Math 210B. Group Cohomology and Group Extensions
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Homological Algebra
Homological Algebra Donu Arapura April 1, 2020 Contents 1 Some module theory3 1.1 Modules................................3 1.6 Projective modules..........................5 1.12 Projective modules versus free modules..............7 1.15 Injective modules...........................8 1.21 Tensor products............................9 2 Homology 13 2.1 Simplicial complexes......................... 13 2.8 Complexes............................... 15 2.15 Homotopy............................... 18 2.23 Mapping cones............................ 19 3 Ext groups 21 3.1 Extensions............................... 21 3.11 Projective resolutions........................ 24 3.16 Higher Ext groups.......................... 26 3.22 Characterization of projectives and injectives........... 28 4 Cohomology of groups 32 4.1 Group cohomology.......................... 32 4.6 Bar resolution............................. 33 4.11 Low degree cohomology....................... 34 4.16 Applications to finite groups..................... 36 4.20 Topological interpretation...................... 38 5 Derived Functors and Tor 39 5.1 Abelian categories.......................... 39 5.13 Derived functors........................... 41 5.23 Tor functors.............................. 44 5.28 Homology of a group......................... 45 1 6 Further techniques 47 6.1 Double complexes........................... 47 6.7 Koszul complexes........................... 49 7 Applications to commutative algebra 52 7.1 Global dimensions.......................... 52 7.9 Global dimension of -
The Group Extensions Problem and Its Resolution in Cohomology for the Case of an Elementary Abelian Normal Sub-Group
THESIS THE GROUP EXTENSIONS PROBLEM AND ITS RESOLUTION IN COHOMOLOGY FOR THE CASE OF AN ELEMENTARY ABELIAN NORMAL SUB-GROUP Submitted by Zachary W. Adams Department of Mathematics In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2018 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Alexander Hulpke Amit Patel Wim Bohm Copyright by Zachary W. Adams 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE GROUP EXTENSIONS PROBLEM AND ITS RESOLUTION IN COHOMOLOGY FOR THE CASE OF AN ELEMENTARY ABELIAN NORMAL SUB-GROUP The Jordan-Hölder theorem gives a way to deconstruct a group into smaller groups, The con- verse problem is the construction of group extensions, that is to construct a group G from two groups Q and K where K ≤ G and G=K ∼= Q. Extension theory allows us to construct groups from smaller order groups. The extension problem then is to construct all extensions G, up to suit- able equivalence, for given groups K and Q. This talk will explore the extension problem by first constructing extensions as cartesian products and examining the connections to group cohomology. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my loving wife for her patience and support, my family for never giving up on me no matter how much dumb stuff I did, and my friends for anchoring me to reality during the rigors of graduate school. Finally I thank my advisor, for his saintly patience in the face of my at times profound hardheadedness. iii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate my masters thesis to the memory of my grandfather Wilfred Adams whose dazzling intelligence was matched only by the love he had for his family, and to the memory of my friend and brother Luke Monsma whose lust for life is an example I will carry with me to the end of my days. -
Math 210B. Annihilation of Cohomology of Finite Groups 1. Motivation an Important Fact in the Cohomology Theory of Finite Groups
Math 210B. Annihilation of cohomology of finite groups 1. Motivation An important fact in the cohomology theory of finite groups is that if G is a finite group then Hn(G; M) is killed by #G for any n > 0 and any G-module M. This is not at all obvious from the abstract definition (via injective resolutions, say), nor even from the viewpoint of the explicit \bar resolution" method of computing group cohomology. In this handout we present the proof of this fundamental fact as a marvelous concrete application of the abstract fact that erasable δ-functors are universal (Grothendieck's conceptualization of the \degree-shifting" method that had long been used in earlier versions of cohomology theories throughout algebra and topology). Before we turn to the proof, we record a remarkable consequence: Theorem 1.1. If G is finite and M is a G-module that is finitely generated as an abelian group then Hn(G; M) is finite for all n > 0. Proof. From the bar resolution, we see that Hn(G; M) is finitely generated as an abelian group, as the terms of the bar resolution complex are the abelian groups Map(Gj;M) which are visibly finitely generated (as each Gj is a finite set). Hence, since it is also killed by #G, it must be finite! Actually, the finiteness of such higher cohomologies can be seen in an entirely different way, at the cost of losing the precise information of being annihilated by the specific integer #G (which is very useful in some applications). -
