Editorial Note To: F. Zwicky the Redshift of Extragalactic Nebulae
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The Planck Satellite and the Cosmic Microwave Background
The Cosmic Microwave Background, Dark Matter and Dark Energy Anthony Lasenby, Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory and Kavli Institute for Cosmology, Cambridge Overview The Cosmic Microwave Background — exciting new results from the Planck Satellite Context of the CMB =) addressing key questions about the Big Bang and the Universe, including Dark Matter and Dark Energy Planck Satellite and planning for its observations have been a long time in preparation — first meetings in 1993! UK has been intimately involved Two instruments — the LFI (Low — e.g. Cambridge is the Frequency Instrument) and the HFI scientific data processing (High Frequency Instrument) centre for the HFI — RAL provided the 4K Cooler The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) So what is the CMB? Anywhere in empty space at the moment there is radiation present corresponding to what a blackbody would emit at a temperature of ∼ 2:74 K (‘Blackbody’ being a perfect emitter/absorber — furnace with a small opening is a good example - needs perfect thermodynamic equilibrium) CMB spectrum is incredibly accurately black body — best known in nature! COBE result on this showed CMB better than its own reference b.b. within about 9 minutes of data! Universe History Radiation was emitted in the early universe (hot, dense conditions) Hot means matter was ionised Therefore photons scattered frequently off the free electrons As universe expands it cools — eventually not enough energy to keep the protons and electrons apart — they History of the Universe: superluminal inflation, particle plasma, -
Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, 1940-1973
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2p300278 No online items Inventory of the Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, 1940-1973 Processed by Ronald S. Brashear; machine-readable finding aid created by Gabriela A. Montoya Manuscripts Department The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2203 Fax: (626) 449-5720 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org/huntingtonlibrary.aspx?id=554 © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection Inventory of the Ira Sprague 1 Bowen Papers, 1940-1973 Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection Inventory of the Ira Sprague Bowen Paper, 1940-1973 The Huntington Library San Marino, California Contact Information Manuscripts Department The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2203 Fax: (626) 449-5720 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org/huntingtonlibrary.aspx?id=554 Processed by: Ronald S. Brashear Encoded by: Gabriela A. Montoya © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, Date (inclusive): 1940-1973 Creator: Bowen, Ira Sprague Extent: Approximately 29,000 pieces in 88 boxes Repository: The Huntington Library San Marino, California 91108 Language: English. Provenance Placed on permanent deposit in the Huntington Library by the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection. This was done in 1989 as part of a letter of agreement (dated November 5, 1987) between the Huntington and the Carnegie Observatories. The papers have yet to be officially accessioned. Cataloging of the papers was completed in 1989 prior to their transfer to the Huntington. -
Edwin Powell Hubble Papers: Finding Aid
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7b69n8rd Online items available Edwin Powell Hubble Papers: Finding Aid Processed by Ronald S. Brashear, completed December 12, 1997; machine-readable finding aid created by Xiuzhi Zhou and updated by Diann Benti in June 2017. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Edwin Powell Hubble Papers: mssHUB 1-1098 1 Finding Aid Overview of the Collection Title: Edwin Powell Hubble Papers Dates (inclusive): 1900-1989 Collection Number: mssHUB 1-1098 Creator: Hubble, Edwin, 1889-1953. Extent: 1300 pieces, plus ephemera in 34 boxes Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: This collection contains the papers of Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953), an astronomer at the Mount Wilson Observatory near Pasadena, California. as well as the diaries and biographical memoirs of his wife, Grace Burke Hubble. Language: English. Access Open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department. For more information, contact Reader Services. Publication Rights The Huntington Library does not require that researchers request permission to quote from or publish images of this material, nor does it charge fees for such activities. The responsibility for identifying the copyright holder, if there is one, and obtaining necessary permissions rests with the researcher. Preferred Citation [Identification of item]. -
