J. Chem Soc. , Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

Impact of Textile Wastewater on Whole of Corchorous olitorius, occidentalis, Celosia argentea and Amaranthus hybridus Cultivated within Farmlands in Ibeshe, Ikorodu, Lagos State.

O. C. OBIJIOFOR*, P. A. C. OKOYE and I. O. C. EKEJIUBA Dept. of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author’s email- [email protected]

Received 22 September 2017; accepted 18 December 2017, published online 5 April 2018

Abstract Soil contamination with heavy metal due to discharge of untreated or incompletely treated industrial effluent is a threat to the ecosystem and human well-being. The effect of textile waste effluent on four vegetable plants (Corchorous olitorius, Telfairia occidentalis, Celosia argentea and Amaranthus hybridus) cultivated within farmlands located along the Abuja River in Ibeshe town near Ikorodu, Lagos State was investigated. Their heavy metal levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Analyst 200) after digestion with the appropriate mixture of triacids. In food crops grown with textile industry wastewater, the extent of heavy metal enrichment varied with individual in the order Zn>Mn>Fe>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd for Corchorous olitorius, Zn>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Telfairia occidentalis, Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd for Celosia argentea and Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Amaranthus hybridus while their respective control samples were in the order Zn>Mn>Fe>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Corchorous olitorius, Zn> Fe >Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Telfairia occidentalis, Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb>Cd for Celosia argentea and Zn>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Amaranthus hybridus. Continuous wastewater irrigation of the agricultural land has caused a significant buildup of heavy metals in wastewater irrigated soil compared with the well water irrigated soil. The present study revealed that wastewater irrigated soil, wastewater and food crops grown around the textile industry were enriched with Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr and Cd. Long-term use of wastewater for irrigation purpose may lead to severe risk to consumers’ health as, this study has already shown a severe risk to human health by the four vegetables. BCFs for Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd were <1 and >1 for Fe and Zn in both the original and control samples of the four plants. The control samples had BCFs <1for Mn and Ni while the original sample of Corchorous olitorius had Mn >1 and Ni >1 for the original samples of Corchorous olitorius, Telfairia occidentalis and Celosia argentea. The investigation showed that the mean concentrations of some of the heavy metals analysed were not within the permissible limits for vegetables thus caution should be taken in consuming spontaneously growing vegetables.

Keywords: Vegetable plants, Textile effluents, Irrigation water, Heavy metals and BCF

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The growing demand of water for irrigation has agricultural activities, and their risk to people are of great produced a marked increase in the reuse of treated and/or public concern (Kihampa et al., 2011; Chukwuemeka et untreated wastewater worldwide (Mohammed and al., 2015). Abdullahi, 2010; Chiroma et al., 2012). Long-term use of untreated sewage water which is mainly used for the Consumption of foods contaminated with heavy metals is irrigation of leafy and other vegetables, has resulted in a major cause of health problems (Osu and Ogoko, 2014; the accumulation of heavy metals in soils and their Chukwuemeka et al., 2015). Heavy metals are transfer to the various crops under cultivation, with bioconcentrated or bioaccumulated in one or several levels of contamination that exceed the maximum compartments across food webs (Oyewo, 1998; Otitoloju permissible limits (Mohsen and Mohsen, 2008). and Don-Pedro, 2004; Judith et al., 2013). Metal bioaccumulation can be of importance from the public In many local and urban areas, lands lying along the health point of view, especially for human at the end of course of urban drainage systems are used for the the food chain. An important link in the transfer of heavy production of agricultural products (such as vegetables) metals from soil/sediment to man is plants (Lozark, that are in high demand by urban dwellers (Chiroma et 2001; Judith et al., 2013). al., 2012). The accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils is Leafy vegetables tend to accumulate higher of increasing concern due to the food safety issues and concentrations of metals in edible tissue compared to potential health risks as well as its detrimental effects on fruit. Vegetables can become contaminated with heavy soil ecosystems (McLaughlin et al., 1999; Afshin and metals if they are grown on soils contaminated by Farid, 2007). Apart from the fact that many of the crops vehicular exhaust, industrial activities, and other have ability to remove these inorganic chemicals,

