton, Chardonel, and Vignoles
Grapevine Survey for viruses of potential economic importance in Norton, Chardonel, and Vignoles James E. Schoelz Dean Volenberg Division of Plant Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO The 2017 virus survey: Missouri vineyards tested for the presence of 26 different viruses 25 hybrid grape cultivars tested 400 samples collected in July through a prearranged pattern to avoid bias towards selection of virus-infected plants Each sample was a composite of 4 vines (for a total of 1600 vines sampled) Each sample tested for 26 different viruses Table 2. Virus incidence in each cultivar Muscat Survey Average Survey Valvin Cabernet franc Cabernet Traminette Cloeta Vidal blanc Vignoles Chardonel Norton Vivant Vincent Catawba Rayon Saperavi Noiret Viognier Foch Crimson Cabernet Concord Cayuga Chambourcin Muench Lenior Wetumka Albania Virus Hidalgo GRSPaV3 58.71 100 100 46.7 0 100 100 0 15.0 80.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.4 0 0 100 100 100 0 100 100 GLRaV-3 52.7 91.1 88.5 33.3 85.0 3.3 10.0 0 10.0 0 100 40.0 100 40.0 100 100 0 0 100 50.0 50.0 0 0 0 0 100 GRBV 35.0 24.4 4.3 75.5 77.5 26.7 40.0 90.0 0 0 20.0 100 20.0 80.0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 60.0 20.0 100 GVE 31.0 26.7 85.7 8.9 30.0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 40.0 100 100 0 0 80.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLRaV-2 19.0 91.1 54.2 6.7 0 26.7 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.0 0 0 0 0 0 GVB 17.2 0 65.7 0 22.5 0 0 0 0 0 10.0 60.0 40.0 0 20.0 100 0 0 80.0 0 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 GVkV 13.5 28.9 38.5 0 15.0 3.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.0 0 0 0 0 40.0 GLRaV- 9.2 0 1.4 0 72.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60.0 0 0 0 0 0 2RG GVCV 8.2 33.3 1.4 24.4 0 0 20.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0 0 0 0 10.0 10.0 0 GVA 0.5 0 0 0 2.5 3.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLRaV-5 0.2 0 0 2.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sample #2 400 45 70 45 40 30 20 10 20 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 11 5 10 10 4 5 10 10 5 1This value is the percentage of the composite samples positive for the selected virus. -
Canopy Microclimate Modification for the Cultivar Shiraz II. Effects on Must and Wine Composition
Vitis 24, 119-128 (1985) Roseworthy Agricultural College, Roseworth y, South Australia South Australian Department of Agriculture, Adelaide, South Austraha Canopy microclimate modification for the cultivar Shiraz II. Effects on must and wine composition by R. E. SMART!), J. B. ROBINSON, G. R. DUE and c. J. BRIEN Veränderungen des Mikroklimas der Laubwand bei der Rebsorte Shiraz II. Beeinflussung der Most- und Weinzusammensetzung Z u sam menfa ss u n g : Bei der Rebsorte Shiraz wurde das Ausmaß der Beschattung innerha lb der Laubwand künstlich durch vier Behandlungsformen sowie natürlicherweise durch e ine n Wachstumsgradienten variiert. Beschattung bewirkte in den Traubenmosten eine Erniedri gung de r Zuckergehalte und eine Erhöhung der Malat- und K-Konzentrationen sowie der pH-Werte. Die Weine dieser Moste wiesen ebenfalls höhere pH- und K-Werte sowie einen venin gerten Anteil ionisierter Anthocyane auf. Statistische Berechnungen ergaben positive Korrelatio nen zwischen hohen pH- und K-Werten in Most und Wein einerseits u11d der Beschattung der Laubwand andererseits; die Farbintensität sowie die Konzentrationen der gesamten und ionisier ten Anthocyane und der Phenole waren mit der Beschattung negativ korreliert. Zur Beschreibung der Lichtverhältnisse in der Laubwand wurde ei11 Bonitierungsschema, das sich auf acht Merkmale stützt, verwendet; die hiermit gewonne nen Ergebnisse korrelierten mit Zucker, pH- und K-Werten des Mostes sowie mit pH, Säure, K, Farbintensität, gesamten und ionj sierten Anthocyanen und Phenolen des Weines. Starkwüchsige Reben lieferten ähnliche Werte der Most- und Weinzusammensetzung wie solche mit künstlicher Beschattung. K e y wo r d s : climate, light, growth, must quality, wine quality, malic acid, potassium, aci dity, anthocyanjn. -
Growing Grapes in Missouri
MS-29 June 2003 GrowingGrowing GrapesGrapes inin MissouriMissouri State Fruit Experiment Station Missouri State University-Mountain Grove Growing Grapes in Missouri Editors: Patrick Byers, et al. State Fruit Experiment Station Missouri State University Department of Fruit Science 9740 Red Spring Road Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711-2999 http://mtngrv.missouristate.edu/ The Authors John D. Avery Patrick L. Byers Susanne F. Howard Martin L. Kaps Laszlo G. Kovacs James F. Moore, Jr. Marilyn B. Odneal Wenping Qiu José L. Saenz Suzanne R. Teghtmeyer Howard G. Townsend Daniel E. Waldstein Manuscript Preparation and Layout Pamela A. Mayer The authors thank Sonny McMurtrey and Katie Gill, Missouri grape growers, for their critical reading of the manuscript. Cover photograph cv. Norton by Patrick Byers. The viticulture advisory program at the Missouri State University, Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center offers a wide range of services to Missouri grape growers. For further informa- tion or to arrange a consultation, contact the Viticulture Advisor at the Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center, 9740 Red Spring Road, Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711- 2999; telephone 417.547.7508; or email the Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center at [email protected]. Information is also available at the website http://www.mvec-usa.org Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Considerations in Planning a Vineyard ........................................................ -
Matching Grape Varieties to Sites Are Hybrid Varieties Right for Oklahoma?
