DOCSLIB.ORG

Hemagglutinin Receptor Binding Activity of Influenza Class II

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hemagglutinin Receptor Binding Activity of Influenza Class II Exosome-Driven Antigen Transfer for MHC Class II Presentation Facilitated by the Receptor Binding Activity of Influenza Hemagglutinin This information is current as of September 25, 2021. James S. Testa, Geraud S. Apcher, Joseph D. Comber and Laurence C. Eisenlohr J Immunol 2010; 185:6608-6616; Prepublished online 3 November 2010; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001768 Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/content/185/11/6608 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2011/05/31/jimmunol.100176 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Material 8.DC1 References This article cites 79 articles, 29 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/185/11/6608.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision by guest on September 25, 2021 • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Exosome-Driven Antigen Transfer for MHC Class II Presentation Facilitated by the Receptor Binding Activity of Influenza Hemagglutinin James S. Testa,1 Geraud S. Apcher,2 Joseph D. Comber, and Laurence C. Eisenlohr The mechanisms underlying MHC class I-restricted cross-presentation, the transfer of Ag from an infected cell to a professional APC, have been studied in great detail. Much less is known about the equivalent process for MHC class II-restricted presentation. After infection or transfection of class II-negative donor cells, we observed minimal transfer of a proteasome-dependent “class I- like” epitope within the influenza neuraminidase glycoprotein but potent transfer of a classical, H-2M–dependent epitope within the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. Additional experiments determined transfer to be exosome-mediated and substantially enhanced by the receptor binding activity of incorporated HA. Furthermore, a carrier effect was observed in that incorporated Downloaded from HA improved exosome-mediated transfer of a second membrane protein. This route of Ag presentation should be relevant to other enveloped viruses, may skew CD4+ responses toward exosome-incorporated glycoproteins, and points toward novel vaccine strategies. The Journal of Immunology, 2010, 185: 6608–6616. D4+ T lymphocytes are activated through the recogni- The dichotomy of exogenous Ag for MHC II and endogenous tion of Ag-derived peptides complexed to MHC class II Ag for MHC I (4) is becoming increasingly indistinct. For ex- http://www.jimmunol.org/ C (MHC II) molecules. Conventionally, Ag is acquired ample, there are now numerous examples of MHC II-restricted through uptake of exogenous material in the form of whole or peptides that are generated from endogenous sources of Ag (5–7), partial pathogens, soluble proteins, or cellular fragments from and several processing mechanisms have been reported including necrotic or apoptotic cells (1). Internalized Ags are then unfolded macroautophagy (8), chaperone-mediated autophagy (9), and a class and digested within the endosomal network by resident reductases I-like proteasome/TAP-dependent pathway (10). The NA79 epi- and proteases. Once sufficiently disordered, epitopes are loaded tope (aa 79–93), derived from the influenza neuraminidase (NA) onto MHC II molecules in a late endosomal compartment with the andalsoH-2–IEd restricted, is generated via this last pathway assistance of the chaperone H-2M. The H-2–IEd-restricted site 1 (10). A major exception to the conventional class I pathway is the (S1) epitope aa 107–119 of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) in- phenomenon of cross-presentation in which Ag is transferred from by guest on September 25, 2021 fluenza hemagglutinin (HA) is generated in this manner (2, 3). infected cells to professional APCs, primarily dendritic cells (DCs). The conventional pathway for generation of MHC class I (MHC This route appears to be critical for naive T cell activation in cases I)-restricted epitopes is distinctly different in requiring delivery where the professional APC cannot directly acquire Ag (11). of Ag to the cytosol, digestion by the proteasome, and transport of Additionally, it allows for escape from immunosuppressive effects resultant peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum via TAP for load- imposed by the pathogen in the infected cell (12). Conventionally, ing onto nascent MHC I molecules. cross-presented material is delivered to the cytosol for proteasome/ TAP-dependent processing (13, 14), but there are also reports in which cross-presented Ag is confined to a phagolysosomal com- partment where it is processed and loaded onto resident MHC I Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 molecules, a decidedly MHC II-like scenario (13, 15). 