1

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

especially the heavy metals from the soil and store them in different parts of the plants (Adewole et al., 2009), they are also dangerous to human health, if ingested (Adewole and Uchegbu, 2010). 2. 0 STUDY AREA The study area was majorly the Abuja River (river Health risk assessment of heavy metals in contaminated behind the United Nigeria Textile Plc, UNT, now called vegetables is being carried out in developed countries Nichemtex) which is located in Ibeshe town near (Milacic and Kralj, 2003; Adeel and Riffat, 2014); Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. The textile industry however, little is explored in developing countries (Lock occupies a large expanse of land in the vicinity while and de Zeeuw, 2001; Adeel and Riffat, 2014). banks and residential houses occupy the neighbouring This study was aimed at assessing the bioconcentration lands. The industry is located along a major express road. of heavy metals (iron, Fe; manganese, Mn; zinc, Zn; Very tall palm trees and vegetable gardens abound lead, Pb; copper, Cu; nickel, Ni; chromium, Cr and within the surroundings of this textile industry. The cadmium, Cd) in four (4) frequently consumed vegetables (Corchorous olitorius, Telfairia occidentalis, Celosia argentea and Amaranthus hybridus) cultivated around the textile industry in Ibeshe, Ikorodu, Lagos. industry produces large amount of wastewater which flows through the soil to the surrounding gardens.

The sampling was carried out around the surrounding of United Nigeria Textile PLC (UNT), which is located in Ibeshe town near Ikorodu, Lagos State.

Figure 1: Map of the Study Area (Google Map, 2017)

2

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

Metal Unit WHO/FAO standard Fe mg/Kg 4.8 Mn mg/Kg 6.0 Zn mg/Kg 6.0 Pb mg/Kg 0.1 Cu mg/Kg 7.0 Ni mg/Kg 1.0 Cr mg/Kg 0.1 Cd mg/Kg 0.1 FAO/WHO standards from: Cordex Alimentirus Commission (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods). FAO – Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations WHO – World Health Organization

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Water Sampling and taken to the Botany Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria for Water samples that were used for irrigation purposes identification and harvesting into edible () and non- were collected from the river into which the textile edible parts (Stem and root). The vegetables were effluents were discharged using a pre-cleaned, high- washed with tap water to remove depositions like soil density polyethylene bottles. The bottles were earlier particles while their edible and non-edible parts were rinsed with a metal-free soap, soaked in 10% HNO3 separately oven dried at 105 overnight, and washed with deionized water (Chary et al., 2008). Samples were then stored at 4 for further Whole plants of the four selected plant samples were analytical use. washed under running water to remove adhered soil particles, rinsed with deionized water to wash off 3.2 Soil Sampling remaining dirts, separated into roots, and Soils from agricultural lands (textile wastewater irrigated and sundried to remove moisture. They were then dried soil and well water irrigated soil) were collected by in an oven at 105 C to constant weight, and pulverized to digging a monolith of 10 by 10 by 15 size from each fine powder using a laboratory grinder and 2 mm mesh sampling point using a plastic scooper. Non soil particles for further analysis. A complete description of vegetables e.g. stones, wooden pieces, rocks, gravels, organic debris collected from the study area is given in Table 1. were removed from the soil. The soil was oven dried and 3.4 Analytical Procedure sieved through a 2 mm sieve and stored in the labelled polythene sampling bags (Lei et al., 2008; Adeel and The separately ground leaf, stem and root samples were 3 3 Riffat, 2008). digested with 1.0 cm conc. HClO4, 5 cm conc. HNO3, 3 3 and 0.5 cm conc. H2SO4 in a 50 cm Kjeldahl flask. The 3.3 Plant Sampling control samples were prepared by repeating the same Corchorous olitorius, Telfairia occidentalis, Celosia procedure. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, argentea and Amaranthus hybridus (Table 3.1) were Cr and Cd were determined using atomic absorption collected from each site of the sampling zone in four (4) spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Analyst 200). A calibration replicates and stored in labelled polythene sampling bags graph was plotted for each element using measured absorbance and the corresponding concentration.

