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Occurrence and Fate of Natural Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Compounds in Groundwater from Coal- Bearing Basins in Queensland, Australia

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Occurrence and Fate of Natural Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Compounds in Groundwater from Coal- Bearing Basins in Queensland, Australia ENERGY BUSINESS UNIT Occurrence and fate of natural hydrocarbons and other organic compounds in groundwater from coal- bearing basins in Queensland, Australia Richard Schinteie1, Kaydy L. Pinetown1, Jim R. Underschultz2, Sue Vink2, Carl A. Peters1, David J. 1 Midgley 1) CSIRO Energy, North Ryde, NSW, Australia 2) Centre for Coal Seam Gas, University of Queensland, Qld, Australia Report Number: EP186357 July 2018 A report to: GISERA – Gas Industry Social & Environmental Research Alliance ISBN (print): 978-1-4863-1121-7 ISBN (online): 978-1-4863-1122-4 Citation Schinteie R., Pinetown K.L., Underschultz J.R., Vink S., Peters C.A., and Midgley D (2018) Occurrence and fate of natural total petroleum hydrocarbons and other organic compounds in groundwater from coal-bearing basins in Queensland, Australia. CSIRO, Australia. Copyright © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2018. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible. If you are having difficulties with accessing this document please contact [email protected]. Contents Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... vi Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ vii Proposed scope of work for CSIRO to undertake as part of the Collaboration Project with the University of Queensland, Centre for Coal Seam Gas, for the GISERA project “Hydrocarbons in Groundwater” ix Project objective .................................................................................................................. x Methods and revised scope................................................................................................. x Data sources ....................................................................................................................... xi Note xii Milestone achievements ................................................................................................... xii Part I Review on the chemistry and natural release of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds into groundwater 1 1 Overview of the Geological Setting of the Bowen and Surat basins: main emphasis on the coal layers and hydrogeology ....................................................................................................2 1.1 Tectonic history of the Bowen and Surat basins ....................................................2 1.2 Structure of the Bowen and Surat basins...............................................................3 1.3 Stratigraphy and rock type .....................................................................................4 1.4 Natural sources of hydrocarbons in the Bowen and Surat basins .......................11 1.5 Hydrocarbon distribution in the Bowen and Surat basins ...................................12 1.6 Hydrogeology of the Bowen and Surat basins .....................................................18 2 Physico-chemical characteristics of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds ..........21 2.1 Hydrocarbon formation and composition in coal ................................................21 2.2 Release of hydrocarbon/organic compounds into groundwater.........................25 2.3 Hydrocarbon and other organic compounds suitable as indicators of groundwater quality ..........................................................................................................32 3 Biological attenuation of hydrocarbons ............................................................................37 3.1 Microbial catabolism of hydrocarbons.................................................................37 3.2 Microbial lineages in coal seams ..........................................................................37 3.3 Life strategies in the coal environment................................................................38 3.4 Origins of PAHs and aliphatic compounds ...........................................................39 Occurrence and fate of natural hydrocarbons and other organic compounds in groundwater from coal-bearing basins in Queensland, Australia | i 3.5 Microbial communities associated with coal seams ............................................41 3.6 Strategies for dealing with the diverse range of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons .....................................................................................................................43 3.7 Bacterial degradation of aromatic and aliphatic compounds ..............................45 3.8 Fungal degradation of aromatic and aliphatic compounds .................................46 Part II Historical Indications of Hydrocarbons in the Bowen and Surat basins 49 4 Assessment of Groundwater Hydrocarbon Records from the UQ CCSG Queensland Water Atlas 50 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................50 4.2 Sampling area .......................................................................................................50 4.3 Sampling and analysis...........................................................................................51 4.4 Results and discussion ..........................................................................................51 4.5 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................58 5 Applicability of oil and gas mud logs in discerning historical hydrocarbon gas distributions 60 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................60 5.2 Material and methods ..........................................................................................61 5.3 Results and discussion ..........................................................................................61 5.4 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................71 Part III Conceptual Model 72 References 77 ii | Occurrence and fate of natural hydrocarbons and other organic compounds in groundwater from coal-bearing basins in Queensland, Australia Figures Figure 1 A) Location of the Bowen and Surat basins (data source: Geoscience Australia). B) The extent of the Surat Cumulative Management Area in Queensland (adapted with modifications from DNRM, 2016). C) Cross-section of the Bowen and Surat basins (adapted with modifications from Hodgkinson et al., 2009). ........................................................................................................4 Figure 2 Simplified stratigraphy of the Bowen and Surat basins. Modified from Danis et al. (2012) .............................................................................................................................................10 Figure 3 Modified Van Krevelen diagram showing the general plots positions based on coal maceral composition for typical Bowen and Surat basin coals .....................................................14 Figure 4 Photomicrographs of a coal sample from the Bowen Basin; (A) Reflected light image (field width = 0.16mm) of telovitrinite (tv), detrovitrinite (dv), semifusinite (sfu) and inertodetrinite (int); (B) Reflected light image (field width = 0.16mm) of semifusinite and inertodetrinite with telovitrinite and detrovitrinite bands; (C) Reflected light image (field width = 0.16mm) of semifusinite and inertodetrinite with mineral (mm) infilling cell lumens; (D) Image (C) in fluorescence mode showing fluorescing sporinite (sp), liptodetrinite (ld) and mineral. ....15 Figure 5 Photomicrographs of a coal sample from the Surat Basin; (A) Reflected light image (field width = 0.16mm) of telovitrinite (tv), sporinite (sp) and mineral matter (mm) in a groundmass of detrovitrinite (dv); (B) Image (A) in fluorescence mode showing fluorescing sporinite and liptodetrinite; (C) Reflected light image (field width = 0.16mm) of telovitrinite, sporinite and suberinite (sb) macerals; (D) Image (C) in fluorescence mode showing fluorescing sporinite, liptodetrinite and resinite..............................................................................................15 Figure 6 Hydrostratigraphy of the Surat and Bowen basins. Adapted with modified from Queensland Water Commission (2012). ........................................................................................20 Figure 7 Coal has a complex, heterogeneous structure that
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