Matching Grape Varieties to Sites Are hybrid varieties right for Oklahoma? Bruce Bordelon Purdue University Wine Grape Team 2014 Oklahoma Grape Growers Workshop 2006 survey of grape varieties in Oklahoma: Vinifera 80%. Hybrids 15% American 7% Muscadines 1% Profiles and Challenges…continued… • V. vinifera cultivars are the most widely grown in Oklahoma…; however, observation and research has shown most European cultivars to be highly susceptible to cold damage. • More research needs to be conducted to elicit where European cultivars will do best in Oklahoma. • French-American hybrids are good alternatives due to their better cold tolerance, but have not been embraced by Oklahoma grape growers... Reasons for this bias likely include hybrid cultivars being perceived as lower quality than European cultivars, lack of knowledge of available hybrid cultivars, personal preference, and misinformation. Profiles and Challenges…continued… • The unpredictable continental climate of Oklahoma is one of the foremost obstacles for potential grape growers. • It is essential that appropriate site selection be done prior to planting. • Many locations in Oklahoma are unsuitable for most grapes, including hybrids and American grapes. • Growing grapes in Oklahoma is a risky endeavor and minimization of potential loss by consideration of cultivar and environmental interactions is paramount to ensure long-term success. • There are areas where some European cultivars may succeed. • Many hybrid and American grapes are better suited for most areas of Oklahoma than -
Grape Varieties for Indiana
Commercial • HO-221-W Grape Varieties for Indiana COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE • DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE PURDUE UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE • WEST LAFAYETTE, IN Bruce Bordelon Selection of the proper variety is a major factor for fungal diseases than that of Concord (Table 1). Catawba successful grape production in Indiana. Properly match- also experiences foliar injury where ozone pollution ing the variety to the climate of the vineyard site is occurs. This grape is used primarily in white or pink necessary for consistent production of high quality dessert wines, but it is also used for juice production and grapes. Grape varieties fall into one of three groups: fresh market sales. This grape was widely grown in the American, French-American hybrids, and European. Cincinnati area during the mid-1800’s. Within each group are types suited for juice and wine or for fresh consumption. American and French-American Niagara is a floral, strongly labrusca flavored white grape hybrid varieties are suitable for production in Indiana. used for juice, wine, and fresh consumption. It ranks The European, or vinifera varieties, generally lack the below Concord in cold hardiness and ripens somewhat necessary cold hardiness to be successfully grown in earlier. On favorable sites, yields can equal or surpass Indiana except on the very best sites. those of Concord. Acidity is lower than for most other American varieties. The first section of this publication discusses American, French-American hybrids, and European varieties of wine Other American Varieties grapes. The second section discusses seeded and seedless table grape varieties. Included are tables on the best adapted varieties for Indiana and their relative Delaware is an early-ripening red variety with small berries, small clusters, and a mild American flavor. -
Official Journal of the European Communities No L 214/ 1
16 . 8 . 80 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 214/ 1 I (Acts whose publication is obligatory) COMMISSION REGULATION (EEC) No 2164/80 of 8 August 1980 amending for the seventh time Regulation ( EEC) No 1608/76 laying down detailed rules for the description and presentation of wines and grape musts THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN on an additional label placed in the same field of COMMUNITIES , vision as the other mandatory information ; Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, Whereas the nominal volume of containers with a volume of not less than 5 ml and not more than 10 1 suitable for putting up wines and grape musts which Having regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No are the subject of intra-Community trade is governed 337/79 of 5 February 1979 on the common organi by Council Directive 75/ 106/EEC of 19 December zation of the market in wine ('), as last amended by 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Regulation (EEC) No 1988 / 80 (2 ), and in particular Member States relating to the making-up by volume Article 54 ( 5) thereof, of certain prepackaged liquids (8 ), as amended by Directive 79/ 1005 /EEC ( 9); whereas it is necessary, Whereas Council Regulation ( EEC) No 355 /79 of first, to adjust Regulation (EEC) No 1608 /76 in line 5 February 1979 laying down general rules for the with the amendments to that Directive and , secondly, description , and presentation of wines and grape in order to enable the wines and grape musts already musts (■'), as amended by Regulation (EEC) No -