3.5 Heavy Metals Bioconcentration Factor in Plant Bioconcentration factor (BCF), soil to plant transfer factor, was used to determine the quantity of heavy metals absorbed by the plant from the soil (Ghos and Singh, 2005; Judith, 2013). The BCF is an index of the

3

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

ability of the plant to accumulate a particular metal with respect to its concentration in the soil and was based on the formula shown below (Mellem et al., 2009; Adeel and Riffat, 2014). Where, Cp = Metal concentration in the whole plant; Cs = Metal concentration in soil.

Table 3.1: Description of Vegetables examined in this study

Local Name Order family Genus Specie/Binomial Name Shoko (Yoruba) Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Amaranthus hybridus Spinach (English) Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Celosia Celosia argentea Ewedu (Yoruba) Malvales Malvaceae Corchorus Corchorus olitorius Ugu (Igbo) Telfairia Telfairia occidentalis

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the analyses are presented in Tables 4.1-4.5 and clearly illustrated in Figures 4.1 – 4.4.

Table 4.1: Mean values and standard deviation of some heavy metal concentrations in textile wastewater and well water (mg/L) and soil (mg/kg) irrigated with wastewater and well water. Parameter Unit Soil by Textile Soil by Well Coefficient of Parameter Unit Textile Well water Coefficient Wastewater Water Variation Wastewater of Variation Fe mg/Kg 7.678±1.308 2.413±1.521 0.648 Fe mg/L 1.309±0.343 1.709±0.259 0.041 Mn mg/Kg 17.10±3.506 14.05±2.440 4.089 Mn mg/L 0.215±0.025 0.121±0.050 0.000 Zn mg/Kg 19.00±4.482 15.16±2.959 2.962 Zn mg/L 1.428±0.198 0.477±0.139 0.006 Pb mg/Kg 10.06±1.320 8.288±2.309 0.895 Pb mg/L 0.310±0.074 0.118±0.039 0.001 Cu mg/Kg 12.71±4.149 8.581±2.867 7.036 Cu mg/L 5.973±2.240 1.162±0.091 0.030 Ni mg/Kg 8.392±1.088 6.090±1.122 0.259 Ni mg/L 1.155±0.403 0.664±0.234 0.065 Cr mg/Kg 16.20±3.198 11.46±2.250 0.691 Cr mg/L 0.222±0.045 0.164±0.037 0.000 Cd mg/Kg 1.654±0.562 0.549±0.144 0.013 Cd mg/L 0.080±0.040 0.000±0.000 0.000

Continuous wastewater irrigation changed the soil Heavy metal concentrations in textile wastewater and physicochemical properties, leading to heavy metal well water (mg/L) and soils (mg/kg) irrigated with uptake by food crops, predominantly vegetables. wastewater and well water are represented in Table 4.1. Oxidation state, heavy metals form and phase strongly The trend in the metal concentration for the soil irrigated influence their bioavailability (Adeel and Riffat, 2014; with Textile wastewater and well water was Bi et al., 2006; Lei et al., 2008). Zn>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Ni>Fe>Cd while the trend in the

4

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

textile wastewater was Cu>Zn>Fe>Ni>Pb>Cr>Mn>Cd and well water was Fe>Cu>Ni>Zn>Cr>Mn>Pb>Cd.

Table 4.2: Mean values and standard deviation of some heavy metal concentrations in Corchorous olitorius cultivated with textile wastewater (original) and well water (control).

