Chapter 8 Respiratory Dosage Forms
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Inhalation Devices: Various Forms of Administration for Therapeutic Optimization
vv ISSN: 2640-8082 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/oja CLINICAL GROUP Renata Cristina de Angelo Calsaverini Leal* Review Article Santa Fé do Sul Foundation of Education and Culture, Brazil Inhalation Devices: Various forms Dates: Received: 31 May, 2017; Accepted: 26 June, of administration for Therapeutic 2017; Published: 27 June, 2017 *Corresponding author: Renata Cristina de Angelo Optimization Calsaverini Leal, Santa Fé do Sul Foundation of Education and Culture, Brazil, Tel: 55 (17) 3272-2769, E-mail: Keywords: Inhalation; Aerosol; Nebulizer Summary https://www.peertechz.com Introduction: Aerosol therapy consists of spraying liquid particles suspended for therapeutic purposes in the respiratory tract. With direct absorption and deposition at the lung level, avoiding side effects and presenting fast response time. Several factors infl uence the drug action, such as size, particle movement, ventilatory fl ow, pulmonary expansion, anatomy, respiratory mechanics and the nebulizer and patient interface. The therapeutic optimization depends on the type of nebulizer differentiating itself by the physical principle that generates the mist. Objectives: Check advantages and disadvantages of different inhalation devices. Methodology. This is a review of the PubMed database using descriptors: ultrasonic and jet nebulizer, aerosol deposition in the lung, metered dose inhaler and dry, inhaler therapy. Results: Different devices are mentioned in the literature: pneumatic and ultrasonic nebulizers (administering solutions), metered pressurized inhalers - pMDI used with or without expander chamber (administering suspensions) and dry powder inhalers - DPI (administering powder). Discussion and Conclusion: The US has advantages: quiet, does not require coordinating abilities, without propellant gases and quick nebulization with small amount of solution. Disadvantages: change in the active principle of thermosensitive drugs, deposition in the oropharynx and VAI of 2% of inhaled particles. -
Inhaled Steroids in Asthma a Patient's Guide
I I v v v v d v v Patient advice and liaison service (PALS) Actions r v If you have a compliment, complaint or It is sensible to ensure you make the r concern please contact our PALS team on following steps now you have a new r 020 7288 5551 or inhaler d [email protected] d d Pick up our guide on inhalers and If you need a large print, audio or spacers to complement this leaflet translated copy of this leaflet please Inhaled Steroids in Agree on a personalised asthma contact us on 020 7288 3182. We will try plan (this is done with your doctor or our best to meet your needs. Asthma nurse and usually written down for future reference) Remember to take your medicines A patient’s guide as advised Should your inhalers fail to relieve your symptoms, go straight to Accident and Emergency Need Help? Whittington Paediatric Asthma Nurse Tel: 020 7288 5527 Whittington Health Community Nurse Magdala Avenue Islington 020 3316 1950 (8am-6pm) London N19 5NF Haringey 020 8887 3301 (9am – 5pm) Phone: 020 7272 3070 www.whittington.nhs.uk Asthma UK 0300 222 5800 Date published: 25/09/2018 www.asthma.org.uk Review date: 25/09/2020 Ref: C&YP/Paed/ISA/03 © Whittington Health Please recycle Tel: 020 7272 3070 Asthma There are many types of preventer Side Effects Asthma is a common condition affecting inhaler. There are simple steroids like Parents worry about children and young the airway. Usually a trigger (such as dust beclomethasone, and then there are also adults taking inhaled steroids because of or pollen) irritates the airways which combined inhalers, called seretide or side effects they’ve heard about. -
Member List 2016
