Sparring and Neurological Function in Professional Boxers
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 21 July 2014 PUBLIC HEALTH doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00069 Sparring and neurological function in professional boxers 1,2,3,4 5 6,7,8,9 10 1,11 John W. Stiller , Steven S.Yu , Lisa A. Brenner *, Patricia Langenberg , Phillip Scrofani , 2 12 13 14 1 Patrick Pannella , Edbert B. Hsu , Darryl W. Roberts , Ray M.T. Monsell , Sidney W. Binks III , 3 3,4,6,15 Alvaro Guzman andTeodorT. Postolache 1 Department of Behavioral Health, St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Washington, DC, USA 2 Maryland State Athletic Commission, Baltimore, MD, USA 3 Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 4 Institute of Sports Chronobiology, Washington, DC, USA 5 Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 6 Veterans Integrated Service Network 19, Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA 7 Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA 8 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA 9 Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA 10 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 11 Institute for the Psychological Sciences, Arlington, VA, USA 12 Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 13 Econometrica Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA 14 St. Julian’s Medical Centre, Newport, UK 15 Tuning, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA Edited by: Despite increased interest regarding the potentially long-term negative impact of chronic Leo Sher, James J. Peters VA Medical traumatic brain injury, limited research has been conducted regarding such injuries and Center, USA neurological outcomes in real world settings.To increase understanding regarding the rela- Reviewed by: Cihad Dundar, Ondokuz Mayis tionship between sparring (e.g., training under the tutelage of an experienced boxing coach University, Turkey for the purpose of improving skills and/or fitness) and neurological functioning, professional Daniel Rossignol, Rossignol Medical boxers (n D 237) who competed in Maryland between 2003 and 2008 completed mea- Center, USA sures regarding sparring exposure (Cumulative Sparring Index, CSI) and performance on *Correspondence: tests of cognition (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SDMT) and balance (Sharpened Romberg Lisa A. Brenner, Veterans Integrated Test, SRT). Measures were completed prior to boxing matches. Higher scores on the CSI Service Network 19, Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical (increased sparring exposure) were associated with poorer performance on both tests of Center, 1055 Clermont Street, cognition (SDMT) and balance (SRT). A threshold effect was noted regarding performance Denver, CO 80220, USA on the SDMT,with those reporting CSI values greater than about 150 experiencing a decline e-mail: [email protected] in cognition. A history of frequent and/or intense sparring may pose a significant risk for developing boxing associated neurological sequelae. Implementing administration of clin- ically meaningful tests before bouts, such as the CSI, SDMT, and/or the SRT, as well as documentation of results into the boxer’s physicals or medical profiles may be an important step for improving boxing safety. Keywords: chronic traumatic brain injury, boxing, cognitive, balance, cumulative sparring index INTRODUCTION of amateur boxers (n D 7) whose matches were stopped by the As in all other sports, the objective of a boxing match is to referee (5). win. Toward this end, “hurting” the opponent is specifically Interest in the chronic consequences of professional boxing intended, and injuries are sustained. As blows to the head may is also longstanding (1). In 1928, Martland published a semi- reduce the capacity of an opponent being able to effectively nal article titled “Punch Drunk” in which he hypothesized about defend him or herself, or lead to injuries that could result in a the relationship between boxing and brain injury (6). Overtime fight being stopped by the referee, the head is a primary box- this condition has also been called dementia pugilistica (DP), ing target. Among professional boxers, the majority of injuries chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI), and chronic traumatic occur in the facial area (51%) (1). Additional areas of injury encephalopathy (CTE) (7). According to a retrospective, random- include the hands (17%), eyes (14%), and nose (5%) (1). Evi- ized study by Roberts regarding CTBI among ex-boxers competing dence from amateur and professional settings suggests that box- in Great Britain, approximately 17% had symptoms consistent ers may suffer from acute cognitive impairment