1Current address: Immunotope Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doyles- A priori, there is no reason why Ag transfer would be restricted town, PA. to MHC I. Limited study of class II-restricted transfer may be due 2Current address: Target Therapeutics, INSERM U940, Institute of Molecular Ge- to the general view that class II processing is limited to the en- netics, University of Paris 7, Hospital St. Louis, Paris, France. dosomal compartment after uptake of exogenous Ag. Thus, Ag Received for publication May 27, 2010. Accepted for publication September 30, transfer would not be much different from direct acquisition. How- 2010. ever, given the aforementioned endogenous MHC II presentation This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant AI39501. pathways, there is ample reason for exploring cross-presentation Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Laurence C. Eisenlohr, Thomas within the class II system. Whereas several studies have sug- Jefferson University, BLSB Room 730, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. E-mail address: [email protected] gested that class II-restricted Ag transfer is limited (16–22), others The online version of this article contains supplemental material. have described transfer of soluble proteins, apoptotic bodies, pre- processed peptides, and exosomes as being viable mechanisms (1, Abbreviations used in this paper: CQ, chloroquine; DC, dendritic cell; HA, hemag- glutinin; HAU, hemagglutinating unit; iPR8, infectious PR8; MHC I, MHC class I; 23–30). With the goal of better understanding the parameters of MHC II, MHC class II; MUG, b-galactosidase substrate methyl-umbelliferyl-b-D- class II-restricted Ag transfer, we tested the widely disparate S1 and galactoside; MVB, multivesicular body; NA, neuraminidase; NA79, neuraminidase aa 79–93 epitope; PR8, influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34; Rv6, Rv6 variant of PR8 HA; NA79 epitopes in this setting. Given the relative efficiency of class S1, site 1; S1–Tac, S1 appended on the N terminus of Tac; SS, signal sequence; TEM, I-restricted cross-presentation, our expectation was that NA79 transmission electron microscopy; TM, transmembrane domain; UVPR8, UV- would be transferred whereas the classically presented S1 epitope inactivated PR8; WT, wild-type. would not. Instead, results were the opposite, revealing a mecha- Copyright Ó 2010 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/10/$16.00 nism for efficient Ag transfer of classically presented epitopes. www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1001768 The Journal of Immunology 6609 Materials and Methods 200 mU NA (Sigma) to remove terminal sialic acid residues 2 h before the Mice addition of B6-HA donor cells. To evaluate the degree of anti-HA–mediated neutralization and NA-mediated de-sialation, treated B6IEd cells were All mice used were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, infected with PR8, and NA79 presentation was determined. ME) and maintained by the Thomas Jefferson University Office of Labo- ratory Animal Services (Philadelphia, PA). All experimental protocols were Exosome purification preapproved by the Thomas Jefferson University Institutional Animal Care Exosomes were purified from 4-d- or 16-h-old supernatants of appropriate and Use Committee. cells according to standard protocol (34). Briefly, supernatant was first Synthetic peptides centrifuged at 10,000 3 g for 30 min to clear cells and cell debris. Sub- sequently, it was ultracentrifuged at 100,000 3 g to generate an exosome Synthetic S1 (HA 107–119), NA79 (NA 79–93), and SIINFEKL (OVA257– pellet, which was then washed with PBS and re-pelleted at 100,000 3 g. 264) peptides were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Peptides Pellets were then floated on a continuous 5–65% sucrose gradient by ultra- were pulsed onto APCs at 1025 M. centrifugation at 24,000 rpm in a Beckman-Coulter (Brea, CA) SW41TI rotor (∼76,000 3 g) overnight. The following day, the gradient fractions were Cell lines, transfection, and recombinant retroviral analyzed for exosome content, and exosome-containing fractions were di- transduction alyzed against PBS prior to storage at 4˚C. Cell lines described in this study were primary skin fibroblasts derived from Coupling of exosomes to latex beads C57B6 or H-2M2/2 C57B6, which were then transduced with appropriate retroviruses. All lines were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% Exosomes were prepared for analysis by flow cytometry as previously de- FCS and 0.05 mM 2-ME. scribed (35). Briefly, purified exosomes were adsorbed to 0.4-mm-diameter The retrovirus construct used was MSCV–CMVor MSCV–CMV–IRES– aldehyde/sulfate latex beads (Invitrogen) for 15 min at room temperature. GFP with pCL–Ampho or pCL–Eco as the helper plasmid (generous gifts Next, the bead/exosome mixture was diluted with 1 ml PBS and incubated Downloaded from from Dr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Conserved Influenza a Virus Nucleoprotein Code Controls Specific