To help make the use of prescription drugs safer and more affordable, our plan is now using a Drug Quantity Management program. That is, for certain medications, you can receive an amount to last you a certain number of days. This gives you the right amount to take the daily dose considered safe and effective, according to the recommendations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Based on the FDA’s guidelines and other medical information, our plan developed this program together with Express Scripts, the company chosen to manage our prescription drug benefit. The following limits are based on a 30-day supply. If your plan allows for additional days supply, your limits may be higher. For instance, you may be able to get a 90-day supply of your medication through mail order service. Your doctor could also request a prior authorization. If this request is approved, a prior authorization would let you receive more than the recommended quantity. Drug Target Maximum Quantity ABSTRAL 100 MCG TAB SUBLINGUAL 90 units per 30 days ABSTRAL 200 MCG TAB SUBLINGUAL 90 units per 30 days ABSTRAL 300 MCG TAB SUBLINGUAL 90 units per 30 days ABSTRAL 400 MCG TAB SUBLINGUAL 90 units per 30 days ABSTRAL 600 MCG TAB SUBLINGUAL 90 units per 30 days ABSTRAL 800 MCG TAB SUBLINGUAL 90 units per 30 days ACTIQ 1,200 MCG LOZENGE 90 units per 30 days ACTIQ 1,600 MCG LOZENGE 90 units per 30 days ACTIQ 200 MCG LOZENGE 90 units per 30 days ACTIQ 400 MCG LOZENGE 90 units per 30 days ACTIQ 600 MCG LOZENGE 90 units per 30 days ACTIQ 800 MCG LOZENGE 90 units per -
Hydrophilic Surface-Treating Aqueous Solution and Hydrophilic Surface
Europaisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office europeenpeen des brevets EP 0 654 514 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) intci.6: C09D 201/00, C09D 177/04, of the grant of the patent: C09D 5/08, C23C 22/68, 09.12.1998 Bulletin 1998/50 C23C 22/66 (21) Application number: 94307102.7 (22) Date of filing: 28.09.1994 (54) Hydrophilic surface-treating aqueous solution and hydrophilic surface-treating method Hydrophile wassrige Oberflachenbehandlungslosung und hydrophiles Oberflachenbehandlungsverfahren Solution aqueuse hydrophile de traitement de surface, et methode de traitement de surface (84) Designated Contracting States: • Hirasawa, Hidekimi DE FR GB Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa (JP) • Yamasoe, Katsuyoshi (30) Priority: 06.10.1993 JP 250314/93 Yotsukaido-shi, Chiba (JP) (43) Date of publication of application: (74) Representative: Stuart, Ian Alexander et al 24.05.1995 Bulletin 1995/21 MEWBURN ELLIS York House (73) Proprietor: Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. 23 Kingsway Kita-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 531 (JP) London WC2B 6HP (GB) (72) Inventors: (56) References cited: • Matsukawa, Masahiko EP-A- 0 413 260 US-A-4 828 616 Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa (JP) US-A- 4 908 075 US-A- 4 973 359 • Mikami, Fujio Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa (JP) DO ^> lo ^- LO CO Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice the Patent Office of the Notice of shall be filed in o to European opposition to European patent granted. opposition a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. -
(CCC)95-Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) Relationship
Minerals 2012, 2, 208-227; doi:10.3390/min2030208 OPEN ACCESS minerals ISSN 2075-163X www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Article Characterizing Frothers through Critical Coalescence Concentration (CCC)95-Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) Relationship Wei Zhang 1, Jan E. Nesset 2, Ramachandra Rao 1 and James A. Finch 1,* 1 Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Univeristy Street, Wong Building, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada; E-Mails: [email protected] (W.Z.); [email protected] (R.R.) 2 NesseTech Consulting Services Inc., 17-35 Sculler’s Way, St., Catharines, ON L2N 7S9, Canada; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +01-514-398-1452; Fax: +01-514-398-4492. Received: 22 June 2012; in revised form: 26 July 2012 / Accepted: 31 July 2012 / Published: 13 August 2012 Abstract: Frothers are surfactants commonly used to reduce bubble size in mineral flotation. This paper describes a methodology to characterize frothers by relating impact on bubble size reduction represented by CCC (critical coalescence concentration) to frother structure represented by HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance). Thirty-six surfactants were tested from three frother families: Aliphatic Alcohols, Polypropylene Glycol Alkyl Ethers and Polypropylene Glycols, covering a range in alkyl groups (represented by n, the number of carbon atoms) and number of Propylene Oxide groups (represented by m). The Sauter 3 mean size (D32) was derived from bubble size distribution measured in a 0.8 m mechanical flotation cell. The D32 vs. concentration data were fitted to a 3-parameter model to determine CCC95, the concentration giving 95% reduction in bubble size compared to water only. -