Corchorous olitorius (Ewedu) Parameter Unit Leaf Original Leaf Control Stem Original Stem Control Root Original Root Control Fe mg/Kg 5.132±0.128 2.060±0.061 2.878±0.170 1.225±0.012 4.559±0.372 2.317±0.009 Mn mg/Kg 10.29±0.339 3.127±0.186 3.925±0.102 1.021±0.177 8.726±0.480 1.997±0.102 Zn mg/Kg 19.48±0.487 15.13±0.170 19.22±0.195 15.44±0.127 20.79±0.267 14.06±0.064 Pb mg/Kg 1.028±0.052 0.204±0.011 0.623±0.013 0.127±0.023 0.745±0.057 0.170±0.019 Cu mg/Kg 0.418±0.021 0.130±0.001 0.377±0.012 0.128±0.003 0.784±0.031 0.406±0.006 Ni mg/Kg 4.855±0.092 2.079±0.049 2.171±0.146 0.934±0.050 3.797±0.390 1.927±0.078 Cr mg/Kg 1.439±0.044 0.664±0.055 0.966±0.021 0.199±0.004 1.109±0.086 0.423±0.027 Cd mg/Kg 0.032±0.008 0.000±0.000 0.002±0.001 0.001±0.000 0.013±0.003 0.000±0.000

Corchorous olitorius (Ewedu)

Fe

30 Mn 20 Zn Pb 10 Cu 0 Ni Cr

Cd MeanConcentration (mg/Kg)

Figure 4.1: A chart comparatively showing the concentrations (mg/Kg) of some potentially toxic heavy metals in different parts of Corchorous olitorius for the test samples and their associated control samples.

Table 4.2 and Figure 4.1 show the concentrations and Mn, Pb, Ni and Cr maintained a regular pattern in the graphical representation of levels of toxic metals in concentration levels in the different parts of the plant in Corchorous olitorius for the test samples and their the order: Leaf>Root>Stem for both the original and associated control samples. control samples. The order for concentrations of Mn, Ni, Corchorus olitorius commonly called Ewedu is tall, Cr, Pb and Cu in both the original and control samples is unbranched or with a few side branches. The leaves are Root>Leaf>Stem. Fe, Zn and Cd had no regular pattern as there were recorded in the order: Fe, alternate, simple, lanceolate, 5 – 15 cm long with an Leaf>Root>Stem; Zn, Root>Leaf>Stem; Cd, acuminate tip and a finely serrated and lobed margin. Leaf>Root>Stem for the original sample and Fe, The general metal concentrations in the original and Root>Leaf>Stem; Zn, Stem>Leaf>Root; Cd, was only control samples of Corchorous olitorius follow the trend: detected in the stem for the control sample. Zn>Mn>Fe>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd and Zn>Mn>Fe>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd respectively.

Telfairia occidentalis (Fluted Pumpkin) Parameter Unit Leaf Original Leaf Control Stem Original Stem Control Root Original Root Control Fe mg/Kg 4.417±0.024 2.027±0.082 4.206±0.004 2.136±0.006 6.110±0.013 3.127±0.007 Mn mg/Kg 8.948±0.108 2.625±0.413 1.827±0.013 0.648±0.005 1.991±0.108 0.427±0.007 Zn mg/Kg 17.24±0.137 12.41±0.226 17.22±0.036 11.35±0.021 23.08±0.022 16.19±0.154 Pb mg/Kg 0.691±0.036 0.187±0.024 0.185±0.076 0.069±0.008 0.363±0.031 0.162±0.040 Cu mg/Kg 1.026±0.141 0.730±0.009 0.383±0.008 0.142±0.003 0.700±0.016 0.264±0.011 Ni mg/Kg 5.002±0.100 2.058±0.068 1.095±0.103 0.759±0.119 2.733±0.471 1.410±0.404 Cr mg/Kg 1.940±0.123 0.612±0.049 1.419±0.087 0.507±0.018 0.582±0.113 0.294±0.016 5

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

Cd mg/Kg 0.010±0.002 0.001±0.000 0.008±0.001 0.000 ±0.000 0.015±0.005 0.001±0.000 Table 4.3: Mean values and standard deviation of some heavy metal concentration in Telfairia occidentalis cultivated with textile wastewater (original) and well water (control).