    ARTICLE Received 8 Mar 2016 | Accepted 10 Aug 2016 | Published 21 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12861 OPEN A conserved influenza A virus nucleoprotein code controls specific viral genome packaging E´tori Aguiar Moreira1,2,3, Anna Weber1, Hardin Bolte1,2,3, Larissa Kolesnikova4, Sebastian Giese1, Seema Lakdawala5, Martin Beer6, Gert Zimmer7, Adolfo Garcı´a-Sastre8,9,10, Martin Schwemmle1 & Mindaugas Juozapaitis1 Packaging of the eight genomic RNA segments of influenza A viruses (IAV) into viral particles is coordinated by segment-specific packaging sequences. How the packaging signals regulate the specific incorporation of each RNA segment into virions and whether other viral or host factors are involved in this process is unknown. Here, we show that distinct amino acids of the viral nucleoprotein (NP) are required for packaging of specific RNA segments. This was determined by studying the NP of a bat influenza A-like virus, HL17NL10, in the context of a conventional IAV (SC35M). Replacement of conserved SC35M NP residues by those of HL17NL10 NP resulted in RNA packaging defective IAV. Surprisingly, substitution of these conserved SC35M amino acids with HL17NL10 NP residues led to IAV with altered packaging efficiencies for specific subsets of RNA segments. This suggests that NP harbours an amino acid code that dictates genome packaging into infectious virions. 1 Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. 2 Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. 3 Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. 4 Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universita¨t Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany. 5 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissecting Human Antibody Responses Against Influenza a Viruses and Antigenic Changes That Facilitate Immune Escape
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Dissecting Human Antibody Responses Against Influenza A Viruses And Antigenic Changes That Facilitate Immune Escape Seth J. Zost University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Allergy and Immunology Commons, Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons, Medical Immunology Commons, and the Virology Commons Recommended Citation Zost, Seth J., "Dissecting Human Antibody Responses Against Influenza A Viruses And Antigenic Changes That Facilitate Immune Escape" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3211. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3211 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3211 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dissecting Human Antibody Responses Against Influenza A Viruses And Antigenic Changes That Facilitate Immune Escape Abstract Influenza A viruses pose a serious threat to public health, and seasonal circulation of influenza viruses causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Influenza viruses continuously acquire substitutions in the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). These substitutions prevent the binding of pre-existing antibodies, allowing the virus to escape population immunity in a process known as antigenic drift. Due to antigenic drift, individuals can be repeatedly infected by antigenically distinct influenza strains over the course of their life. Antigenic drift undermines the effectiveness of our seasonal influenza accinesv and our vaccine strains must be updated on an annual basis due to antigenic changes. In order to understand antigenic drift it is essential to know the sites of antibody binding as well as the substitutions that facilitate viral escape from immunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety and Immunogenicity of a Baculovirus- Expressed Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccine a Randomized Controlled Trial
    PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION Safety and Immunogenicity of a Baculovirus- Expressed Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccine A Randomized Controlled Trial John J. Treanor, MD Context A high priority in vaccine research is the development of influenza vaccines Gilbert M. Schiff, MD that do not use embryonated eggs as the substrate for vaccine production. Frederick G. Hayden, MD Objective To determine the dose-related safety, immunogenicity, and protective ef- ficacy of an experimental trivalent influenza virus hemagglutinin (rHA0) vaccine pro- Rebecca C. Brady, MD duced in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses. C. Mhorag Hay, MD Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Anthony L. Meyer, BS clinical trial at 3 US academic medical centers during the 2004-2005 influenza season Jeanne Holden-Wiltse, MPH among 460 healthy adults without high-risk indications for influenza vaccine. Hua Liang, PhD Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to receive a single injection of saline placebo (n=154); 75 µg of an rHA0 vaccine containing 15 µg of hemagglutinin Adam Gilbert, PhD from influenza A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1) and influenza B/Jiangsu/10/03 virus Manon Cox, PhD and 45 µg of hemagglutinin from influenza A/Wyoming/3/03(H3N2) virus (n=153); or 135 µg of rHA0 containing 45 µg of hemagglutinin each from all 3 components LL CURRENTLY LICENSED IN- (n=153). Serum samples were taken before and 30 days following immunization. fluenza vaccines in the United Main Outcome Measures Primary safety end points were the rates and severity of States are produced in em- solicited and unsolicited adverse events. Primary immunogenicity end points were the bryonated hen’s eggs.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosafety Recommendations for Work with Influenza Viruses Containing a Hemagglutinin from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 Lineage