Cdi 8/1/2021
- CDI AMENDED PRICING FOR 8/1/2021 Amended Prices for the Month of August 2021 Name of Licensee: Date:07/15/2021 Initial Filing Amending To Notes1 Item # Item Bottle Case Resale Bott PO Case PO Amending To Bottle Case Resale Bott PO Case PO 9024256 ABSOLUT VDK 80 24B 200ML 7.21 331.68 9.29 18.24 18.24 HARTLEY & PARKER 6.99 331.68 9.29 28.80 18.24 9024273 ABSOLUT VDK CITRON 24B 200ML 7.21 331.68 9.29 18.24 18.24 HARTLEY & PARKER 6.99 331.68 9.29 28.80 18.24 9365820 ABSOLUT VDK JUICE APL 70 6B 750ML 15.99 190.80 25.99 60.00 60.00 HARTLEY & PARKER 15.98 190.80 26.69 60.00 60.00 9417204 ABSOLUT VDK JUICE PEAR ELD 70 6B 750ML 15.99 190.80 25.99 60.00 60.00 HARTLEY & PARKER 15.98 190.80 26.99 60.00 60.00 9024282 ABSOLUT VDK MANDRIN 24B 200ML 7.21 331.68 9.29 18.24 18.24 HARTLEY & PARKER 6.99 331.68 9.29 28.80 18.24 9006515 ANTIOQUEN O AGUARDIEN TE 375ML 9.49 225.84 11.99 BARTON BRESCOME 7.59 179.34 9.89 9.60 9.60 9006514 ANTIOQUEN O AGUARDIEN TE 750ML 17.49 166.92 22.99 HARTLEY & PARKER 15.99 190.92 22.99 24.00 24.00 9006513 ANTIOQUENO AGUARDIENTE 1L Ammended manually HARTLEY & PARKER 17.99 190.92 26.99 42.00 66.00 keep our case 9448162 BACARDI RUM GLD 24B 200ML 4.10 176.77 5.99 23.66 23.66 BARTON BRESCOME 4.09 176.77 5.99 23.66 23.66 40261 BACARDI RUM GLD 375ML 6.09 138.06 7.99 25.10 25.10 EDER BROTHERS 6.06 138.06 7.99 25.10 25.10 41178 BACARDI RUM LIMON 24B 200ML 4.10 176.77 6.49 23.66 23.66 BARTON BRESCOME 4.09 176.77 5.99 23.66 23.66 9448163 BACARDI RUM SUPERIOR 24B 200ML 4.10 176.77 5.99 23.66 23.66 BARTON BRESCOME 4.09 176.77 5.99 23.66 23.66 40162 BACARDI RUM SUPERIOR FLK 375ML 6.09 138.06 7.99 25.10 25.10 EDER BROTHERS 6.06 138.06 7.99 25.10 25.10 153445 BALLANTINE S SCOTCH FINEST 750ML 19.30 229.15 24.39 ALLAN S. -
Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Chitalpa”
Extension Plant Pathology “Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Chitalpa” The Heat of Summer brings on Symptoms of Bacterial Leaf Scorch Symptoms on Chitalpa. Figure 1: Flowers on healthy chitalpa trees. (Photo N. Goldberg NMSU- PDC) Chitalpa trees (a hybrid between catalpa and desert willow) are susceptible to a xylem-limited bacterium called Xylella fastidiosa (Fig 1). The bacterium invades the plant and plugs up the water conducting vessels, known as the xylem vessels, making it difficult for the plant to get enough water to the leaves. The result on the plant is symptoms of water and nutrient stress - chlorosis and leaf scorch. Other symptoms include leaf spotting, small leaves, thin canopy, branch dieback, and eventually, tree death (Fig 2, 3, 4, 5). This disease was first discovered in New Mexico in 2006. It was also confirmed in grapes the same year. In grapes, the disease is known as Pierce’s Disease. In 2010, the disease was also confirmed in catalpa and peach. The disease is transmitted from one plant to another through xylem-feeding insects, most notably sharpshooters. While New Mexico has some native sharpshooters, the most efficient vectors for Xylella, the glassy-winged sharpshooter and the smoke-tree Figure 2: Leaf scorch and spotting symptoms on chitalpa leaves. (Photos: sharpshooter (Fig. 6), are not know to occur. N. Goldberg NMSU-PDC) Figure 3: Dieback symptoms on chitalpa. (Photo N. Goldberg NMSU-PDC) Research at New Mexico State University has shown that the bacterium is nearly identical in chitalpa, grape and catalpa. This indicates transmission, probably by native sharpshooters, between these hosts. -
2014 Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide Contents Foreword