Telfairia occidentalis (Fluted Pumpkin) Fe 30 Mn

20 Zn Pb 10 Cu 0 Ni

Cr MeanConcentration (mg/Kg) Cd

Figure 4.2: A chart comparatively showing the concentrations (mg/Kg) of some potentially toxic heavy metals in different parts of Telfairia occidentalis for the test samples and their associated control samples.

Table 4.3 and Figure 4.2 show the concentration and The trend for Pb, Cu and Ni was Leaf>Root>Stem while graphical representation of levels of toxic metals in the trend for Zn and Cd was Root>Leaf>Stem in the Telfairia occidentalis for the test samples and their original and respective control samples. Cr was in the associated control samples. order Leaf>Stem>Root for both the original and control sample. Fe and Mn had no regular pattern with respect to The general metal concentrations in the original and the original and control sample. control samples of Telfaria occidentalis follow the trend: Zn>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd and Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd respectively.

Table 4.4: Mean values and standard deviation of some heavy metal concentrations in Corchorous olitorius cultivated with textile waste water (original) and well water (control).

Celosia argentea (Lagos Spinach) Parameter Unit Leaf Original Leaf Control Stem Original Stem Control Root Original Root Control Fe mg/Kg 4.648±0.107 2.123±0.010 4.010±0.006 2.007±0.007 4.006±0.005 1.964±0.014 Mn mg/Kg 1.511±0.094 0.392±0.004 2.028±0.003 0.012±0.002 2.139±0.055 1.110±0.007 Zn mg/Kg 19.21±0.172 13.35±0.085 17.09±0.032 12.09±0.022 19.30±0.202 13.09±0.056 Pb mg/Kg 0.560±0.102 0.129±0.015 0.198±0.052 0.099±0.012 0.411±0.015 0.135±0.034 Cu mg/Kg 1.027±0.011 0.750±0.010 1.703±0.009 0.513±0.003 1.642±0.131 0.317±0.004 Ni mg/Kg 4.305±0.408 1.935±0.102 1.968±0.169 0.884±0.015 3.355±0.358 1.191±0.048 Cr mg/Kg 1.942±0.106 0.464±0.052 0.788±0.045 0.209±0.016 1.161±0.052 0.429±0.056 Cd mg/Kg 0.092±0.125 0.000±0.000 0.012±0.004 0.000±0.000 0.019±0.000 0.000±0.000

6

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

Celosia argentea (Lagos Spinach) Fe 20 Mn Zn 10 Pb Cu 0 Ni

Cr MeanConcentration (mg/Kg) Cd

Figure 4.3: A chart comparatively showing the concentrations (mg/Kg) of some potentially toxic heavy metals in different parts of Celosia argentea for the test samples and their associated control samples.

Table 4.4 and Figure 4.3 show the concentrations and graphical Leaf>Root>Stem for the control sample. The original sample representation of levels of toxic metals in Celosia argentea for had highest recordable concentration of Zn in the root and the the test samples and their associated control samples. least in the stem while the control followed the trend The trend for the metal concentration in the plant samples were Leaf>Root>Stem. The trend for the original and control as follows: original; Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd and samples for Pb was of the order: Leaf>Root>Stem and Control; Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb>Cd. Root>Leaf>Stem respectively. Celosia argentea maintained a particular trend in the levels of Cu and Cd also had no regular pattern; Cu (original) Fe, Ni and Cr in the different parts of the plant in both original Stem>Root>Leaf and Cu (control) Leaf>Stem>Root. The and control sample; Leaf>Root>Stem. The trend for Mn in the observed trend for Cd (original) was Leaf>Root>Stem but Cd original sample was Root>Stem>Leaf while it was was not detected in the control sample.

