What Do Software Architects Really Do?
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Software Architecture and Agility
Agility and Architecture May 18 2010 Agility and Architecture: An Oxymoron? Philippe Kruchten Saturn May 18, 2010 Philippe Kruchten, Ph.D., P.Eng., CSDP Professor of So)ware Engineering NSERC Chair in Design Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of BriIsh Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada [email protected] Founder and president Kruchten Engineering Services Ltd Vancouver, BC Canada [email protected] Philippe Kruchten 1 Agility and Architecture May 18 2010 Agile & Architecture? Oil & Water? • Paradox • Oxymoron • Conflict • IncompaIbility Outline • Agility?? • SoSware architecture? • A story • Seven viewpoints on a single problem • The zipper model • A clash of two cultures • Summary Philippe Kruchten 2 Agility and Architecture May 18 2010 Agility • A definiIon – Agility is the ability to both create and respond to change in order to profit in a turbulent business environment. Jim Highsmith (2002) • CharacterisIcs – IteraIve and incremental – Small release – Collocaon – Release plan/ feature backlog – IteraIon plan/task backlog Sanjiv AugusIne (2004) Agile Values: the Agile Manifesto We have come to value: • Individuals and interacIons over process and tools, • Working soSware over comprehensive documents, • Customer collaboraIon over contract negoIaIon, • Responding to change over following a plan. That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the leS more Source: hp://www.agilemanifesto.org/ Philippe Kruchten 3 Agility and Architecture May 18 2010 Geng at the Essence of Agility • SoSware development is a knowledge acIvity – Not producIon, manufacturing, administraIon… • The “machines” are humans • Dealing with uncertainty, unknowns, fear, distrust • Feedback loop -> – reflect on business, requirements, risks, process, people, technology • CommunicaIon and collaboraIon -> – Building trust Named Agile Methods • XP = eXtreme Programming (K. -
Reflections on Software Architecture Linda Northrop SEI Fellow
Reflections on Software Architecture Linda Northrop SEI Fellow Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 © 2016 Carnegie Mellon University Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited Notices Copyright 2016 Carnegie Mellon University This material is based upon work funded and supported by the Department of Defense under Contract No. FA8721-05-C-0003 with Carnegie Mellon University for the operation of the Software Engineering Institute, a federally funded research and development center. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Department of Defense. NO WARRANTY. THIS CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE MATERIAL IS FURNISHED ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS. CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AS TO ANY MATTER INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY, EXCLUSIVITY, OR RESULTS OBTAINED FROM USE OF THE MATERIAL. CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY DOES NOT MAKE ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO FREEDOM FROM PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT. [Distribution Statement A] This material has been approved for public release and unlimited distribution. Please see Copyright notice for non-US Government use and distribution. This material may be reproduced in its entirety, without modification, and freely distributed in written or electronic form without requesting formal permission. Permission is required for any other use. Requests for permission should be directed to the Software Engineering Institute at [email protected]. Carnegie Mellon® and CERT® are registered marks of Carnegie Mellon University. -
System-Of-Systems Viewpoint for System Architecture Documentation
System-of-Systems Viewpoint for System Architecture Documentation John Klein∗ and Hans van Vliet† VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands Revised 11 Nov 2017 Abstract Context: The systems comprising a system of systems (SoS) are inde- pendently acquired, operated, and managed. Frequently, the architecture documentation of these existing systems addresses only a stand-alone perspective, and must be augmented to address concerns that arise in the integrated SoS. Objective: We evaluated an architecture documentation viewpoint to address the concerns of a SoS architect about a constituent system, to support SoS design and analysis involving that constituent system. Method: We performed an expert review of documentation produced by applying the viewpoint to a system, using the active review method. Results: The expert panel was able to used a view constructed using the baseline version of the viewpoint to answer questions related to all SoS architect concerns about a constituent system, except for questions concerning the interaction of the constituent system with the platform and network infrastructure. Conclusions: We found that the expert panel was unable to answer certain questions because the baseline version of the viewpoint had a gap in coverage related to relationship of software units of execution (e.g., processes or services) to computers and networks. The viewpoint was revised to add a Deployment Model to address these concerns, and is included in an appendix. arXiv:1801.06837v1 [cs.SE] 21 Jan 2018 Keywords: architecture documentation; system of systems; viewpoint defi- nition; active review; expert panel; design cycle 1 Introduction A system of systems (SoS) is created by composing constituent systems. -
Kruchten Frog Octopus JSS V6