2 014 Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Arkansas Spray Guide University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service AG1281 Illinois University of Illinois Extension ICSG3-14 Indiana Purdue Extension ID-169 Iowa Iowa State University Extension and Outreach PM 1375 Kansas K-State Research and Extension Kentucky University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service ID-94 Missouri University of Missouri Missouri State University MX377 Nebraska University of Nebraska — Lincoln Extension Ohio Ohio State University Extension 506B2 Oklahoma Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service E-987 West Virginia West Virginia University Extension Service Publication 865 Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Extension A3899 2014 Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................6 Tips on Using This Spray Guide .................................................................................................13 Grape Spray Schedule .................................................................................................................15 Blueberry Spray Schedule ...........................................................................................................37 Raspberry and Blackberry Spray Schedule .................................................................................42 Strawberry Spray Schedule .........................................................................................................49 -
Grape Growing
GRAPE GROWING The Winegrower or Viticulturist The Winegrower’s Craft into wine. Today, one person may fill both • In summer, the winegrower does leaf roles, or frequently a winery will employ a thinning, removing excess foliage to • Decades ago, winegrowers learned their person for each role. expose the flower sets, and green craft from previous generations, and they pruning, taking off extra bunches, to rarely tasted with other winemakers or control the vine’s yields and to ensure explored beyond their village. The Winegrower’s Tasks quality fruit is produced. Winegrowers continue treatments, eliminate weeds and • In winter, the winegrower begins pruning • Today’s winegrowers have advanced trim vines to expose fruit for maximum and this starts the vegetative cycle of the degrees in enology and agricultural ripening. Winegrowers control birds with vine. He or she will take vine cuttings for sciences, and they use knowledge of soil netting and automated cannons. chemistry, geology, climate conditions and indoor grafting onto rootstocks which are plant heredity to grow grapes that best planted as new vines in the spring, a year • In fall, as grapes ripen, sugar levels express their vineyards. later. The winegrower turns the soil to and color increases as acidity drops. aerate the base of the vines. The winegrower checks sugar levels • Many of today’s winegrowers are continuously to determine when to begin influenced by different wines from around • In spring, the winegrower removes the picking, a critical decision for the wine. the world and have worked a stagé (an mounds of earth piled against the base In many areas, the risk of rain, hail or apprenticeship of a few months or a of the vines to protect against frost. -
University of Nebraska Viticulture Program Report to the Nebraska Grape and Wine Board
State Report Guidelines - Suggested Format/Content NE 1720 University of Nebraska Viticulture Program Report to the Nebraska Grape and Wine Board Paul E. Read, Professor of Horticulture/Viticulture Stephen J. Gamet, Viticulture Technician Benjamin A. Loseke, Laboratory Technician Email contact: [email protected] University of Nebraska Objectives: 1. Screen the viticulture characteristics of clones, cultivars and elite germplasm with significant potential throughout the USA. 2. Evaluate the viticultural and wine attributes of promising emerging cultivars and genotypes based on regional needs. Objectives 1&2 Accomplishments: Over 100 grapevine cultivars and selections have been evaluated over a period of 20 years by the University of Nebraska Viticulture Program. New selections from private breeders, the University of Minnesota and Cornell University have been tested for cold hardiness, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, response to vineyard floor and trellis management systems, yield and fruit and wine quality and characteristics. New fertilizer and crop load adjustments are being explored in collaboration with UNL Food Science Department professionals (new faculty, Doctors Changmu Xu and Xiaoqing Xie). Additions for the 2020 part of these objectives involve new selections from North Dakota State University and from private breeders Ed Swanson and Max Hoffman. 3. Conduct explorations of new germplasm and lesser-known cultivars that may have economic potential for the Nebraska grape and wine industry. New selections from Cornell University, the University of Minnesota, North Dakota State University and private breeders (Ed Swanson, Cuthills Vineyards owner and Capitol View Winery winemaker, and Max Hoffman, winemaker at Schillingbridge winery) have been newly initiated. 4. Explore alternatives potentially helpful to the Nebraska grape and wine industry.