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports / Vol. 62 / No. 6 June 28, 2013 Biosafety Recommendations for Work with Influenza Viruses Containing a Hemagglutinin from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 Lineage U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations and Reports CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................2 Background .............................................................................................................2 Guidelines for Working with Influenza Viruses Containing an HA from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 Lineage ..................................3 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................6 References ...............................................................................................................7 Front cover photo: Transmission electron micrograph of avian influenza A H5N1 viruses (gold) grown in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (green). The MMWR series of publications is published by the Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. Suggested Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Title]. MMWR 2013;62(No. RR-#):[inclusive page numbers]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH, Director
    [Show full text]
  • Autocatalytic Activation of Influenza Hemagglutinin
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Departmental Papers (CBE) Engineering December 2006 Autocatalytic Activation of Influenza Hemagglutinin Jeong H. Lee University of Pennsylvania Mark Goulian University of Pennsylvania Eric T. Boder University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_papers Recommended Citation Lee, J. H., Goulian, M., & Boder, E. T. (2006). Autocatalytic Activation of Influenza Hemagglutinin. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_papers/83 Postprint version. Published in Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 364, Issue 3, December 2006, pages 275-282. Publisher URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.015 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_papers/83 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Autocatalytic Activation of Influenza Hemagglutinin Abstract Enveloped viruses contain surface proteins that mediate fusion between the viral and target cell membranes following an activating stimulus. Acidic pH induces the influenza virus fusion protein hemagglutinin (HA) via irreversible refolding of a trimeric conformational state leading to exposure of hydrophobic fusion peptides on each trimer subunit. Herein, we show that cells expressing fowl plague virus HA demonstrate discrete switching behavior with respect to the HA conformational change. Partially activated states do not exist at the scale of the cell, activation of HA leads to aggregation of cell surface trimers, and newly synthesized HA refold spontaneously in the presence of previously activated HA. These observations imply a feedback mechanism involving self-catalyzed refolding of HA and thus suggest a mechanism similar to the autocatalytic refolding and aggregation of prions.
    [Show full text]
  • ACRONYM & GLOSSARY LIST - Revised 9/2008
    Survey & Certification Emergency Preparedness Initiative – All Hazards EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ACRONYM & GLOSSARY LIST - Revised 9/2008 ACRONYMS AAL Authorized Access List AAR After-Action Report ACE Army Corps of Engineers ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACL Access Control List ACLS Advanced Cardiac Life Support ACF Administration for Children and Families (HHS) ACS Alternate Care Site ADP Automated Data Processing AFE Annual Frequency Estimate AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HHS) AIE Annual Impact Estimate AIS Automated Information System AISSP Automated Information Systems Security Program AMSC American Satellite Communications ANG Air National Guard ANSI American National Standards Institute AO Accrediting Organization AoA Administration on Aging (HHS) APE Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (HHS) APF Authorized Program Facility APHL Association of Public Health Laboratories ARC American Red Cross ARES Amateur Radio Emergency Service ARF Agency Request Form ARO Annualized Rate of Occurrence ASAM Assistant Secretary for Administration & Management (HHS) ASC Ambulatory Surgical Center ASC Accredited Standards Committee ASH Assistant Secretary for Health (HHS) ASL Assistant Secretary for Legislation (HHS) ASPA Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (HHS) ASPE Assistant Secretary for Planning & Evaluation (HHS) ASPR Assistant Secretary for Preparedness & Response (HHS) ASRT Assistant Secretary for Resources & Technology (HHS) ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (HHS) BARDA
    [Show full text]
  • Virology Techniques
