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“Citizenship and the Emergence of the Antigonish Movement in Maritime Canada”

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“Citizenship and the Emergence of the Antigonish Movement in Maritime Canada” “Citizenship and the Emergence of the Antigonish Movement in Maritime Canada” A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in History University of Regina By Wanda K. Deschamps Regina, Saskatchewan July, 2015 Copyright 2015: W. Deschamps UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Wanda K. Deschamps, candidate for the degree of Master of Arts in History, has presented a thesis titled, “Citizenship and the Emergence of The Antigonish Movement in Maritime Canada”, in an oral examination held on July 21, 2015. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: Dr. Ken Rasmussen, Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy Supervisor: Dr. Raymond Blake, Department of History Committee Member: Dr. Philip Charrier, Department of History Committee Member: Dr. Ken Leyton-Brown, Department of History Chair of Defense: Dr. Shelagh Campbell, Faculty of Business Administration Abstract: Canadians exited World War I with a new hope for their relationship with the state. After four years of government control and intervention in their lives, citizens demanded increased state involvement in their welfare, an expectation that became more pronounced during and following the Great Depression. Coupled with these increased demands on the state, there was a changed notion of citizenship that looked to increased protection by government of the basic social, political and legal rights of all citizens. Those new notions of citizenship and the role of the state helped to shape the Maritime co-operative movement that emerged most forcefully in the Antigonish Movement. The Antigonish Movement’s founders, Reverends James Tompkins and Moses Coady, were Catholic priests, educated at St. Francis Xavier University (STFX) but prior to becoming professors at STFX they each studied abroad. This thesis explores how state involvement in the lives of Canadian citizens after World War I, together with other developments in the early twentieth century, prompted people to rethink notions of citizenship and how the changing expectations of the state influenced the origins of the Antigonish Movement. Incensed by economic disparity, especially within the fishery sector, Tompkins and Coady were determined to empower people towards self- determinism. They chose STFX as the vehicle to channel their cause and adult education as their avenue. They brought education to the people via rural study groups instead of expecting people to come to the University. i Even with its more robust role within citizens’ lives, the federal government realized it could not address all its citizens’ needs and it saw Coady as a bridge between government and the citizens of eastern Nova Scotia. As an agent of reform but not a unionist or a communist, he appealed to government within a capitalist system at a time when communism was beginning to gain strength. By examining this subject from a variety of sources, this thesis argues the origins of the Antigonish Movement were part of new emerging attitudes of Canadians towards citizenship and expectation of citizens towards the state of state-related institutions. In so doing, it moves the understanding of the Antigonish Movement away from a reliance on Catholic theology to new dimensions and considerations. The Antigonish Movement had its origins in changing notions of citizenship. ii Acknowledgements: There are a number of people I wish to acknowledge for the important roles they played in my Masters pursuit. First, I am indebted to the History Department for accepting me and especially to my supervisor, Dr. Blake. He is an exceptional professor, scholar and mentor and he has been exceedingly patient with me. Dr. Laurie Stanley-Blackwell and Mary Martin, served as my references and therefore, were early key advocates. The challenges of returning to university classes following a twenty-year hiatus cannot be exaggerated. Drs. Pitsula, Blake, Anderson and Germani made classes enlightening, lively, engaging and stimulating; their commitment, availability and feedback ensured I completed the course requirements. Doreen Thompson accommodated all my requests for assistance. My thesis committee members, Drs. Leyton-Brown, Charrier and Rasmussen shared their intelligence, insight and wisdom as did Dr. Dan MacInnes, my undergraduate seminar professor; it has been great to reconnect with you Dan. I received a Graduate Studies Scholarship from the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research (FGSR) and I was as surprised as I was delighted. Thank you to FGSR for its support and for Drs. Blake and Germani for encouraging me to apply. Finally, fellow students Katelyn Betker, Bailey Antonishyn and Cheyanne Desnomie made this experience fun and inspiring through the exchange of ideas and their infusion of much needed humour. Cheyanne – meeting you has been one of the best things about living in Regina. Thank you for building my confidence and for opening my mind. iii Dedication: This thesis topic was conceived during Spring Convocation 2013 when I sat next to Dr. Michael Cappello from the Faculty of Education. He described the Antigonish Movement as: “An important and little known part of Canadian history.” Propelled by inspiration from Michael, and advice from a few others, I began this Masters journey. Its conclusion is the result of a team, and not a singular effort, and with deep gratitude I acknowledge a number of people. My sister, Martha, maintained a special interest in my thesis research and my sister, Kathy, encouraged me unrelentingly. My brother, Michael, provided unwavering support, feedback and most importantly, constant humour. A few other key supporters were: G. Becigneul, R. Berthiaume, Dr. S. Campbell, Dr. D. Fitzpatrick, K. Garrett, R. Gibbons, I. Hanna, Dr. B. Hillis, Barb Pollock, and especially, Dr. E. Hussein. The friend who has been with me every step of this Masters journey is my friend since childhood, Dr. John Meehan. John - thanks for encouraging me to begin to know myself. My children, Adrien and Rene, made sacrifices while I pursued my Masters – I look forward to spending more time with you. Most of all, Ryan, I could not have done this without your support and our shared passion for learning. My sister Kathy asked me last fall: “WHY CAN’T YOU JUST LET THINGS BE?” Kathy, in this thesis is your answer and in our shared genetic composition is your explanation. It is because of our father who always placed principles ahead of popularity. Dad, I wish I had asked you why in your lifetime. I never did so now I must look for answers elsewhere. To your memory I dedicate this thesis. iv Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... iii Dedication ......................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................. v SECTION ONE: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 SECTION TWO: A Literature Review: Collapse of the Maritime Economy and the Antigonish Movement in a New Era of Citizenship ............................. 2 SECTION THREE: Political Economy of Nova Scotia and the Rise of Co-operatives ..... 9 SECTION FOUR: WORLD WAR I: New Demands on Citizens ...................................... 12 SECTION FIVE: The Antigonish Movement: Citizens’ Grassroots Economics ........ 15 5.1 Tompkins and the rise of Adult Education ....................... 19 5.2 Philanthropy: Supporting new ideas and new ways of pragmatic thinking ............................................................. 22 5.3 Tompkins banished to Canso; Emergence of Coady ........ 24 5.4 Coady identified As Ideal Movement leader ..................... 29 5.5 Catholics Involved In Policy .............................................. 33 SECTION SIX: WORLD WAR II and The 1940s and 50s ............................................. 39 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 43 v SECTION ONE: Introduction The First World War saw a dramatic increase in the level of state involvement in the lives of Canadian citizens and, together with a variety of postwar developments, resulted in the emergence of new notions of citizenship in Canada. The state intruded into people’s lives at a level not previously seen. The censorship of the press, government regulation of the economy and society, and, of course, conscription are among the most obvious examples of a new iteration of state involvement in Canadian society. It was in this period of dramatic change following World War I that Catholic priests Reverends James Tompkins and Moses Coady took the first steps that would lead to the famed Antigonish Movement which added a new dimension to the bourgeoning co- operative movement in Maritime Canada. The Antigonish Movement attempted to redress the conditions of workers, particularly fishers in Nova Scotia and
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