Paper submitted to the Journal of Software and Systems, July 2011, resubmitted November 2011. The frog and the octopus: a conceptual model of software development Philippe Kruchten University of British Columbia 2332 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6N2T9 Canada email: [email protected] phone: +1 (604) 827-5654 fax: +1 (604) 822-5949 Abstract We propose a conceptual model of software development that encompasses all approaches: traditional or agile, light and heavy, for large and small development efforts. The model identifies both the common aspects in all software development, i.e., elements found in some form or another in each and every software development project (Intent, Product, People, Work, Time, Quality, Risk, Cost, Value), as well as the variable part, i.e., the main factors that cause the very wide variations we can find in the software development world (Size, Age, Criticality, Architecture stability, Business model, Governance, Rate of change, Geographic distribution). We show how the model can be used as an explanatory theory of software development, as a tool for analysis of practices, techniques, processes, as the basis for curriculum design or for software process adoption and improvement, and to support empirical research on software development methods. This model is also proposed as a way to depolarize the debate on agile methods versus the rest-of-the-world: a unified model. Keywords: software development, conceptual model, ontology, method, software development process, software engineering, theory Visual abstract for JSS: !"#$%& !"#$%& '()*& '()*& Alternate visual abstract for JSS: Authorʼs bio: Philippe Kruchten is professor of software engineering at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. -
(2008). Exploring the Impact of Systems Architecture
Exploring the Impact of Systems Architecture and Systems Requirements on Systems Integration Complexity Dr. Rashmi Jaini, Anithashree Chandrasekaran, George Elias, Dr. Robert Cloutier Stevens Institute of Technology [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract development projects in the government The need to perform faster systems sector. integration of complex systems require the Keywords: System Architecture, System architect and design team understand how Integration, Integration Complexity, System the selected architecture and design Requirements components will impact the system Introduction integration processes complexity. System It is necessary to determine if integration process complexity is an integration of the defined physical elements outcome of the interaction between degree and interfaces in system architecture of feasibility and level of effort required to contributes to system integration process understand, describe, implement, manage complexity. Today’s systems are usually and document the system integration process expected to function independently and in for a given system development and cooperation with the existing systems operational environment. This paper (system of systems). The cooperating analyzes the cause and effect relationships systems undergo frequent changes and between the system requirements, interoperability becomes a key factor and a architecture and the system integration major contributor to system integration processes complexity. In order to address process complexity. Interoperability is based systems integration issues upfront in the on the existence of the conceptual view design phase it is necessary to determine if [Carney and Oberndoff, 2004]. The the architecture and design of components, conceptual view can be embodied in sub-systems, processes and interfaces requirements and architecture/design and the impacts (and to what extent) system system architecture determines the level of integration process complexity. -
Toward an Evolutionary System of Systems Architecture Scott A
Toward an Evolutionary System of Systems Architecture Scott A. Selberg Mark A. Austin Agilent Technologies, Inc. Institute for Systems Research 1400 Fountain Grove Parkway University of Maryland Mailstop 4USE Col 26HH College Park, MD 20742 Santa Rosa, CA 95403 Copyright © 2008 by Institute for Systems Research. Published and used by INCOSE with permission. Abstract. While recent advances in computing/communications technology have enabled the development and managed evolution of large scale system of systems (SoS) applications, lessons learned from industry indicate that these projects are not always successful. A key problem is the lack of a formal framework from which the development and management of SoS architectures can be studied. This paper describes the key ingredients and approaches to formal analysis that we believe will end up in this architectural infrastructure. Introduction The world is full of systems that are being upgraded from industrial- to information-age capability. System upgrades are commonly driven by the need for enhancements, either by expanding functionality or improving performance. Often, present-day systems are limited by their ability to: (1) sense the surrounding environment in which they are operating, (2) look ahead and anticipate events, and (3) control system behavior. In an effort to relax, or even remove, these constraints, next-generation systems are incorporating advances in computing, sensing, and communications. Sensors gather data which is fed to computers for advanced processing. The enriched information leads to better decision making which in turn is fed back to automated control systems. Through this process, the aforementioned barriers are overcome, thereby providing the desired results. The first important consequence of this trend is that over time, present-day reliance on centralized management of operations will be replaced by operations that are partially or fully decentralized. -