Central Extensions of Groups of Sections
Central extensions of groups of sections Karl-Hermann Neeb and Christoph Wockel October 24, 2018 Abstract If K is a Lie group and q : P → M is a principal K-bundle over the compact manifold M, then any invariant symmetric V -valued bi- linear form on the Lie algebra k of K defines a Lie algebra exten- sion of the gauge algebra by a space of bundle-valued 1-forms modulo exact 1-forms. In the present paper we analyze the integrability of this extension to a Lie group extension for non-connected, possibly infinite-dimensional Lie groups K. If K has finitely many connected components, we give a complete characterization of the integrable ex- tensions. Our results on gauge groups are obtained by specialization of more general results on extensions of Lie groups of smooth sections of Lie group bundles. In this more general context we provide suffi- cient conditions for integrability in terms of data related only to the group K. Keywords: gauge group; gauge algebra; central extension; Lie group extension; integrable Lie algebra; Lie group bundle; Lie algebra bundle arXiv:0711.3437v2 [math.DG] 29 Apr 2009 Introduction Affine Kac–Moody groups and their Lie algebras play an interesting role in various fields of mathematics and mathematical physics, such as string theory and conformal field theory (cf. [PS86] for the analytic theory of loop groups, [Ka90] for the algebraic theory of Kac–Moody Lie algebras and [Sch97] for connections to conformal field theory). For further connections to mathe- matical physics we refer to the monograph [Mi89] which discusses various occurrences of Lie algebras of smooth maps in physical theories (see also [Mu88], [DDS95]). -
Algebraic Number Theory II
Algebraic number theory II Uwe Jannsen Contents 1 Infinite Galois theory2 2 Projective and inductive limits9 3 Cohomology of groups and pro-finite groups 15 4 Basics about modules and homological Algebra 21 5 Applications to group cohomology 31 6 Hilbert 90 and Kummer theory 41 7 Properties of group cohomology 48 8 Tate cohomology for finite groups 53 9 Cohomology of cyclic groups 56 10 The cup product 63 11 The corestriction 70 12 Local class field theory I 75 13 Three Theorems of Tate 80 14 Abstract class field theory 83 15 Local class field theory II 91 16 Local class field theory III 94 17 Global class field theory I 97 0 18 Global class field theory II 101 19 Global class field theory III 107 20 Global class field theory IV 112 1 Infinite Galois theory An algebraic field extension L/K is called Galois, if it is normal and separable. For this, L/K does not need to have finite degree. For example, for a finite field Fp with p elements (p a prime number), the algebraic closure Fp is Galois over Fp, and has infinite degree. We define in this general situation Definition 1.1 Let L/K be a Galois extension. Then the Galois group of L over K is defined as Gal(L/K) := AutK (L) = {σ : L → L | σ field automorphisms, σ(x) = x for all x ∈ K}. But the main theorem of Galois theory (correspondence between all subgroups of Gal(L/K) and all intermediate fields of L/K) only holds for finite extensions! To obtain the correct answer, one needs a topology on Gal(L/K): Definition 1.2 Let L/K be a Galois extension. -
Automorphisms of Group Extensions
TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 155, Number t, March 1971 AUTOMORPHISMS OF GROUP EXTENSIONS BY CHARLES WELLS Abstract. If 1 ->■ G -í> E^-Tt -> 1 is a group extension, with i an inclusion, any automorphism <j>of E which takes G onto itself induces automorphisms t on G and a on n. However, for a pair (a, t) of automorphism of n and G, there may not be an automorphism of E inducing the pair. Let à: n —*■Out G be the homomorphism induced by the given extension. A pair (a, t) e Aut n x Aut G is called compatible if a fixes ker á, and the automorphism induced by a on Hü is the same as that induced by the inner automorphism of Out G determined by t. Let C< Aut IT x Aut G be the group of compatible pairs. Let Aut (E; G) denote the group of automorphisms of E fixing G. The main result of this paper is the construction of an exact sequence 1 -» Z&T1,ZG) -* Aut (E; G)-+C^ H*(l~l,ZG). The last map is not surjective in general. It is not even a group homomorphism, but the sequence is nevertheless "exact" at C in the obvious sense. 1. Notation. If G is a group with subgroup H, we write H<G; if H is normal in G, H<¡G. CGH and NGH are the centralizer and normalizer of H in G. Aut G, Inn G, Out G, and ZG are the automorphism group, the inner automorphism group, the outer automorphism group, and the center of G, respectively. -
Remarks on the Cohomology of Finite Fundamental Groups of 3–Manifolds