Table 4.5: Mean values and standard deviation of some heavy metal concentrations in Amaranthus hybridus cultivated with textile wastewater (original) and well water (control).

Amaranthus hybridus (African Spinach) Parameter Unit Leaf Original Leaf Control Stem Original Stem Control Root Original Root Control Fe mg/Kg 5.024±0.012 2.971±0.160 3.254±0.136 1.294±0.077 3.104±0.138 1.434±0.244 Mn mg/Kg 2.018±0.007 1.069±0.003 1.820±0.011 0.920±0.003 1.943±0.005 0.964±0.004 Zn mg/Kg 20.16±0.040 14.29±0.098 15.14±0.100 11.15±0.049 29.01±0.113 20.16±0.028 Pb mg/Kg 0.411±0.077 0.103±0.016 0.203±0.011 0.092±0.013 0.306±0.013 0.052±0.008 Cu mg/Kg 0.739±0.003 0.516±0.004 0.413±0.003 0.074±0.004 1.177±0.002 0.125±0.003 Ni mg/Kg 4.037±0.131 1.090±0.285 1.217±0.094 0.408±0.012 1.950±0.079 0.657±0.067 Cr mg/Kg 1.581±0.346 0.658±0.151 0.626±0.092 0.149±0.021 0.738±0.050 0.177±0.036 Cd mg/Kg 0.036±0.017 0.003±0.001 0.016±0.009 0.000±0.000 0.023±0.009 0.000±0.000

7

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

Amaranthus hybridus (African Spinach)

Fe 30 Mn 20 Zn

10 Pb Cu 0 Ni Cr

MeanConcentration (mg/Kg) Cd

Figure 4.4: A chart comparatively showing the concentrations (mg/Kg) of some potentially toxic heavy metals in different parts of Amaranthus hybridus for the test samples and their associated control samples

Table 4.5 and Figure 4.4 show the concentrations and Zn was recorded most in the root sample and least in graphical representation of levels of toxic metals in the stem for both the original and control samples. Amaranthus hybridus for the test samples and their Pb and Cu had no regular sequence. Pb followed the associated control samples. sequence Leaf>Root>Stem and Leaf>Stem>Root and Cu; The concentration of Fe in the original sample was of Root>Leaf>Stem and Leaf>Root>Stem for their original the order Leaf>Stem>Root while the trend was and control samples respectively. Leaf>Root>Stem in the control sample. Cd followed the order Leaf>Root>Stem in the original Mn, Ni and Cr maintained a particular trend, sample but was not detected in the stem and root Leaf>Root>Stem for their original and control samples. samples of the control.

In the present study, metal concentration was greater in concentration in soil wastewater used for irrigation and the vegetables grown in wastewater, than those grown atmospheric deposition along with the plant’s capability in ground water. A variation in the metal concentration to uptake and accumulate the heavy metals (Pandey et may be due to variable factors like heavy metal al., 2012).

Table 4.6: Bioconcentraton Factor (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables grown on textile wastewater irrigated soil (original) and well water irrigated soil (control).