Understanding Architectural Assets
® IBM Software Group Understanding Architectural Assets Peter Eeles [email protected] © 2008 IBM Corporation IBM Software Group | Rational software Agenda Introduction Sources of architecture Types of architectural asset Characterizing architectural assets Automating asset reuse Conclusion 2 IBM Software Group | Rational software Inputs into this Presentation Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA) 2008 18 – 22 February 2008, Vancouver, BC, Canada Working session: Architectural Knowledge IBM Asset Architecture Board Reusable Asset Specification Rational Asset Manager RUP for Asset-based Development © 2006 Tourism Vancouver 3 IBM Software Group | Rational software Agenda Introduction Sources of architecture Types of architectural asset Characterizing architectural assets Automating asset reuse Conclusion 4 IBM Software Group | Rational software Sources of Architecture Theft From a previous system or from technical literature Method An approach to deriving the architecture from the requirements Intuition The experience of the architect From “Mommy, Where Do Software Architectures Come From?”, Philippe Kruchten 1st International Workshop on Architectures for Software Systems, Seattle, 1995 5 IBM Software Group | Rational software Agenda Introduction Sources of architecture Types of architectural asset Characterizing architectural assets Automating asset reuse Conclusion 6 IBM Software Group | Rational software What Types of Architectural Asset are there? Reference Design Architecture -
The Software Architect -And the Software Architecture Team
The Software Architect -and the Software Architecture Team Philippe Kruchten Rational Software, 650 West 41st Avenue #638, Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 2M9 Canada pbk@ rational. com Key words: Architecture, architect, team, process Abstract: Much has been written recently about software architecture, how to represent it, and where design fits in the software development process. In this article I will focus on the people who drive this effort: the architect or a team of architects-the software architecture team. Who are they, what special skills do they have, how do they organise themselves, and where do they fit in the project or the organisation? 1. AN ARCHITECT OR AN ARCHITECTURE TEAM In his wonderful book The Mythical Man-Month, Fred Brooks wrote that a challenging project must have one architect and only one. But more recently, he agreed that "Conceptual integrity is the vital property of a software product. It can be achieved by a single builder, or a pair. But that is too slow for big products, which are built by teams."' Others concur: "The greatest architectures are the product of a single mind or, at least, of a very small, carefully structured team."2 More precisely: "Every project should have exactly one identifiable architect, although for larger projects, the principal architect should be backed up by an architecture team of modest size."3 1 Keynote address, ICSE-17, Seattle, April1995 2 Rechtin 1991 , p. 22 3 Booch 1996, p. 196 The original version of this chapter was revised: The copyright line was incorrect. This has been corrected. The Erratum to this chapter is available at DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-35563-4 35 P. -
110707 What Colours Is Your Backlog Boston 2Up.Pptx
Agile New England July 2011 Agility and Architecture or: What colours is your backlog? Philippe Kruchten July 7, 2011 Philippe Kruchten, Ph.D., P.Eng., CSDP Professor of So*ware Engineering NSERC Chair in Design Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of BriLsh Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada [email protected] Founder and president Kruchten Engineering Services Ltd Vancouver, BC Canada [email protected] Co founder and past-chair Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 2 Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 1 Agile New England July 2011 Outline 1. The frog and the octopus 2. Architecture and agility 3. Release planning 4. Technical debt 5. Architecture, agility,… revisited Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 5 A Conceptual Model of SoYware Development 4 key concepts, 5 key aributes . Intent . Time . Product . Value . Quality . Work . Cost . Risk . People Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 8 Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 2 Agile New England July 2011 Intent, Work, People, Product Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 9 Frog: “All projects are the same” Value Value Cost Cost Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 10 Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 3 Agile New England July 2011 Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 11 Octopus: “All projects are different!” Size Domain, Age of Degree of Industry the CriLcality Innovaon system Rate of Business change Context model Gover Stable architec nance Corporate & Team ture Organizaonal Naonal Culture distribu Maturity on Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 12 Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 4 Agile New England July 2011 SW Dev. Project: Tension between Intent and Product Intent Work V Product Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten T 13 Iteraons Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 14 Copyright © 2011 Philippe Kruchten 5 Agile New England July 2011 Outline 1. -
The Past, Present, and Future for Software Architecture