Physicochemical Properties and the Gelation Process of Supramolecular Hydrogels: a Review
gels Review Physicochemical Properties and the Gelation Process of Supramolecular Hydrogels: A Review Abdalla H. Karoyo and Lee D. Wilson * Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-306-966-2961 Academic Editor: Clemens K. Weiss Received: 10 November 2016; Accepted: 2 December 2016; Published: 1 January 2017 Abstract: Supramolecular polysaccharide-based hydrogels have attracted considerable research interest recently due to their high structural functionality, low toxicity, and potential applications in foods, cosmetics, catalysis, drug delivery, tissue engineering and the environment. Modulation of the stability of hydrogels is of paramount importance, especially in the case of stimuli-responsive systems. This review will update the recent progress related to the rational design of supramolecular hydrogels with the objective of understanding the gelation process and improving their physical gelation properties for tailored applications. Emphasis will be given to supramolecular host–guest systems with reference to conventional gels in describing general aspects of gel formation. A brief account of the structural characterization of various supramolecular hydrogels is also provided in order to gain a better understanding of the design of such materials relevant to the nature of the intermolecular interactions, thermodynamic properties of the gelation process, and the critical concentration values of the precursors and the solvent components. This mini-review contributes to greater knowledge of the rational design of supramolecular hydrogels with tailored applications in diverse fields ranging from the environment to biomedicine. Keywords: gel; sol; aggregation; cyclodextrin; hydration 1. Introduction Polymer gels are generally defined as 3D networks swollen by a large amount of water [1]. -
T8532 Storage Temperature 25°C
TRITON X-100 Product Number X-100, T9284, T8787, T8532 Storage Temperature 25°C CAS #: 9002-93-1 reported in numerous references. It does absorb in the Synonyms: X-100; TRITON X-1001; Octylphenol ultraviolet region of the spectrum, so it can interfere 1 ethylene oxide condensate with protein quantitation by absorption at A280nm. A number of polymeric resins have been used to remove Product Description X-100 from solution, including Amberlite hydrophobic XAD resins6 and Rezorian A161 cartridges.3 The "Triton X" series of detergents are produced from CH3 CH3 octylphenol polymerized with ethylene oxide. The number ("-100") relates only indirectly to the number of H3C C CH2 C (OCH2CH2)xOH ethylene oxide units in the structure. X-100 has an CH CH "average of 9.5" ethylene oxide units per molecule, with 3 3 an average molecular weight of 625.1,3 In addition, lower and higher mole adducts will be present in lesser amounts, varying slightly within supplier's standard manufacturing conditions. A by-product formed during x = 9-10 the reaction is polyethylene glycol, a homopolymer of Appearance: Liquid, clear to slightly hazy, colorless to ethylene oxide. Acid is also added to the product to light yellow neutralize the product after the base catalyzed reaction Specific gravity: 1.065 at 25°C (approx. 1.07 g/mL)1 is completed. No antioxidants are added by Sigma or Approximate Molecular Weight: 6251; the manufacturer, but commercial preparations of Triton 1 X-100 have been found to contain peroxides up to effective molarity =1.7 M for the neat liquid. -
European Patent Specification