Vegetables Corchorous olitorius 1.64 2.32 1.34 0.44 3.13 2.94 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.07 1.29 0.81 0.22 0.11 0.03 - Telfairia occidentalis 1.92 3.02 0.75 0.26 3.03 2.64 0.12 0.05 0.17 0.13 1.05 0.69 0.24 0.12 0.02 - Celosia argentea 1.65 2.53 0.33 0.11 2.93 2.54 0.12 0.04 0.34 0.18 1.15 0.67 0.24 0.10 0.07 - Amaranthus hybridus 1.48 2.36 0.34 0.21 3.38 3.01 0.09 0.03 0.18 0.08 0.86 0.35 0.18 0.09 0.05 - Celosia argentea had its BCF range from 0.07 (Cd) to 2.93 (Zn) and - (Cd) to 2.54 (Zn) for the control sample. Table 4.6 represents the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) And generally of the trend of heavy metals in vegetables grown on textile Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb>Cd (original) and wastewater irrigated soil and well water irrigated soil. Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb>Cd (control). The highest and lowest BCF values for original and The Bioconcentration factor for Corchorus olitorius control samples for Amaranthus hybridus were recorded ranged from 0.03 (Cd) to 3.13 (Zn) for the original and - in Zn and Cd respectively. The general trend was to 2.94 (Cd) for the control sample but generally of the Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu-Cr>Pb>Cd for original and trend Zn>Fe>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd (original) and Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for control. Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd (control). For Telfairia occidentalis the order for BCF was Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd (Original) and Fe>Zn>Ni>Mn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd (Control).

8

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

5.0 CONCLUSION

Continuous wastewater irrigation of the agricultural land Zn>Mn>Fe>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Corchorous olitorius, Zn> caused a significant build up of heavy metals in wastewater Fe >Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Telfairia occidentalis, irrigated soil compared with the well water irrigated soil. The Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb>Cd for Celosia argentea and present study revealed that wastewater irrigated soil, Zn>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Amaranthus hybridus. The wastewater and food crops grown around the textile industry investigation showed that the mean concentrations of some of were enriched with Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr and Cd. In food the heavy metals analysed were not within the permissible crops grown with textile industry wastewater, the extent of limits for vegetables (Alloway, 1999) (Table 1). Long-term use heavy metal enrichment varied with individual plant in the of wastewater as irrigation purpose may lead to the severe risk order Zn>Mn>Fe>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd for Corchorous olitorius, to consumers’ health as, this study has already shown a severe Zn>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Telfairia occidentalis, risk to human health by the four vegetables. An urgent attention Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd for Celosia argentea and is required for the proper monitoring and regulation of Zn>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd for Amaranthus hybridus industrial and municipal effluents. while their respective control samples were in the order