Geometry & Topology Monographs 14 (2008) 519–556 519 arXiv version: fonts, pagination and layout may vary from GTM published version Remarks on the cohomology of finite fundamental groups of 3–manifolds SATOSHI TOMODA PETER ZVENGROWSKI Computations based on explicit 4–periodic resolutions are given for the cohomology of the finite groups G known to act freely on S3 , as well as the cohomology rings of the associated 3–manifolds (spherical space forms) M = S3=G. Chain approximations to the diagonal are constructed, and explicit contracting homotopies also constructed for the cases G is a generalized quaternion group, the binary tetrahedral group, or the binary octahedral group. Some applications are briefly discussed. 57M05, 57M60; 20J06 1 Introduction The structure of the cohomology rings of 3–manifolds is an area to which Heiner Zieschang devoted much work and energy, especially from 1993 onwards. This could be considered as part of a larger area of his interest, the degrees of maps between oriented 3– manifolds, especially the existence of degree one maps, which in turn have applications in unexpected areas such as relativity theory (cf Shastri, Williams and Zvengrowski [41] and Shastri and Zvengrowski [42]). References [1,6,7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] in this paper, all involving work of Zieschang, his students Aaslepp, Drawe, Sczesny, and various colleagues, attest to his enthusiasm for these topics and the remarkable energy he expended studying them. Much of this work involved Seifert manifolds, in particular, references [1, 6, 7, 18, 20, 23]. Of these, [6, 7, 23] (together with [8, 9]) successfully completed the programme of computing the ring structure H∗(M) for any orientable Seifert manifold M with 1 2 3 3 G := π1(M) infinite. -
Group Cohomology in Lean
BEng Individual Project Imperial College London Department of Computing Group Cohomology in Lean Supervisor: Prof. Kevin Buzzard Author: Anca Ciobanu Second Marker: Prof. David Evans July 10, 2019 Abstract The Lean project is a new open source launched in 2013 by Leonardo de Moura at Microsoft Research Redmond that can be viewed as a programming language specialised in theorem proving. It is suited for formalising mathematical defini- tions and theorems, which can help bridge the gap between the abstract aspect of mathematics and the practical part of informatics. My project focuses on using Lean to formalise some essential notions of group cohomology, such as the 0th and 1st cohomology groups, as well as the long exact sequence. This can be seen as a performance test for the new theorem prover, but most im- portantly as an addition to the open source, as group cohomology has yet to be formalised in Lean. Contents 1 Introduction3 1.1 About theorem provers.......................3 1.2 Lean as a solution.........................4 1.3 Achievements............................4 2 Mathematical Background6 2.1 Basic group theory.........................6 2.2 Normal subgroups and homomorphisms.............7 2.3 Quotient groups..........................7 3 Tutorial in Lean9 3.1 Tactics for proving theorems....................9 3.2 Examples.............................. 10 4 Definitions and Theorems of Group Cohomology 13 4.1 Motivation............................. 13 4.2 Modules............................... 14 4.3 0th cohomology group....................... 14 4.4 First cohomology group...................... 16 5 Group Cohomology in Lean 19 5.1 Exact sequence with H0(G; M) only............... 19 5.2 Long exact sequence........................ 22 6 Evaluation 24 6.1 First impressions on Lean.................... -
The Cohomology of Automorphism Groups of Free Groups
The cohomology of automorphism groups of free groups Karen Vogtmann∗ Abstract. There are intriguing analogies between automorphism groups of finitely gen- erated free groups and mapping class groups of surfaces on the one hand, and arithmetic groups such as GL(n, Z) on the other. We explore aspects of these analogies, focusing on cohomological properties. Each cohomological feature is studied with the aid of topolog- ical and geometric constructions closely related to the groups. These constructions often reveal unexpected connections with other areas of mathematics. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000). Primary 20F65; Secondary, 20F28. Keywords. Automorphism groups of free groups, Outer space, group cohomology. 1. Introduction In the 1920s and 30s Jakob Nielsen, J. H. C. Whitehead and Wilhelm Magnus in- vented many beautiful combinatorial and topological techniques in their efforts to understand groups of automorphisms of finitely-generated free groups, a tradition which was supplemented by new ideas of J. Stallings in the 1970s and early 1980s. Over the last 20 years mathematicians have been combining these ideas with others motivated by both the theory of arithmetic groups and that of surface mapping class groups. The result has been a surge of activity which has greatly expanded our understanding of these groups and of their relation to many areas of mathe- matics, from number theory to homotopy theory, Lie algebras to bio-mathematics, mathematical physics to low-dimensional topology and geometric group theory. In this article I will focus on progress which has been made in determining cohomological properties of automorphism groups of free groups, and try to in- dicate how this work is connected to some of the areas mentioned above. -