(19) TZZ ¥_T (11) EP 2 629 763 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A61K 9/00 (2006.01) A61Q 17/04 (2006.01) 06.12.2017 Bulletin 2017/49 A61K 8/49 (2006.01) A61K 31/353 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 11788238.1 (86) International application number: PCT/US2011/001802 (22) Date of filing: 24.10.2011 (87) International publication number: WO 2012/054090 (26.04.2012 Gazette 2012/17) (54) METHODS OF INCREASING SOLUBILITY OF POORLY SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING FORMULATIONS OF SUCH COMPOUNDS VERFAHREN ZUR ERHÖHUNG DER LÖSLICHKEIT VON SCHWER LÖSLICHEN VERBINDUNGEN UND VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON FORMULIERUNGEN DERARTIGER VERBINDUNGEN PROCÉDÉS VISANT À ACCROÎTRE LA SOLUBILITÉ DE COMPOSÉS FAIBLEMENT SOLUBLES, ET PROCÉDÉS DE FABRICATION ET D’UTILISATION DE FORMULATIONS DE TELS COMPOSÉS (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: Stafford, Jonathan Alan Lewis et AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB al GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Marks & Clerk LLP PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR 1 New York Street Manchester M1 4HD (GB) (30) Priority: 22.10.2010 PCT/US2010/002821 22.04.2011 US 201113064882 (56) References cited: EP-A1- 1 600 143 EP-A1- 1 731 134 (43) Date of publication of application: WO-A2-2007/006497 WO-A2-2010/007252 28.08.2013 Bulletin 2013/35 DE-A1- 10 129 973 DE-A1- 10 260 872 US-A- 4 603 046 (60) Divisional application: 17199056.7 • RODRIGUEZ-TENREIRO ET AL: "Estradiol sustained release from high affinity cyclodextrin (73) Proprietor: Vizuri Health Sciences LLC hydrogels", EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF Fairfax, VA 22033 (US) PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V., (72) Inventor: BIRBARA, Philip, J. -
Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions
pharmaceutics Article Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions Shahla S. Smail 1,2,* , Mowafaq M. Ghareeb 3, Huner K. Omer 2 , Ali A. Al-Kinani 1,* and Raid G. Alany 1,4 1 Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, Department of Pharmacy, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil 44001, Iraq; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq; [email protected] 4 School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.S.S.); [email protected] (A.A.A.-K.) Abstract: Nanoemulsions (NE) are isotropic, dispersions of oil, water, surfactant(s) and cosurfac- tant(s). A range of components (11 surfactants, nine cosurfactants, and five oils) were investigated as potential excipients for preparation of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) ocular nanoemulsion. Diol cosur- factants were investigated for the effect of their carbon chain length and dielectric constant (DEC), Log P, and HLB on saturation solubility of KT. Hen’s Egg Test—ChorioAllantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay was used to evaluate conjunctival irritation of selected excipients. Of the investigated surfac- Citation: Smail, S.S.; Ghareeb, M.M.; Omer, H.K.; Al-Kinani, A.A.; Alany, tants, Tween 60 achieved the highest KT solubility (9.89 ± 0.17 mg/mL), followed by Cremophor RH R.G. Studies on Surfactants, 40 (9.00 ± 0.21 mg/mL); amongst cosurfactants of interest ethylene glycol yielded the highest KT Cosurfactants, and Oils for solubility (36.84 ± 0.40 mg/mL), followed by propylene glycol (26.23 ± 0.82 mg/mL). -
Drugs That Are Not Covered
Drugs that are Not Covered* Current 10/1/21 In addition to this list, newly marketed prescription medications may not be covered until the Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee has had an opportunity to review the medication, to determine whether the medication will be covered and if so, which tier will apply based on safety, efficacy and the availability of other products within that class of medications. The current list of newly marketed drugs can be found on our New to Market Drug list. Abilify tablets albuterol HFA inhalers (authorized Apexicon E cream Abilify MyCite tablets generics for ProAir, Proventil, Ventolin Apidra vials Absorica capsules HFA inhalers) Apidra SoloStar injection Absorica LD capsules Aldactone tablets Aplenzin tablets Abstral sublingual tablets Aldara cream Apriso capsules Acanya gel and pump gel Alkindi sprinkle capsules Arava tablets Accupril tablets Allegra Children’s Allergy ODT Arazlo lotion acetaminophen 320.5 mg/caffeine 30 Allegra ODT, suspension and tablets Arestin microspheres mg/dihydrocodeine 16 mg Alltizal tablets Aricept tablets capsulesAciphex tablets alogliptin (authorized generic for Aricept ODT Aciphex Sprinkle capsules Nesina) Arimidex tablets Acticlate tablets alogliptin/metformin tablets (authorized Arixtra injection Active-Prep kits generic for Kazano) ArmonAir Digihaler inhaler Activella tablets alogliptin/pioglitazone (authorized ArmonAir Respiclick inhaler Actonel tablets generic for Oseni) Aromasin tablets Actoplus Met tablets Alphagan P 0.1% eye drops Arthrotec 50 and 75 tablets Actos -
