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ULTRASTRUCTURE of the SPERMATHECA of Melipona Bicolor Bicolor LEP

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ULTRASTRUCTURE of the SPERMATHECA of Melipona Bicolor Bicolor LEP Original Article ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SPERMATHECA OF Melipona bicolor bicolor LEP. (HYMENOPTERA, APINAE, MELIPONINI) ULTRA-ESTRUTURA DA ESPERMATECA DE Melipona bicolor bicolor Lep. (HYMENOPTERA, APINAE, MELIPONINI) Carminda da CRUZ-LANDIM1; Antonio Teruyoshi YABUKI2; Mônika IAMONTE3 ABSTRACT: The ultrastructural studies of the spermathecal wall of virgin and mated queens of Melipona bicolor showed that it is composed by a single layer of columnar pseudostratified epithelium lined internally by a thick cuticle and covered externally with an extensive tracheal network. Striking differences occur between the organ of the two life phases, although the general pattern of organization remain the same. Although vacuoles containing low electrondensity material are present in the mated queen epithelial cells, the ultrastructural features of the cells seem do not support a secretory function. Instead the ultrastructure of the cells point to a function in exchange of products directly with the hemolymph. An unexpected find was the presence of spermatozoa into the epithelial cells vesicles. Based upon the organ morphology a function of maintainance of an appropriated environment to the sperm cells is assigned to the spermatheca of M. bicolor. UNITERMS: Stingless bee, Sperm storage, Reproduction, Spermatozoa. INTRODUCTION organ. Several hypothesis are present in literature, going from a single storage function to the responsibility by the The spermatheca is one of the accessory sperm capacitation (KAULENAS, 1992). reproductive organs of female insects, having the function The present report describes the spermatheca of of storage the sperm until the moment of eggs fertilization. virgin and mated queens of a stingless eusocial bee, and In Apis mellifera queens, the spermatheca, is a advance some interpretation of the morphological features globular sac attached through a duct, to the beginning of in terms of the organ function. the vagina. After the early works of Marchal (1894) and Bresslau (1905), few other contributions were substancial MATERIAL AND METHODS to the understanding of the morphology and physiology of this organ in the bees (SNODGRASS, 1956; FYG, 1960; Spermathecae, in number of ten, were removed KOENIGER, 1969; CAMARGO; MELLO, 1970; from virgin and mated queens of Melipona bicolor POOLE, 1970; DALLAI, 1975). Even in other bicolor obtained from colonies maintained in the apiary hymenopteran, than bees, the available studies are restrict of the Instituto de Biociências (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, (CAMARGO-MATHIAS, 2000). Brasil and Laboratório de Abelhas from the Instituto de The studies accomplished describe the anatomy, Biociências (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil. histology and histochemistry of the organ, given a fairly Three spermathecae were fixed in Karnovisky complete picture of its structure, but they do not provide for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), freeze-dried sufficient and definitive information about the organ and after cleavage coated with gold for examination and physiology. Although is known that the spermatozoa, after photographing in a Philips SEM. Seven were fixed for copulation, are stored in the spermatheca, the different Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) in 2,5% authors diverge about the relationships of them with the gluraldehyde in 0,1M Na Cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, during 1 Professor Titular do Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP 2 Técnico Especializado do Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP 3 Auxiliar de Laboratório do Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP Recebido em 16/04/02 Aceito em 20/08/02 Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v.19, n.1, p. 57-64, Jan./Abr. 2003 57 Ultrastructure of the spermatheca ... CRUZ-LANDIM, C. et al. at least 3 h. After washing in the buffer, the spermathecae and amorphous material stained with the ruthenium red were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in the same buffer. in the basal lamina and basal cytoplasm. Besides the The dehydration was carried out in graded acetone spermathecae of mated queens presents huge vacuoles concentrations (30% - 50%, 70%, 90%, 95%, 100%). A and multivesicular bodies in the apical region of the cells, staining of the hole organ was done, during dehydration, fulfilled with low electrondensity material (Fig. 4C). with 2% uranyl acetate in 10% acetone, during 6 h. The An unexpected finding in the epithelial cells of embbeding was made in Epon Araldite. The thin sections mated queens was the presence of spermatozoa into were stained with lead citrate, and the examination and vesicles (Fig. 5 A, B, C). Besides unexpected, this finding photographing in a Philips TEM. is also difficult to explain since the spermathecal lumen is To the fixatives of some spermathecae were add lined by a thick and apparently continuous cuticle, impossible 0,5% ruthenium red. of being crossed by the sperm cells. In spite of this, Some thick sections were stained with 1% spermatozoa were found into the cytoplasm, always inside toluidine blue and examined and photographed with light membrane bounded vesicles (Figs. 5 A, B, C). microscopy (LM). The structures indicative of intracellular digestion seen in the epithelial cells, seem in some cases, be RESULTS resulting of autophagy (Figs. 4 A, C) but in others seem result from sperm cell digestion, into the epithelial cells The spermatheca of M. bicolor is a small round, (Figs. 5C, D, E). hollow organ, constituted by a continuous epithelial wall around the inner lumen (Fig. 1 A). The epithelium is covered, DISCUSSION in the luminal surface, by a cuticular lining and outside by a thick basement membrane and an intricated net of Within the insects the shape, arrangement and tracheolar branches (Figs. 1 B, 2 A). Outside the basement number of spermathecae is quite diverse (MATSUDA, membrane, lie a kind of serosa or peritoneal sheath 1976). However if considered their microscopic structure constituted by layers of amorphous intercellular substances in various insect orders a great deal of similarities in the containing scattered elongated serosal cells (Fig. 2 B). cellular organization can be find (AHMED; GILLOT, 1982). A general view of the spermathecal wall shows The primary function of the spermatheca is a single prismatic pseudostratified epithelium (Figs. 1 storage the spermatozoa for the time between the mating A, C and 2 A), in which the small, round to elliptical and the eggs fertilization. In eusocial bees, this time could nuclei, form rows slightly displaced to the cell basal be very long, since the queen remains for long time laying region (Figs. 1 A, C, 2 A). The cytoplasm is fulfilled by eggs in the colonies after mating. a labyrinth of the apical and basal plasmic membranes The ultrastructural features of the spermathecal infolds that runs through all cell. The basement epithelium are not typical of secretory function, although membrane and tracheoles penetrate to some extension, it could be expected from the function of storage the into the narrow extracellular compartiments formed by spermatozoa during long times (8 months to an year or the basal infoldings (Figs. 2 A, B). more). By other hand, the possibility of an exchange of The morphological features of the spermatheca substances between epithelial cells and either the is basically the same in the virgin and fisogastric queens, spermathecal lumen on one way, or the hemolymph on but differences indicative of changed activity in the last the other is supported by the epithelial cells structure. ones, can be noted. The pronounced apical invaginations of plasmic membrane The labyrinth formed by the plasmic membrane and the extensive basal labyrinth, as well as its membrane infoldings, mainly in the basal region, turn around decorations and the particularly high density of the mitochondria, which show very plastic shapes, longitudinal mitochondrial matrix argue for active transport process cristae and dense matrix (Fig. 3 A, B). The lumen of the (BERRIDGE; OSCHMAN, 1972). The basal labyrinth labyrinth is very narrow and it cytosolic surface is decorated association with mitochondria is strongly reminiscent of with quantasomes (Fig. 3 B), mainly in virgin queens. the scalariform junctions described by Noirot-Timothée The epithelial cells of the spermathecae of virgin et al. (1979), involved in fluid transport in termite hindgut. queens are lower and, have more round nuclei, with The labyrinth of plasmic membrane infoldings disperse chromatin and large nucleoli (Figs. 2 A, 3 A ). In provided of quantasomes and associated with mitochondria the epithelium of the mated queen are figures are indicative of active exchange of substances with the representative of intracellular digestion (Figs. 4 A, B, C) hemolymph, that could in the same way be responsible Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v.19, n.1, p. 57-64, Jan./Abr. 2003 58 Ultrastructure of the spermatheca ... CRUZ-LANDIM, C. et al. by the sperm maintenance. Substances must be actively spermathecal wall, the organ is provide with a small absorbed from hemolymph being the decorations present acessory spermathecal gland that seems functional and in the cytosolic side of the infoldings membranes, must contribute with it secretion, and the substances constitued by enzymes actuating in the absorption process, absorbed from hemolymph, to compose the stored as seen in the hindgut and rectal papillae (SMITH, 1968; spermatozoa environ. MARTOJA; BALLAN-DUFRANÇAIS, 1984; Dallai (1975) and Camargo-Mathias (2000) report BERRIDGE;
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