Modules and Cohomology Over Group Algebras: One Commutative Algebraist’S Perspective
Trends in Commutative Algebra MSRI Publications Volume 51, 2004 Modules and Cohomology over Group Algebras: One Commutative Algebraist's Perspective SRIKANTH IYENGAR Abstract. This article explains basic constructions and results on group algebras and their cohomology, starting from the point of view of commu- tative algebra. It provides the background necessary for a novice in this subject to begin reading Dave Benson's article in this volume. Contents Introduction 51 1. The Group Algebra 52 2. Modules over Group Algebras 56 3. Projective Modules 64 4. Structure of Projectives 69 5. Cohomology of Supplemented Algebras 74 6. Group Cohomology 77 7. Finite Generation of the Cohomology Algebra 79 References 84 Introduction The available accounts of group algebras and group cohomology [Benson 1991a; 1991b; Brown 1982; Evens 1991] are all written for the mathematician on the street. This one is written for commutative algebraists by one of their own. There is a point to such an exercise: though group algebras are typically noncommutative, module theory over them shares many properties with that over commutative rings. Thus, an exposition that draws on these parallels could benefit an algebraist familiar with the commutative world. However, such an endeavour is not without its pitfalls, for often there are subtle differences be- tween the two situations. I have tried to draw attention to similarities and to Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 13C15, 13C25. Secondary 18G15, 13D45. Part of this article was written while the author was funded by a grant from the NSF. 51 52 SRIKANTH IYENGAR discrepancies between the two subjects in a series of commentaries on the text that appear under the rubric Ramble1. -
Group Cohomology
Group Cohomology I will define group cohomology H*(G, N) for any group G and any G-module N, and relate this to Hilbert Theorem 90. ∗ The context is ExtR(M; N), for a ring R and two (left) R-modules M; N. This ∗ is a long theory to do everything, but one computation of ExtR goes as follows: (1) Choose a free R-module resolution complex F∗ ! M ! 0 (resolution means exact) ∗ (2) Form the cocomplex of abelian groups HomR(F∗;N). Then ExtR(M; N) is ∗ the cohomology H (HomR(F∗;N)) 0 (3) It is easy to see from half-exactness property of Hom that H = HomR(M; N). (4) The codifferentials HomR(Fk;N) ! HomR(Fk+1;N) are given by `adjoints' of the differentials in F∗. Namely, the codifferential of an R-hom z : Fk ! N is the composition zd : Fk+1 ! Fk ! N. In particular, z is a k-cocycle exactly when this composition zd = 0. The k-coboundaries are all compositions Fk ! Fk−1 ! N, where first map is d. (5) Take M = Z with trivial G action and take R = Z[G]. Note R-modules and G-modules are the same thing. Then H∗(G; N) is defined to be Ext∗ ( ;N). Z[G] Z (6) I will write down a free Z[G] module resolution F∗ ! Z ! 0: As a free abelian group, Fk has Z-basis fg0 < g1; ··· gk >g with the gi 2 G.A plain bracket < a; b; ··· ; x > is interpreted to have the identity e 2 G in front. -
Math 99R - Representations and Cohomology of Groups
Math 99r - Representations and Cohomology of Groups Taught by Meng Geuo Notes by Dongryul Kim Spring 2017 This course was taught by Meng Guo, a graduate student. The lectures were given at TF 4:30-6 in Science Center 232. There were no textbooks, and there were 7 undergraduates enrolled in our section. The grading was solely based on the final presentation, with no course assistants. Contents 1 February 1, 2017 3 1.1 Chain complexes . .3 1.2 Projective resolution . .4 2 February 8, 2017 6 2.1 Left derived functors . .6 2.2 Injective resolutions and right derived functors . .8 3 February 14, 2017 10 3.1 Long exact sequence . 10 4 February 17, 2017 13 4.1 Ext as extensions . 13 4.2 Low-dimensional group cohomology . 14 5 February 21, 2017 15 5.1 Computing the first cohomology and homology . 15 6 February 24, 2017 17 6.1 Bar resolution . 17 6.2 Computing cohomology using the bar resolution . 18 7 February 28, 2017 19 7.1 Computing the second cohomology . 19 1 Last Update: August 27, 2018 8 March 3, 2017 21 8.1 Group action on a CW-complex . 21 9 March 7, 2017 22 9.1 Induction and restriction . 22 10 March 21, 2017 24 10.1 Double coset formula . 24 10.2 Transfer maps . 25 11 March 24, 2017 27 11.1 Another way of defining transfer maps . 27 12 March 28, 2017 29 12.1 Spectral sequence from a filtration . 29 13 March 31, 2017 31 13.1 Spectral sequence from an exact couple .