focusguest editors’ introduction The Past, Present, and Future of Software Architecture Philippe Kruchten, University of British Columbia Henk Obbink, Philips Research Europe Judith Stafford, Tufts University his special issue celebrates 10 years of software architecture con- ferences and workshops and the 10th anniversary of the first IEEE Software special issue on the topic in November 1995. We T aim to address the latest thinking about creating, capturing, and 22 IEEE SOFTWARE Published by the IEEE Computer Society 0740-7459/06/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE using software architecture throughout a soft- ■ Representation: How do we produce ware system’s life. The articles we’ve chosen durable artifacts to communicate architec- cover innovative methods and techniques ture to humans or machines? The concept emerging from research to support software ■ Economics: What architectural issues drive architecture practice. They also emphasize the business decisions? of software methods, techniques, tools, and software engi- architecture neering principles that support organizations And certainly software architecture is tied as a distinct taking an architecture-centric approach to closely to other disciplines and communities, software development. such as software design (in general), software discipline reuse, systems engineering and system architec- started to What is software architecture? ture, enterprise architecture, reverse engineer- Software architecture involves ing, requirements engineering, and quality. emerge in 1990. ■ the structure and organization by which A brief history of software modern system components and subsys- architecture tems interact to form systems, and Looking back in time will help us position ■ the properties of systems that can best be software architecture’s current status and future designed and analyzed at the system level. -
Systems Architecture: Product Designing and Engineering Social
Systems Architecture: Product Designing and Social Engineering Rebecca E. Grinter Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies 263 Shuman Blvd Naperville, IL 60566 USA [email protected] http://www.bell-labs.com/-beki ABSTRACT structure - of what was being designed. The role of The production of large and complex systems usually architect evolved to fill that gap. requires the coordination and collaboration of many At the same time as the role of architect was being individuals spread among numerous divisions of a established within some corporations, software architecture corporation. However, much research examining emergedas a researcharea. Software architecture researchers coordination has focused on the subtleties of interactions have focusedon a number of topics including architectural between individuals who may work together in the same description languagesfor expressing the design, codifying department. In this paper, I present a study of systems architectural experienceinto principles, and domain-specific architects and the work that they do to coordinate design frameworks with formal methods for reasoning about acrossorganizational and institutional boundaries. I also architectures[ 13,251. describethe processesand tools that the architects use to support their work. The implications of the social While much of the research in software architecture has processesinvolved in coordinating the design of large focusedon the outcome of the process - the architecture complex systemson the product and those involved in its itself - there is an increasing concern being shown for production are discussed. understandinghow architecturework happensin practice [ 1, 131. One reason why there has been a turn to Keywords understanding practice is it is often the relationship between Systems architecture, empirical studies of design and the design and the organization that presents challenges. -
Component-Based Software Architectures: a Framework Based on Inheritance of Behavior W.M.P
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Science of Computer Programming 42 (2002) 129–171 www.elsevier.com/locate/scico Component-based software architectures: a framework based on inheritance of behavior W.M.P. van der Aalsta;c;d; ∗, K.M. van Heeb;c, R.A. van der Toornb;c aDepartment of Information and Technology, Faculty of Technology Management, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box513, NL-5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands bDeloitte & Touche Bakkenist, P.O. Box23103, NL-1100 DP Amsterdam, Netherlands cFaculty of Mathematics and Computing Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box513, NL-5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands dDepartment of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box430, Boulder, CO 80309-0430, USA Received 12 April 2000; accepted 19 July 2000 Abstract Software architectures shift the focus of developers from lines-of-code to coarser-grained com- ponents and their interconnection structure. Unlike ÿne-grained objects, these components typi- cally encompass business functionality and need to be aware of the underlying business processes. Hence, the interface of a component should re4ect relevant parts of the business process and the software architecture should emphasize the coordination among components. To shed light on these issues, we provide a framework for component-based software architectures focusing on the process perspective. The interface of a component is described in terms of Petri nets and projection inheritance is used to determine whether a component “ÿts”. Compositionality and substitutability are key issues for component-based development. This paper provides new results to e8ectively deal with these issues.