REFERENCES

Adeel, M. and Riffat, N. M. (2014). Human health risk assessment Cordex Alimentarius Commission (Joint FAO/WHO Food of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables Standards Programme Codex Committee on contaminants in collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Foods) working document for information and use in discussions Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 7, 91–99. related to contaminants and toxins in the GSCTFF (Prepared by Japan and the Netherlands) Fifth Session the Hague, Viale delle Adewole, M. B. and Uchegbu, L. U. (2010). Properties of Soils and Terme di Caracalla, 00153Rome, Plants Uptake within the Vicinity of Selected Automobile Italywww.cordexalimentarius.net. The Netherlands, 21-25 March Workshops in Ile-Ife Southwestern, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of 2011. Environmental Studies and Management. Vol.3 No.3; 31-35. Ghos, M. and Singh, S. P. (2005). A Comparative Study of Adewole, M. B., Adeoye, G. O., and Sridhar, M. K. C. (2009). Cadmium Phytoextraction by Accumulator and Weed Species. Effect of inorganic and organomineral fertilizers on the uptake of Environment Pollution. 133(2):365-371. selected heavy metals by Helianthus annuus L. and Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) under greenhouse conditions. Toxicological & Judith, K. J., Gelas, M. S. and Musa, A. (2013). Selected Heavy Environmental Chemistry. 91(5): 963-970. Metals in Water and Sediments and their Bioconcentrations in Plant (Polygonum pulchrum) in Sosiani River, Uasin Gishu Afshin, Qishlaqi and Farid, Moore (2007). Statistical Analysis of County, Kenya. Journal of Environmental Protection. 4, 796-802. Accumulation and Sources of Heavy Metals Occurrence in Agricultural Soils of Khoshk River Banks, Shiraz, Iran. American- Kihampa, C., Mwegoha, W. J. S. and Shemdoe, R. S. (2011). Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 2 (5): 565-573. Heavy metals concentrations in vegetables grown in the vicinity of the closed dumpsite. International Journal of Environmental Alloway, J. (1999). Processes and the behavior of heavy metals Sciences. 2(3), 889 – 898. Heavy metal in soil. Blackie and son Limited. Bishop Briggs, Glasgow. 43-56. Lei, M., Liao, B., Zeng, Q., Qin, P., Khan, S. (2008). Fraction distribution of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in metal Bi, X., Feng, X., Xeng, Y., Qin, G., Li, F., Liu, T., Fu, Z., Jing, Z. contaminated soil before and after extraction with disodium (2006). Environmental contamination of heavy metals from zinc ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 39, smelting area in Hezhang country, Western Guizhou. China 1963–1978. Environ. Int. 32, 883–890. Lock, K., and De Zeeuw, H. (2001). Health and environmental Chiroma, T.M., Ebewele, R.O. and Hymore, F.K. (2012). Levels of risks associated with urban agriculture. Urban Agric. Mag. 1, 6–8. Heavy Metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and Cr) in Bushgreen and Roselle Irrigated with Treated and Untreated Urban Sewage Water. Lozak, A., Soltyk, K., Ostapezuk, P. and Fijalek, Z. (2001). International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. Vol. 1(4), Determination of Selected Trace Elements in Herbs and Their 50-55. Infusions. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 14, No. 1-3, pp. 1-8. CHOI Y.Y. International/National Standards for Heavy Metals in Food. Codex standards, McLaughlin, M.J., Parker, D.R. and Clarke, J.M. (1999). Metals http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/17/CXS_19 and Micronutrients-food safety issues. Field Crops Res., 60: 143- 3e.pdf. 2011. 163.

Chukwuemeka, A. N., Godwin, J. U. and Alfreda, O. N. (2015). Mellem, J., Baijanth, H. and Odhav, B. (2009). Translocation and Investigations of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Leaves of Accumulation of Cr, Hg, As, Pb, Cu and Ni by Amaranthus dubius Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. (Fluted Pumpkin) in Nigeria. Pol. J. (Amaranthaceae) from Contaminated Sites. Journal of Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 4: 1733-1742 Environmental Science and Health. (44)6: 568-575.

9

J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp 59 - 68 [2018]

Milacic, R. and Kralj, B. (2003). Determination of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr in some Slovenian foodstuffs. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 217, 211–214.

Mohammed, M. R. and Abdullahi, U. S. (2010). Reuse of Wastewater in Urban Farming and Urban Planning Implications in Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria. African J. of Environ. Sci. and Tech., 4(1), 28-33.

Mohsen, B. and Mohsen, S. (2008). Investigation of Metals Accumulation in Some Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water in Shahre Rey – Iran and Toxicological Implications. American – Eurasian J. of Agric. and Environ. Sci., 4(1), 86 – 92.

Osu-Charles I. and Ogoko E.C. (2014). Bioconcentration and Transfer of Heavy Metal from Soil into Verninia amydalina, Telfera occidendalis, and Amarathus spinosus. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation. 3(4), 117-128.

Otitoloju, A. A. and Don-Pedro, K. N. (2004). Integrated Laboratory and Field Assessments of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Edible Periwinkle, Tympanotonus fuscatus var. Radula (L). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 57, No. 3, 354-362.

Oyewo, E. O. (1998). Industrial Sources & Distribution of Heavy Metals in Lagos Lagoon and Their Biological Effects on Estuarine Animals, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Lagos, Lagos.

Pandey, R., Shubhashish, K., Pandey, J. (2012). Dietary intake of pollutant aerosols via vegetables influenced by atmospheric deposition and wastewater irrigation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 76, 200–208.

10