    Chapter 5 - Lesson 4 Virology Techniques Introduction Virology is a field within microbiology that encom- passes the study of viruses and the diseases they cause. In the laboratory, viruses have served as useful tools to better understand cellular mechanisms. The purpose of this lesson is to provide a general overview of laboratory techniques used in the identification and study of viruses. A Brief History In the late 19th century the independent work of Dimitri Ivanofsky and Martinus Beijerinck marked the begin- This electron micrograph depicts an influenza virus ning of the field of virology. They showed that the agent particle or virion. CDC. responsible for causing a serious disease in tobacco plants, tobacco mosaic virus, was able to pass through filters known to retain bacteria and the filtrate was able to cause disease in new plants. In 1898, Friedrich Loef- fler and Paul Frosch applied the filtration criteria to a disease in cattle known as foot and mouth disease. The filtration criteria remained the standard method used to classify an agent as a virus for nearly 40 years until chemical and physical studies revealed the structural basis of viruses. These attributes have become the ba- sis of many techniques used in the field today. Background All organisms are affected by viruses because viruses are capable of infecting and causing disease in all liv- ing species. Viruses affect plants, humans, and ani- mals as well as bacteria. A virus that infects bacteria is known as a bacteriophage and is considered the Bacteriophage. CDC. Chapter 5 - Human Health: Real Life Example (Influenza) 1 most abundant biological entity on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Stalk-Based Antibodies and Vaccines
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based antibodies and vaccines 1 1,2 Florian Krammer and Peter Palese Antibodies against the conserved stalk domain of the activity and can readily be measured in serum using the hemagglutinin are currently being discussed as promising hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay [3]. These anti- therapeutic tools against influenza virus infections. Because of bodies are directed against the membrane distal part of the the conservation of the stalk domain these antibodies are able to HA, the globular head domain (Figure 1a,b,d) [4,5,6 ], broadly neutralize a wide spectrum of influenza virus strains and which has a high plasticity and is subject to constant subtypes. Broadly protective vaccine candidates based on the antigenic drift driven by human herd immunity. There- epitopes of these antibodies, for example, chimeric and headless fore, antibodies that target this domain (HI-active anti- hemagglutinin structures, are currently under development and bodies) are very strain specific and quickly lose efficacy show promising results in animals models. These candidates against drifted strains. Because of this viral mechanism to could be developed into universal influenza virus vaccines that escape human herd immunity influenza virus vaccines protect from infection with drifted seasonal as well as novel have to be reformulated almost annually based on surveil- pandemic influenza virus strains therefore obviating the need for lance data from laboratories in the Northern and Southern annual vaccination, and enhancing our pandemic preparedness. hemispheres [7]. Vaccine strain prediction based on sur- Addresses veillance is a complicated and error prone process and 1 Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, produces mismatches between circulating virus and New York, NY, USA vaccine strains from time to time which leads to a severe 2 Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, drop in efficacy of the seasonal influenza virus vaccines [8– New York, NY, USA 12].
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-HA (12CA5)
    For life science research only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Anti-HA (12CA5) Mouse monoclonal antibody (clone 12CA5) to a peptide epitope derived from the hemagglutinin protein of human influenza virus Cat. No. 11 583 816 001 200 ␮g (lyophilized) Cat. No. 11 666 606 001 5 mg (1 ml solution) y Version 07 Content version: April 2016 Store at Ϫ15 to Ϫ25°C 1. What this Product Does Purity The anti-HA monoclonal antibody is Ն 90% pure as determined by HPLC. Contents ␮ The antibody preparation does not contain pre- • Cat. No. 11 583 816 001: 200 g white lyophilizate servatives or stabilizers. • Cat. No. 11 666 606 001: 1 ml frozen liquid (5 mg/ml) 8 Affinity Ka = 1 × 10 /M Storage and Stability Isoelectric 6.4 If stored at Ϫ15 to Ϫ25°C, the lyophilized antibody preparations are Point stable until the expiration date printed on the label. For storage, prepare convenient aliquots and freeze them at Ϫ15 to 2. How to Use this Product Ϫ25°C. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing. 2.1 Before You Begin Lyophilized Anti-HA antibody is shipped at ambient temperature. Liquid Anti-HA antibody is shipped on dry ice. Epitope Tagging Before using Anti-HA to analyze the product of your target gene, Application incorporate the 27-base DNA sequence, which encodes the HA epi- tope, into the target gene sequence Anti-HA (12CA5) is used for the immunochemical detection of native using one of the following meth- influenza hemagglutinin protein and recombinant “epitope tagged” ods: proteins containing the HA epitope in western and dot blots, immuno- • Clone your gene of interest into a suitable bacterial or mammalian cytochemistry, and immunoprecipitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Assembly of Influenza Hemagglutinin Trimers and Its Role in Intracellular Transport