A Propensity for Genius: That Something Special About Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974)
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 42 Number 1 Article 2 2-2006 A Propensity for Genius: That Something Special About Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974) John Charles Mannone Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Mannone, John Charles (2006) "A Propensity for Genius: That Something Special About Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974)," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol42/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Mannone: A Propensity for Genius A Propensity for Genius: That Something Special About Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974) by John Charles Mannone Preface It is difficult to write just a few words about a man who was so great. It is even more difficult to try to capture the nuances of his character, including his propensity for genius as well as his eccentric behavior edging the abrasive as much as the funny, the scope of his contributions, the size of his heart, and the impact on society that the distinguished physicist, Fritz Zwicky (1898- 1974), has made. So I am not going to try to serve that injustice, rather I will construct a collage, which are cameos of his life and accomplishments. In this way, you, the reader, will hopefully be left with a sense of his greatness and a desire to learn more about him. -
E F L E C T I O
SUMMER . QUARTER / JUNE . 2 0 1 6 r eflections the universe expanded here Realuminizing the 100-inch Mirror On Friday, May 27, the 100-inch glass was stripped of its old aluminum coating and prepped for a new covering in ARKIMOVICH the Observatory’s aluminization chamber. The procedure NIK is described by Observatory Director Tom Meneghini as “a fairly Herculean undertaking.” Observatory staff has located a photograph of Dr. John Strong and Dr. Enrique Gaviola of Caltech inspecting the surface of the 100-inch mirror coated with aluminum in- stead of the “customary silver.” Although the photograph appears to be undated, it was most likely 1935, for this was the year that the 100-inch mirror lost its silver coat- ing and was recoated with aluminum in a new vacuum chamber designed by Dr. Strong and built in the Carnegie prepared for a new aluminum coating. The bare 100-inch (it is actually Observatories’ machine shops on Santa Barbara Street in 101 inches) mirror, with its layers, bubbles, swirls, and cavities, in a prepared Pasadena. condition for a new aluminum coating. According to Milton Humason in his article entitled “The Aluminizing of the 100-inch and 60-inch Reflectors of the Mount Wilson Observatory” (Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 47, no. 276, April 1935), Dr. Strong’s method of aluminizing glass, pyrex, or quartz disks by the evaporation pro- cess was developed so rapidly that “it has recently been possible to aluminize successfully both the 100-inch and 60-inch reflectors of the Mount Wilson Observatory.” to page 5 In this issue .. -
The 100-Inch Telescope of the Mount Wilson Observatory
The 100-Inch Telescope of the Mount Wilson Observatory An International Historical Mechanical Engineering Landmark The American Society of Mechanical Engineers June 20, 1981 Mount Wilson Observatory Mount Wilson, California BACKGROUND THE MOUNT WILSON OBSERVATORY was founded in 1904 by the CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASH- INGTON, a private foundation for scientific research supported largely from endowments provided by Andrew Carnegie. Within a few years, the Observatory became the world center of research in the new science of astrophysics, which is the application of principles of physics to astronomical objects beyond the earth. These include the sun, the planets of our solar system, the stars in our galaxy, and the system of galaxies that reaches to the limits of the The completed facility. visible universe. SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS The Mount Wilson 100-inch reflector dominated dis- coveries in astronomy from its beginning in 1918 until the dedication of the Palomar 200-inch reflector in 1948. (Both telescopes are primarily the result of the lifework of one man — George Ellery Hale.) Many of the foundations of modern astrophysics were set down by work with this telescope. One of the most important results was the discovery that the intrinsic luminosities (total light output) of the stars could be found by inspection of the record made when starlight is dispersed into a spectrum by a prism or a grating. These so-called spectroscopic absolute lumi- nosities, discovered at Mount Wilson and developed for over forty years, opened the way to an understanding of the evolution of the stars and eventually to their ages. Perhaps the most important scientific discovery of the 20th century is that we live in an expanding Universe. -