L092 Session: L168 Thoracic Epidural Analgesia in the Re
Session: L092 Session: L168 Thoracic Epidural Analgesia in the Recently Anticoagulated Patient: Is This a Good Idea? Anuj Malhotra, M.D. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY Disclosures: This presenter has no financial relationships with commercial interests Stem Case and Key Questions Content A 52 year old male presents for open resection for colon cancer. He has had multiple prior abdominal surgeries and the planned approach is a supraumbilical midline incision that will cover the T6-T10 dermatomes. The patient is obese and has a history of COPD. Vitals: HR 70, BP 126/68, O2 sat 95% on RA, Ht 6'0", Wt 285 lbs 1) What surgical features and patient factors make this patient a good candidate for a thoracic epidural? 2) What level should this block be placed at? Should it be placed paramedian or midline? What should be infused? 3) Does it matter if the epidural is activated before surgery (pre-emptive analgesia) or after? What are the pros and cons of early dosing? The patient also has chronic abdominal pain treated with methadone 10 mg three times daily and oxycodone 5-10 mg four times daily. He is very concerned about difficulty with extubation, postoperative pain, and ileus. Medications: Methadone 10 mg tid, oxycodone 5-10 mg q 6 hrs prn, albuterol inhaler prn, fluticasone/salmeterol inhaler bid, metoprolol XL 50 mg daily ECG: irregularly irregular @ 70 bpm, QTc 440 ms 4) What patient characteristics suggest the need for postoperative pain control? Will thoracic epidural analgesia decrease ileus? Will it shorten duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation? 5) Does thoracic epidural analgesia affect long-term outcomes such as mortality or chronic postoperative pain? 6) Should his methadone be continued perioperatively if he has a neuraxial block for pain control? Upon reviewing the ECG and questioning the patient further, he reports a recent diagnosis of atrial fibrillation for which he takes dabigatran 150 mg bid for stroke prevention. -
PATENT OFFICE 2,159,312 PROCESS for BREAKING OL-N-WATER, TYPE PETROLEUM EMULSIONS Carles M
Patented May 23, 1939 2,159,312 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,159,312 PROCESS FOR BREAKING OL-N-WATER, TYPE PETROLEUM EMULSIONS Carles M. Blair, Jr., Webster Groves, Mo., assign or to fhe Tret-O-Lite Company, Webster Groves, Mc., a corporation of Missouri No orawing. Application December 13, 1937, Serial No. 179,471 1. Claims. (CI. 196-4) This invention relates to the treatment of a tive colioid or equivalent thereof. To this extent, certain peculiar kind of naturally occurring crude although not necessarily due to this factor alone, oil emulsion and has for its main object to provide these particular or peculiar oil field emulsions, a practicable process for separating the water ianiely, the naturally occurring oil-in-water ... and oil contained in said peculiar emulsion. emulsions having a significant proportion of dis 5 The vast majority of petroleum emulsions are of persed phase and a substantially complete absence the Water-in-oil type and comprise fine droplets Of a protective colloid or equivalent substance of naturally occurring waters or brines dispersed appear to be substantially a new type of emulsion in a more or less permanent state throughout the that requires a new method of treatment, in 10. oil, which constitutes the continuous phase of the order to separate them economically and rapidly O emulsion. They are obtained from producing into their component parts, and thus permit the wells and from the botton of oil storage tanks, recovery of dry or merchantable oil, and are commonly referred to as "cut oil', 'roily It is to be emphasized that the external phase oil', 'emulsified oil', and 'bottom settlings'.