    Assembly of Influenza Hemagglutinin Trimers and Its Role in Intracellular Transport Constance S. Copeland, Robert W. Doms, Eva M. Bolzau, Robert G. Webster,* and Ari Helenius Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510; * Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101. Abstract. The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus posttranslational event, occurring with a half time of is a homotrimeric integral membrane glycoprotein. It ~7.5 min after completion of synthesis. Assembly oc- is cotranslationally inserted into the endoplasmic retic- curs in the endoplasmic reticulum, followed almost ulum as a precursor called HA0 and transported to the immediately by transport to the Golgi complex. A cell surface via the Golgi complex. We have, in this stabilization event in trimer structure occurs when study, investigated the kinetics and cellular location of HA0 leaves the Golgi complex or reaches the plasma the assembly reaction that results in HA0 trimer- membrane. Approximately 10% of the newly synthe- ization. Three independent criteria were used for de- sized HA0 formed aberrant trimers which were not termining the formation of quaternary structure: the transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the appearance of an epitope recognized by trimer-specific Golgi complex or the plasma membrane. Taken to- monoclonal antibodies; the acquisition of trypsin resis- gether the results suggested that formation of correctly tance, a characteristic of trimers; and the formation of folded quaternary structure constitutes a key event stable complexes which cosedimented with the mature regulating the transport of the protein out of the en- HA0 trimer (9S20.w) in sucrose gradients containing doplasmic reticulum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influenza Virus: Antigenic Composition and Immune Response
    Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.55.640.87 on 1 February 1979. Downloaded from Postgraduate Medical Journal (February 1979) 55, 87-97. The influenza virus: antigenic composition and immune response G. C. SCHILD B.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.Biol. Division of Viral Products, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Holly Hill, Hampstead, London NW3 6RB Summary capricious epidemiological behaviour of the The architecture and chemical composition of the causative virus and perhaps also the nature of the influenza virus particle is described with particular immune response in man to influenza antigens. reference to the protein constituents and their genetic control. The dominant role in infection of the surface Antigenic composition of the virus proteins - haemagglutinins and neuraminidases - Studies of the single-stranded, negative-strand, acting as antigens and undergoing variation in time RNA genome of the influenza A virus have revealed known as antigenic drift and shift is explained. The the existence of 8 species of RNA molecules (gene immuno-diffusion technique has illuminated the inter- segments) in the virus (McGeoch, Fellner and relationships of the haemagglutinins of influenza A Newton, 1976; Palese and Schulman, 1976a). viruses recovered over long periods of time. The Ho Each gene segment provides the code for one of the and H1 haemagglutinins are now regarded as a single 8 virus specific proteins synthetized in infected sub-type with H2 and H3 representing the haemag- cells. Seven of these proteins are integrated into glutinins of the 1957 and 1968 sub-types. Animal influenza virus particles. Table 1 summarizes the by copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemagglutinin Immunoglobulin M (Igm) Monoclonal Antibody That Neutralizes Multiple Clades of Avian H5N1 Influenza a Virus Shuo Shen1, Geetha Mahadevappa1, Sunil K
    Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals - Open Access www.omicsonline.org JAA/Vol.1 Issue.1 Research Article OPEN ACCESS Freely available online doi:10.4172/jaa.1000007 Hemagglutinin Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Monoclonal Antibody that Neutralizes Multiple Clades of Avian H5N1 Influenza A Virus Shuo Shen1, Geetha Mahadevappa1, Sunil K. Lal2 and Yee-Joo Tan1,3,* 1Collaborative Anti-viral Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673 2Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India 3Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 for novel antiviral therapy and vaccination strategies. The H5N1 Abstract viruses have now appeared in at least 53 countries on three continents The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus plays an and continue to evolve and diversify. Based upon the evolution of essential role in mediating the entry of the virus into host the HA gene, the H5N1 viruses could be grouped into numerous cells. In this study, 4 HA monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) clades, representing emerging lineages and multiple genotypes (see of immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype were generated by recent review by (Guan et al., 2009)). This continuous evolution of using recombinant full-length HA protein, which was ex- the H5N1 virus, which is endemic in the poultry population of some pressed and purified from the baculovirus-insect cell sys- countries, poises a challenge to the development of vaccine or antiviral therapy that has to remain efficient against newly emerged tem, from a H5N1 isolate (A/chicken/hatay/2004(H5N1)). antigenic variants.
    [Show full text]