post-injury. with DP, which was believed to have been the result of repetitive Areas of dysfunction noted include delayed memory, informa- concussive and/or sub-concussive head traumas,generally over the tion processing and verbal fluency, and spatial and mathematical course of many years (8). Evidence also suggests that the symp- processing (2–4). Moriarity et al. also found significant slow- toms and signs of chronic CTBI may be progressive, and become ing in simple and choice reaction time among a small group more evident toward the end of a boxer’s career or after retirement www.frontiersin.org July 2014 | Volume 2 | Article 69 | 1 Stiller et al. Sparring and neurological function in professional boxers (8,9). Such symptoms often include some combination of cogni- Table 1 | Participant Characteristics (n D 237). tive and/or motor dysfunction, as well as changes in mood and Mean Standard Median Range behavior (1, 10). Associated motor dysfunction often manifests as Deviation dysarthria, balance difficulties, Parkinsonism, and/or asymmetric pyramidal tract signs (e.g., spasticity). Age (years) 28.5 5.2 29.0 18–41 “Sparring” as it relates to training in boxing involves two indi- viduals competing in a boxing ring under the tutelage and super- Years of formal education 12.4 1.7 12.0 7–16 vision of an experienced boxing trainer or coach for the purposes Weight at bout (pounds) 169.7 36.8 160.0 103–325 of improving a boxer’s skill level and/or fitness. Sparring is per- Duration of professional 3.0 2.7 2.0 0–12 formed by using various safeguards that are designed to attempt to boxing career (years) decrease the risk of injuries as compared with actual competition. Safeguards implemented during sparring sessions may include: (1) Number of professional 9.5 10.1 6.0 0–55 using headgear, body protectors, and larger gloves; (2) avoiding the bouts mismatching of boxers; (3) teaching and practicing certain box- Professional wins 5.6 6.4 3.0 0–30 ing techniques; (4) varying the duration (minutes) of a round; (5) Professional losses 3.5 5.0 1.0 0–28 increasing, or decreasing, the momentum and intensity of spar- ring; and (6) limiting the intensity, and quantity, of exposure to Professional draws 0.5 0.8 0.0 0–4 head blows. Cumulative Sparring Index 177.2 223.1 90.0 4–1,536 The challenge in preventing CTBI is to avoid or substantially limit the amount of damage; thereby preventing neurological Symbol Digit Modality Test 47.5 10.4 47.0 22–79 impairment secondary to repetitive blows sustained in activities (total number completed like sparring. In support of this ascertion, Jordan et al. reported a minus incorrect items) significant inverse relationship between the amount and intensity Sharpened Romberg Test 1.5 1.57 1.0 0–6 of sparring, and performance on selected neuropsychological tests (number of trials to pass in 42 professional boxers licensed or applying for boxing licenses with or without sway) (11). Specifically, scores on tests of attention, concentration, and memory appeared to be sensitive measures of the effects of spar- ring on selected cognitive functions. In this study, we examine the role of sparring on selected neurological functions (cognition and information) (12). To obtain a boxer’s license in Maryland, indi- balance) among professional boxers. All measures were adminis- viduals must be at least 18 years of age, and those over the age tered pre-bouts, and such are believed to be reflective of baseline of 36 must obtain “special permission” from the Commission to functioning. compete. The Commission also requires the applicant to undergo and pass a number of medical examinations including: “(1) An MATERIALS AND METHODS ophthalmological examination administered by a board-certified PARTICIPANTS AND ENROLLMENT ophthalmologist which must be completed within 30 days prior This study protocol was approved by the St. Elizabeth’s Hospital to submitting the application; (2) a physical examination admin- Institutional Review Board (SEH IRB) and the Maryland State istered by a board-certified physician which must be completed Athletic Commission (MSAC). Boxers competing in Maryland within 30 days prior to submitting the application; and (3) a neuro- between 2003 and 2008 were invited to participate. During this logical examination administered by a board-certified neurologist time period, the MSAC sanctioned and regulated 95 professional or board-certified neurosurgeon which must be completed prior boxing events in the State of Maryland (personal communica- to the boxer participating in his or her first boxing contest during tion). Generally, there were multiple bouts (e.g., 6, 7) per event. the licensing period” (12). Additional procedures are conducted The enrollment was convenience-based,